Blood group by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MH.

this ppt for M.Sc and other pre & para medical course students
History of Blood Transfusions
Karl Landsteiner Law
Blood Type
Bombay blood group
Hemolysis
Blood Types Donors and Recipients
Blood Types & The Theory of Evolution
Rh Factor
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Who Donates Blood ?
Interpretation of Slide Typing Testing with Anti-A Anti-Serum

1. Blood groups Pandian M Dept of Physiology DYPMC,kop

2. SLO History of Blood Transfusions Karl Landsteiner Law Blood Type Bombay blood group Hemolysis Blood Types Donors and Recipients Blood Types & The Theory of Evolution Rh Factor Erythroblastosis fetalis Who Donates Blood ? Interpretation of Slide Typing Testing with Anti-A Anti-Serum

3. Blood transfusions were first attempted around 1600 by transfusing animal blood into humans. This proved disastrous. Not until the 1900s were the basic four blood types identified by Karl Landsteiner . The success of blood transfusions significantly increased with the knowledge of the different blood types and when patients were transfused with their same type of blood. History of Blood Transfusions

4. Karl Landsteiner Law If agglutinogen is present on the RBCs of an individual, the corresponding agglutinin must be absent from the plasma, and If agglutinogen is absent in the individual RBCs, the corresponding agglutinin must be present in the plasma

5. Blood Type Blood type is inherited, just like eye color. Certain blood types are more common in certain countries. In India and China, over 99% of the population has Rh+ blood.

6. Blood Types (cont.) Different kinds of animals have different kinds of blood. Dogs have 4 blood types and cats have 11, but cows have about 800. Some people think blood type tells about personality. Legend has it that: Type A is calm and trustworthy Type B is creative and excitable Type AB is thoughtful and emotional Type O is a confident leader

7. Everybody has a Blood type . The most common Blood type classification system is the ABO system. There are four types of Blood in the ABO system: Type A Type B Type AB Type O These groups are based on the presence of the A and/or B antigens on the red blood cells. In type O, both antigens are absent .

8. Bombay blood group It is also called the HH  group . The peculiarity is that they do not express the H antigen. As a result they cannot form A antigens or B antigens on their red  blood cells. Thus they can donate  blood  to anybody with ABO  grouping  but can receive blood  only from  Bombay blood group  people

9. Group O Approximately 45% of the population is group O. No A or B antigens present, think of as “O” antigens present. These individuals form potent anti-A and anti-B antibodies which circulate in the blood plasma at all times.

10. Group A Approximately 40% of the population is group A . No B antigens present . These individuals form potent anti-B antibodies which circulate in the blood plasma at all times.

11. Group B Approximately 11% of the population is group B . No A antigens present. These individuals form potent anti-A antibodies which circulate in the blood plasma at all times.

12. Group AB Approximately 4% of the population is group AB. Both A and B antigens present. These individuals possess no ABO antibodies. NOTE: This slide is in error as it only illustrates presence of one antigen not 2.

13. Hemolysis If an individual is transfused with an incompatible blood group destruction of the red blood cells will occur. This may result in the death of the recipient.

14. Antigen Antigens are defined as protein substances recognized by the body as foreign, causing the body to produce an antibody to react specifically with it. Identifies the cell as self or non-self .

15. Blood Type Can Donate To Can Receive From Type A A or AB only A or O only Type B B or AB only B or O only Type AB AB only A, B, AB, or O Type O A, B, AB, or O O only Blood Types Donors and Recipients

16. Blood Types & The Theory of Evolution Does man come from apes? Many published studies over recent years have shown: The CHIMPANZEE Mostly have Blood type A Blood type O is rare And never has Blood type B The GORILLA Mostly have Blood type B Blood type O is rare And never has Blood type A In these “man-ape” species, (said to be our ancestors) there is NO Blood type AB in either. Man has Blood types A, B, and AB. Also, in man….Blood type O is VERY COMMON but in the ape species…..Blood type O is very RARE.

17. The Universal Recipient is Blood Type AB. The Universal Donor is Blood Type O. The Universal Plasma Donor is AB.

18. What Determines Blood Type? Your Blood type is established before you are born, by specific genes inherited from your parents . These two inherited genes determine your Blood type by making proteins called agglutinogens which are found on the surface of each red blood cell in your body. `

19. Other Examples Mom Dad Offspring Blood Group AA BB 100% AB BO OO 50% each of B or O OO OO 100% O OO AO 50% each of A or O

20. What are Agglutinins? Agglutinins are protectors of our bodies and are responsible for ensuring that only the blood cells of our own particular blood type exist in our bodies. Laboratory test are performed called agglutination testing . These tests show that incompatible serum (blood) will clump when mixed together.

21. Wrong Blood What effects could occur if the wrong blood is given to a patient? An adverse reaction or even death could occur

22. O + 1 in 3 persons 38.4 % O - 1 in 15 persons 7.7 % A + 1 in 3 persons 32.3 % A - 1 in 16 persons 6.5 % B + 1 in 12 persons 9.4 % B - 1 in 67 persons 1.7 % AB + 1 in 29 persons 3.2 % AB - 1 in 167 persons 0.7 % BLOOD TYPES DISTRIBUTION RATIOS

23. In addition to having antigens A or B, or both, red blood cells also contain the Rh antigen. Rh Factor

24. This Rh antigen found on the erythrocytes of most people. This antigen was first isolated & identified in the Rhesus monkey . 85 % of all Americans are Rh positive meaning that the Rh antigen is present. It is very important to know the Rh factor when crossmatching blood for transfusions. Rh Factor

25. Also, a very important Rh problem can occur with a pregnant woman. If a Rh negative mother has a Rh positive baby, then antibodies can build up against the Rh + blood. This is called as Erythroblastosis fetalis   This is not usually a big problem for the first baby, but it could cause problems with a future pregnancy. Rh immune globulin ( Rhogam ) will be given to the mother after delivery to help prevent the development of these antibodies. Rh Factor and Pregnancy

26. With some surgeries With hemorrhaging during and/or after childbirth With severe anemia With rare blood diseases (like hemophilia) With many trauma cases When would you need to receive a blood transfusion?

27. In Blood banks in the US, the most common types of blood cause the greatest concern. Many people with O+ and A+ do not donate . These people often believe that because they have a common blood type that their blood is not needed….. but this is untrue. O+ and A+ are used twice as much as any other donor types! Most Common Blood Types

28. Median Age: 38 years old   Male: 53%   Female: 47%   Repeat donors: 79.3% First-time donors: 20.7% (Red Cross Donors) Who Donates Blood ?

29. Interpretation of Slide Typing Testing with Anti-A Anti-Serum If an RBC contains the A antigen the red blood cells will be agglutinated by anti-A, a positive reaction. If an RBC does not have the A antigen there will be no clumping, a negative reaction.

30. Interpretation of Slide Typing Testing with Anti-B Anti-Serum If an RBC contains the B antigen the red blood cells will be agglutinated by anti-B, a positive reaction. If an RBC does not have the B antigen there will be no clumping by anti-B, a negative reaction.

31. Slide Blood Typing Group A An unknown RBC suspension is added to known anti-sera. The left hand of the slide contains anti-A which reacts with the unknown cell. The right hand side contains anti-B which does not react with the cell.

32. Slide Blood Typing Group B An unknown RBC suspension is added to known anti-sera. The left hand of the slide contains anti-A does not react with the unknown cell. The right hand side contains anti-B which reacts with the cell.

33. Slide Blood Typing Group O The left hand of the slide contains anti-A does not react with the unknown cell. The right hand side contains anti-B does not react with the unknown cell.

34. Slide Blood Typing Group AB The left hand of the slide contains anti-A which reacts with the unknown cell. The right hand side contains anti-B which reacts with the unknown cell.

35. Summary Blood Group Antigens on cell Antibodies in plasma Transfuse with group A A Anti-B A or O B B Anti-A B or O AB A and B none AB, A, B or O O None Anti-A & B O

36. References Text book of Medical Physiology Guyton & Hall Text book of Medical Physiology Indukurana . A.K.Jain , Sembu Practical Physiology Manual A.K. Jain, C.L. Ghai , G.K. Pal Net source