BLOOD GROUPING AND BLOOD TYPING.pptx

PATIENT SAFETY & EARLY INTERVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

1. TOPIC NAME – BLOOD GROUPING AND BLOOD TYPING

2. INTRODUCTION: - A blood group also called a blood type . Classification of blood is based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substance on the surface of red blood cells ( RBCs). There are mainly two type of blood group system – ABO Blood group system Rh Blood group system

3. Principle of Blood Grouping - Blood grouping is done on the basis of agglutination . Agglutination means the collection of separate particle likes RBCs into clumps. Agglutination occurs when an antigen( Agglutinogen) mixed with his corresponding antibody( Agglutinin) which is called isoagglutinin, i.e. occurs when antigen A mixed with anti-A antibody or antigen B mixed with anti-B antibody .

4. HISTORY - Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 . Adriano sturli and Alfred von decastello who were working under Landsteiner discovered a year later in 1902 . Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize on 1930 in Medicine for his work . Jansky is credited with the first classification of blood into four types( A, AB,B,O) in 1907 .

5. ABO Blood Group System The ABO blood group system is the most common blood type system in human blood transfusion . Based on the presence of Antigen –A , Antigen –B , on the surface of red blood cells we can classified the blood into 4 types . Blood group A Blood group B Blood group AB Blood group O .

6. Rh Blood group system- Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells . If our blood has the protein , then our blood is Rh positive and if the blood has lack the protein, then our blood is Rh negative . This factor is commonly known to us as anti –D . Rh factor is discovered by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander wiener in 1940 . It was first discovered in Rhesus macaque and hence the name Rh factor .

7. H Antigen - The cellular expression of antigen –A and antigen –B is determined by H antigen . H antigen is located on 19th chromosome in humans . The H gene leads to production of an enzyme a-2-L –Fucosyl transferase , which transfers fucose to the terminal galactose of the precursor glucose galactose N- acetylglucosamine .

8. Methods of ABO Grouping - There are mainly two methods to determine our blood group . ABO Grouping Tube Method Slide Method Cell Grouping Serum Grouping

9. SLIDE METHOD - At first take three clean glass slide . Add three drops of blood in three glass slide . Add antisera – A, B and D sequentially to the 1 St, 2 nd , 3 rd blood sample contain slide . Properly mixed the antisera with the blood by separate toothpicks . Wait 2-3 minutes and note down the result on the basis of clump formation . Anti –A Anti -B Anti – D Result + - + A+ + - - A- - + + B+ - + - B- - - + O+ - - - O- + + + AB+ + + - AB-

10. TUBE METHOD- CELL GROUPING ( Known Antibody +Unknown RBC ) At first prepare a 2-5% cell suspension in cell suspension in Saline from the unknown blood sample. Take 3 test tubes 1,2,3and put a drop of Anti –A ( Blue), Anti-B ( Yellow) and Anti –AB ( Pink) serum to them . Add one drop of cell suspension in each Test tube . Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 1 minute. Look for agglutination either with naked Eye or under the microscope . SERUM GROUPING( Unknown Antibody + Known RBC ) At first prepare a 2-5 % cell suspension in saline from known blood sample Then separate the serum from unknown blood sample . Take 3 test tubes and add 1 drop of 2-5%cell suspension of known blood of A,B,O group into these test tubes . Centrifuge at 1500rpm for one minute. Look for agglutination either with naked eye or under the microscope .