BLOOD nursing points for GNM, Bsc nursing students.pptx

characteristics o blood

1. BLOOD SAJJADHUSEN S S Prepared by: Mr. Sajjadhusen S S P.B.Bsc (N), MBA (Hosp Admt )

2. BLOOD Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It transports substances from one part of body to another. It provides nutrients,oxygen and hormones to the tissue and removes their waste products. SAJJADHUSEN S S

3. Physical properties of blood Colour : opaque red due to presence of haemoglobin . Temprature : 38˚C (100.4˚F) pH range: 7.35 to 7.45 (slightly alkaline) Volume: 5-6 lit in male, 4-5 lit in female Fraction: 8% of total body weight i.e. 80ml per kg of body weight. Specific gravity: 1.050-1.060 SAJJADHUSEN S S

4. Components of blood BLOOD PLASMA CELLS 55% 45% SAJJADHUSEN S S

5. PLASMA Plasma is straw colored fluid. Consists 91%water and 9% solutes (protein,nutrients,gases,enzymes and hormones.) Plasma proteins: Albumin: produce in the liver and responsible for maintaining water balance in the body. Globulin: participate in immune system. Fibrinogen: responsible for blood clotting. SAJJADHUSEN S S

6. CELLS 1. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) 40-45% 2. White blood cells (Leukocytes) 1% Granular leukocytes: Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranular leukocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes 3. Platelets ( Thrombocytes ) 1% SAJJADHUSEN S S

7. Functions of blood Maintaining body temprature Delivering oxygen and nutrients to body cells Transport waste products from cells for elimination Transporting hormones from endocrine glands to target cells Preventing from blood loss i.e. clotting mechanism Preventing infection i.e. defense mechanism ( antibodies,WBCs .). SAJJADHUSEN S S

8. R.B.C. (ERYTHROCYTES) Biconcave disc shape (quite flexible to pass through capilliraies ) Diameter 7.3 micrometer They donot contain nucleus It contains a specific protein called haemoglobin Life span: 120 days Made in bone marrow. SAJJADHUSEN S S

9. Normal count: In male- 4.5 to 6.0 million cells per micro liter of blood In female- 4.2 to 5.5 million cells per micro liter of blood Abnormalities: Erytrocytopenia : if less than 4.2 m/ µ lit Erythrocytosis : more than 6.0 m/ µ lit SAJJADHUSEN S S

10. SAJJADHUSEN S S Formation and process of development of blood cells is called haemopoiesis . Haemopoiesis includes: Erythropoiesis : development of RBCs Leucopoiesis: development of WBCs Thrombopoiesis : development of platelets.

11. SAJJADHUSEN S S Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: ESR is rate at which the RBCs settle down when the blood containing an anticoagulant is allowed to stand in vertically placed tube. Normal range: 3-7 mm in females 5-9 mm in males. Raised in pathological condition and suggest chronic inflammatory condition in the body.

12. Haemoglobin SAJJADHUSEN S S The erythrocytes contain an oxygen binding protein called haemoglobin . Normal range: 13 to 16 gram per deciliter (gm/dl) in male. 12 to 15 gm/dl in female. If more than normal range polycythemia If less than normal anemia

13. WBCs ( Leucocytosis ) SAJJADHUSEN S S WBCs have nucleus Diameter is 14-16 micrometer Plys an important role in fighting against infection (provide immunity) Life span is 13 days Formed in bone marrow,lymph nodes,thymus and spleen.

14. SAJJADHUSEN S S WBCs are two main varieties: Granulocytes: contains granules in cytoplasm Depending upon color of granules it divided into three types- - Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils Agranulocytes : donot contain granules in their cytoplasm. -Lymphocytes - Monocytes .

15. SAJJADHUSEN S S Normal counts: In adult 4000-11000 cells per microliter blood (mm3) In children: (2 to 6 years): 5000-19000 mm3 In newborn: 9000-30000 mm3 Leucopenia: less than 4000cells/micro liter of blood Leucocytosis : more than 11000 cells/micro lit of blood

16. Platelets (small plates) SAJJADHUSEN S S Also called thrombocytes Diameter: 2-4 micrometer Life span: 9 days Help in blood clotting and preventing blood loss Replaced by bone marrow. Platelets are colorless, spherical or oval structures. Nucleus is absent therefore cannot reproduce.

17. Clotting factors: SAJJADHUSEN S S

18. Mechanism of blood clot: SAJJADHUSEN S S When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets will gather around the wound and coagulate. At the same time, an enzyme called thrombokinase will be released. Thrombokinase will convert the inactive prothrombin to the active thrombin. The thrombin will then catalyses the soluble fibrinogen to the insoluble fibrin. Fibrin will form a fibrous network to trap the blood cells and form the blood clot.

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20. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM SAJJADHUSEN S S The cardiovascular system consists of heart, blood vessels and blood . Heart acts as the ‘’pump’’ that pumps blood in to the blood vessels so that it reaches all part of the body. For descriptive purpose cardiovascular system is divided into two parts 1. Vascular system 2. Cardiac system

21. SAJJADHUSEN S S These are the blood vessels that transport blood throughout yhe body. They vary considerably in size and their walls consists of three layers---- Tunica adventitia: Outer layer of fibrous tissue Tunica media : Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue Tunica intima : Inner lining of squamous epithelium called endothelium. The amount of muscular and elastic tissue varies in the arteries depending upon their size.

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24. SAJJADHUSEN S S   DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARTERY AND VEIN: ARTERIES VEINS Artery always carry oxygenated blood Vein always carry deoxygenated blood Artery always go away from the heart Vein always go towards the heart Artery is thicker than the vein Vein is thinner than the artery Artery has pulsation Vein donot have pulsation Artey do not contain valve Vein contains semilunar valve.  

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