Blood Pressure and its Regulation System.pptx

Lets discuss about Blood Pressure and its Regulation.

Blood pressure is the hydraulic pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessels. Normal blood pressure has high systolic value and low diastole value, i.e., 120mm Hg/80mm Hg in arteries.

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1. Blood Pressure and its Regulation System   By – Shubham maurya B. Pharm, M . Pharm @Pharmacy with shubham

2. Definition Blood pressure is the hydraulic pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessels. Normal blood pressure has high systolic value and low diastole value, i.e., 120mm Hg/80mm Hg in arteries . Arterial blood pressure may be of four types : Systolic Pressure: It is the maximum pressure or peak pressure (120mmHg in a healthy adult) exerted in the arteries during the systole of the heart. It occurs at the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood to the aorta. Diastolic Pressure: It is the minimum pressure (80mmHg in a healthy adult) on the arteries. It occurs at the end of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are in resting phase after pumping the blood.

3. Pulse Pressure: It is the differential pressure of systolic and diastolic pressure. It is about 40mmHg in a healthy adult. Mean Arterial Pressure: It is the average pressure on the arteries.

4. Measurement of Blood Pressure Blood pressure can be measured by the following two methods : Direct Method: In this method, blood pressure is measured by puncturing an artery with a cannula connected to a manometer. The method was first time used by a British priest Rev Stephen Hales , in horses and dogs, in 1733 . He inserted a cannula into the femoral artery of a mare, connected it to a long glass tube and observed that blood rose to a height of 8 feet 3 inches; while the blood rose to a height of only 12 inches, when he put the cannula in the femoral vein. Stephen Hales first considered blood pressure in terms of weight of blood. In man, his estimate was 7½ feet of blood which corresponds to 176mmHg.

5. Indirect Methods: An indirect method was introduced due to the unsuitability of the direct method as a routine clinical procedure. This method is known as sphygmomanometry . Principle An appropriate length of a single artery is selected in the arm (brachial artery), or in the thigh (femoral artery). An inflating rubber bag connected to a manometer placed around the arm (or thigh) to compress the artery. Thus the blood flow through the occluded section of the artery is stopped, then the pressure is released slowly and the blood flowing through the obstructed segment of the artery is studied by the following methods:

6. Palpatory method (feeling the pulse), Oscillometric method (observing the oscillations of the mercury column), Auscultatory method (listening to the sounds produced in the part of the artery just below the obstructed segment). Apparatuses Stethoscope: The word stethoscope consists of two words Steth means chest and Scope means to inspect . The stethoscope in its present form was introduced in 1819 , by Laennec , whereas, Chat Korotkoff , in 1905 used it first time for recording the blood pressure .

7. Sphygmomanometer: This instrument is commonly known as the BP apparatus and is used to record arterial blood pressure in humans. The word sphygmomanometer is derived from three Greek roots with Latin equivalents sphygmo means pulse , manos means thin , and metron means to measure . Nowadays various forms of BP instruments are used, but the most common one is the mercury sphygmomanometer which consists of the following parts:

8. Mercury Manometer Mercury Manometer: The manometer is fitted in the lid of the instrument. One arm of the manometer is filled with mercury, a broad and short well that has enough mercury to be driven up in the other arm (the graduated glass tube, figure 7.12 ).

9. Aneroid Manometer In this manometer, the metal bellows, mechanical links, and a calibrated dial replace the mercury manometer. It should be calibrated against a mercury manometer from time to time.

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