blood transfusion in dogs blood transfusion in small animals

Blood transfusion in dog

1. Blood transfusion in dogs NAME - VIDYA KUMARI BVC, PATNA ROLL NO. -150/19 Sub :- VCP- II

2. Introduction Blood transfusion is an emergency procedure done in anaemic dogs to improve the recipient RBC’s and the oxygenation capacity. The 1 st Successful transfusion of blood from one dog to another was first reported by British Physicians Richard lower in 1665. Donor day is celebrated worldwide every year on 14 th June by WHO.

3. Conti… The 1 st blood transfusion done at Bihar veterinary College b y Dr. Pallav Shekhar , assistant professor BVC , Patna in 2008 which was published in The Times of India.

4. Common indication Anaemia due to endoparasite eg – hookworm, ascariasis. Anaemia due to vector-borne disease example ehrlichiosis and babesiosis . Blood loss in profuse epistaxis.
Bleeding disorder example disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ).
Surgical blood loss. Anaemia due to trauma.

5. Dog blood groups Blood groups are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens (protein and sugar) on the RBC membrane. Normally, dogs do not have antibodies against any of the antigen present on their own RBC’s or against other canine blood group antigens unless they have been previously exposed them by transfusion. Over 13 canine blood groups have been described and 8 DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen) types have been recognised. Clinically important blood groups in canine are DEA 1.1,.1.2 and 7.

6. Generally a first transfusion may often not cause any acute hemolytic reaction because dogs lack allo -antibodies. Note:-

7. Compatibility MAJOR CROSS MATCH MINOR CROSS MATCH CONTROL PATIENT Recipient 2 drop plasma 1 drop RBC Sol n 1 drop patient RBC Sol n + 2 drops patient plasma Donor 1 drop RBC Sol n 2 drop plasma 1 drop donor RBC Sol n + 2 drops donor plasma

8. Dog blood typing

9. Universal recipient in dogs DEA 1.1 (+ve)
Universal donor DEA 1.1, DEA 1.2(-ve)

10. Recipient Criteria Hb < 7 gm/dl PCV < 20% Plasma protein conc. < 3.5 gm/ dl

11. Criteria for an ideal donor dogs Dog needs to be fit and healthy
Dog age between (1 – 8) year old
Dog weight > 25 kg
Have a good temperament
Have PCV around 40%
Dogs should be vaccinated
Dog should not on any medication
Dog should be negative for infection/ haemoprotozoan disease.
Dog should be negative for ecto and endo parasites. Dogs can donate 10% of their total blood volume with no adverse effects.

12. Collection of blood Easiest and safest site is jugular vein . Large bore needle should be used.
The site should be thoroughly cleaned.
The blood should be rotated gently to mix anticoagulant.
The blood bags would be positioned lower than the table to allow the blood flow by gravitation. Jugular vein Each standard bag contain 350 ml of whole blood in 43 ml of CPDA anticoagulants solution.

13. ADMINISTRATION OF BLOOD Always administer using a blood giving set.
Gently pre warm whole blood to room temperature before administration.
Gently re-suspend whole blood by inversion prior to spiking bag.
Blood is given by jugular or cephalic vein.

14. Dosage V=85(dogs)×Body wt.× desired PCV – actual PCV donor’s PCV As a general rule 2ml / kg of whole blood will raise the PCV by 1 % point or Hb level by 0.3 gm/dl

15. The blood should be transfused at slow rate (0.25ml/kg/h) for the 1 st 15 min & then animals monitored for adverse reactions. Whole blood frequently is not the ideal product to be administrated in all situation. If O2 carrying capacity is reduced => only RBC. Replacement of circulatory Vol. => crystalloid or colloid solution. Coagulopathy disorder => fresh and frozen plasma Thrombocytopenia => platelets Rate of blood Transfusion Component Therapy

16. PRECAUTIONS Inspect the bag before use if significant haemolysis , colour change compare to the tubing segments, cloudiness or presence of flocculant material is noted then bag should not be used. The infusion should be commenced slowly and patient monitor closely every 15 to 20 minutes during the transfusion as well as pre and post transfusion.

17. Adverse reactions to whole blood Anaphylaxis can occur with blood transfusion ,skin, hives , fever or vomiting are seen occasionally.
If tachycardia, increased temperature, hyperventilation, occurs slow the transfusion or stop. The emergency drug should always be on hand. Eg :-
Dexamethasone – 1mg/kg b.wt.IV . Chlorpheneramin- 0.5mg/kg b.wt . IV,s/c ,IM Adrenaline- 0.01mg/kg b.wt . IV

18. Delayed adverse reactions can Include jaundice, haemoglobinuria , anuria, disseminated intravascular coagulation acute renal failure etc.

19. Reference The Merk veterinary manual -11 th edition Tanuvas technical reporter may –June 2018, vol-3 MSD Veterinary manual MedDocs eBooks