Blood transfusion_Neonatal Jaundice.pptx

Blood transfusion

1. Blood Transfusion

2. INTRODUCTION Blood transfusion is the nothing but the transfer of blood or blood components from one person (the donor) into the bloodstream of another person (the recipient). Transfusion is donperformed as a life-saving procedure to replace blood cells or blood products lost through bleeding also.

3. CONDITIONS WHEN BLOOD TRANSFUSION IS NECESSARY Blood transfusion is essential in the following conditions: 1. Anemia 2. Hemorrhage 3. Trauma 4. Burns 5. Surgery

4. PRECAUTIONS Certain precautions must be taken before and during the transfusion of blood to a patient. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN BEFORE THE TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD 1. Donor must be healthy, without any diseases like: a. Sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis b. Diseases caused by virus like hepatitis, AIDS, etc. 2. Only compatible blood must be transfused 3. Both matching and cross-matching must be done 4. Rh compatibility must be confirmed.

5. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE TRANSFUSING BLOOD 1. Apparatus for transfusion must be in sterile condition 2. Temperature of blood to be transfused must be equal to the body temperature 3. Blood must be transfused in a slow manner. . The sudden rapid infusion of blood into the body enhances the load on the heart, leading to many complications.

6. HAZARDS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION Hazards of blood transfusion are of four types: 1. Reactions because ofmismatched (incompatible) blood transfusion – transfusion reactions 2. Reactions because of massive blood transfusion 3. Reactions because of faulty techniques during blood transfusion 4. Transmission of infections

7. REACTIONS DUE TO MISMATCHED BLOOD TRANSFUSION – TRANSFUSION REACTIONS Transfusion reactions because of ABO incompatibility REACTIONS DUE TO MASSIVE BLOOD TRANSFUSION Massive transfusion is the transfusion of blood equivalent or more than the patient’s own blood volume. It results in i. Circulatory shock, especially in patients suffering from chronic anemia, cardiac diseases or renal diseases ii. Hyperkalemia because of potassium concentration in stored blood iii. Hypocalcemia resulting in tetany because of massive transfusion of citrated blood iv. Hemosiderosis (enhanced deposition of ion in the form of hemosiderin, in organs such as endocrine glands, heart and liver) because of iron overload after repeated transfusions

8. REACTIONS BECAUSE OF FAULTY TECHNIQUES DURING BLOOD TRANSFUSION Faulty techniques adapted during blood transfusion results in i. Thrombophlebitis (inflammation of vein, associated with formation of thrombus). ii. Air embolism (obstruction of blood vessel due to entrance of air into the bloodstream)

9. TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONS Blood transfusion without precaution results in transmission of blood-borne infections namely i. HIV ii. Hepatitis B and A iii. Glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis (acute infectious disease caused by EpsteinBarr virus and manifested by fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat and abnormal lymphocytes) iv. Herpes (viral disease with eruption of small blister-like vesicles on skin or membranes) v. Bacterial infections.

10. BLOOD SUBSTITUTES Fluids infused into the body instead of whole blood are treated as blood substitutes. Commonly used blood substitutes include: 1. Human plasma 2. 0.9% sodium chloride solution (saline) and 5% glucose 3. Colloids such as gum acacia, isinglass, albumin and animal gelatin

11. EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION Exchange transfusion is the procedure which is related to removal of patient’s blood in a completely manner and replacement with fresh blood or plasma of the donor. It is termed as replacement transfusion. It is an important life-saving procedure carried out particulary in conditions namely severe jaundice, sickle cell anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, etc.

12. PROCEDURE Procedure involves both removal and replacement of affected blood in stages. Exchange transfusion is performed out in short cycles of few minutes duration, as follows: 1. Affected person’s blood is drawn out in slow manner in small quantities of 5 to 20 mL, based on the age and size of the person and the severity of the condition. 2. Equal quantity of fresh, prewarmed blood or plasma is infused through intravenous catheter. This must be conducted out for few minutes. 3. Catheter is left in place and the repetition of transfusions takes place within few hours. 4. The continuation of this procedure happens till the whole or predetermined volume of blood is exchanged

13. CONDITIONS WHICH NEED EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION 1. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis). 2. Severe sickle cell anemia. 3. Severe polycythemia (replacement with saline, plasma or albumin). 4. Toxicity of certain drugs. 5. Severe jaundice in newborn babies, which does not give response to ultraviolet light therapy. Generally, the treatment of neonatal jaundice happens by exposure to ultraviolet rays. It breaks down thebilirubin which is excreted by liver

14. AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD TRANSFUSION Autologous blood transfusion is nothing but the collection and reinfusion of patient’s own blood. It is also known as self blood donation. The conventional transfusion of blood that is collected from persons other than the patient is termed as allogeneic or heterologous blood transfusion. Autologous blood transfusion plays an important role during planned surgical procedures. Patient’s blood is withdrawn in advance and stored. Afterwards,it is infused if necessary especially during surgery. This type of blood transfusion stops the transmission of viruses namelyHIV or hepatitis B. It also eliminates transfusion reactions

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