BME I-Unitmechancialnacc datafiles PPT.pptx

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1. UNIT - I 1

2. An engineer is a professional who applies scientific knowledge, mathematics, and creativity to design, develop, analyze, and maintain systems, structures, machines, materials, and processes to meet specific objectives. Who is an Engineer ? 2

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6. Scope of Mechanical Engineer 6

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9. C ontribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society Mechanical engineers play a crucial role in society by contributing their skills, knowledge, and expertise to various fields. Here are several ways in which mechanical engineers contribute to society: Design and Innovation: Mechanical engineers contribute to the design and innovation of products and systems that improve daily life. 9

10. Energy Efficiency: Mechanical engineers work on developing energy-efficient technologies and processes. They design systems that optimize energy usage, reduce waste, and contribute to sustainability efforts. Transportation Systems: Mechanical engineers are involved in the design and improvement of transportation systems, including automobiles, airplanes, trains, and ships. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society 10

11. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society Manufacturing Processes: The development of manufacturing processes that enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve the quality of products. This is essential for the production of goods that meet the needs of society. Medical Devices and Healthcare: Mechanical engineers design and develop medical devices, prosthetics, and healthcare technologies. Their innovations contribute to advancements in medical care, rehabilitation, and the overall well-being of individuals. 11

12. Environmental Protection: By designing technologies that reduce emissions, control pollution, and promote sustainable practices. They play a key role in developing cleaner and more efficient energy solutions. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society Infrastructure Development: Involves in the planning and design of infrastructure projects such as bridges, buildings, and water supply systems. They ensures that these structures are safe, resilient, and meet the needs of growing populations. 12

13. Automation and Robotics: Mechanical engineers work on the development of automation and robotic systems, improving efficiency and safety in various industries. Automation can enhance productivity and reduce the risk of hazardous tasks. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society 13

14. Renewable Energy Systems: Involves in the design and implementation of renewable energy systems such as wind turbines, solar panels, and hydropower systems. These technologies contribute to the shift towards sustainable energy sources. Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society 14

15. Agricultural Equipment: Design and improve agricultural machinery, contributing to increased productivity and efficiency in the agricultural sector. This helps address global food production challenges . Contribution of Mechanical Engineer to the Society 15

16. Manufacturing Process The process of converting “Raw material” into “Finished goods” 16

17. Design and Development: The process begins with the design and development of a product. Engineers and designers create detailed plans, specifications, and prototypes. Raw Materials Procurement: Raw materials, such as metals, plastics, chemicals, or textiles, are sourced from suppliers. Quality control measures are often in place to ensure materials meet specifications. Quality Control: Raw material and also throughout the manufacturing process, quality control measures are implemented to ensure that products meets specified standards. Inspections, testing, and other quality assurance techniques are employed. Manufacturing Process 17

18. Processing of Raw Materials: Raw materials are processed or transformed into usable forms. This could involve cutting, shaping, molding, or other methods to create components or semi-finished goods. Assembly or Fabrication: Components are assembled or fabricated to create the final product. This may involve manual labor, automated assembly lines, or a combination of both. Packaging: Finished products are packaged for storage, transportation, and sale. Packaging may include protective materials, labeling, and instructions. Manufacturing Process 18

19. Distribution: Products are distributed to retailers or directly to consumers. This may involve transportation, warehousing, and logistics. Sales and Marketing: Products are marketed and sold to customers. Sales channels may include retail stores, online platforms, or direct sales. Customer Support: After-sales services, warranty support, and customer assistance may be provided to ensure customer satisfaction and address any issues. Manufacturing Process 19

20. Feedback and Improvement: Feedback from customers and data from the manufacturing process are collected to identify areas for improvement. This information is used to enhance product design, manufacturing efficiency, and overall quality. Sustainability Considerations: In modern manufacturing, there is an increasing focus on sustainable practices. This includes minimizing waste , optimizing energy usage , and using eco-friendly materials and processes. Manufacturing Process 20

21. Different Technologies used in Different sectors 21

22. Different Technologies in Manufacturing Process CNC Machining: Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines use computer programs to control machining tools and equipment. 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing: Additive manufacturing technologies, including 3D printing, build objects layer by layer from digital models. Robotics and Automation: Industrial robots and automation systems enhance efficiency and consistency in manufacturing processes. 22

23. Advanced Materials: The development of new materials, such as composites, superalloys, and smart materials, enhances the performance, durability, and functionality of products. Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT connects devices and sensors within manufacturing systems to gather real-time data. Big Data Analytics: Big data analytics processes and analyzes large volumes of manufacturing data to derive insights, optimize processes, and improve decision-making in areas like production planning and quality control. Different Technologies in Manufacturing Process 23

24. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR technologies are used for training, maintenance, and design visualization. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): AI and ML algorithms are employed for predictive maintenance, quality control, demand forecasting, and optimization of manufacturing processes. Smart Sensors: Advanced sensors provide real-time data on temperature, pressure, vibration, and other parameters, enabling precise control, monitoring, and optimization of manufacturing processes. Different Technologies in Manufacturing Process 24

25. Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the nanoscale. It is used in manufacturing for applications such as coatings, materials enhancement, and medical devices. Blockchain Technology: Blockchain is employed for secure and transparent supply chain management, ensuring traceability and authenticity in the manufacturing process. Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0: Industry 4.0 integrates various technologies into a cohesive and interconnected manufacturing ecosystem, emphasizing data exchange, automation, and smart decision-making. Different Technologies in Manufacturing Process 25

26. Automotive Sector 26

27. Different Technologies in Automotive Sector Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: The rise of electric and hybrid vehicles is transforming the automotive industry Autonomous Driving: Autonomous or self-driving vehicles use advanced sensors, cameras, radar, and lidar technologies along with artificial intelligence. Connected Vehicles: IoT technologies enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with infrastructure, leading to advancements in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. 27

28. Different Technologies in Automotive Sector Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): ADAS includes features like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, collision avoidance systems. Advanced Materials: Lightweight materials such as carbon fibre, aluminium, and high-strength composites are used to reduce vehicle weight Augmented Reality (AR) and Heads-Up Displays (HUD): AR technologies and HUDs provide real-time information to drivers, enhancing navigation, safety, and overall driving experience. 28

29. Advanced Materials and Composites: Lightweight materials and composites like carbon fiber -reinforced polymers are used to reduce the weight of aircraft. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): 3D printing is employed to produce complex and lightweight components, reducing production costs and enabling rapid prototyping. Fly-by-Wire Systems: Fly-by-wire systems replace traditional manual controls with electronic systems. Different Technologies in Automotive Sector 29

30. Advanced Avionics and Navigation Systems: Advanced avionics include state-of-the-art navigation systems, radar, and communication technologies, improving safety and navigation capabilities. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Drones: UAVs and drones have applications in surveillance, cargo delivery, and even passenger transport. Electric and Hybrid Aircraft: Similar to the automotive sector, electric and hybrid propulsion systems are being explored in the aerospace industry. Different Technologies in Automotive Sector 30

31. Marine Sector 31

32. Different Technologies in Marine Sector LNG-Powered Ships: The use of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) as a fuel source for ships is growing, providing a cleaner and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fuels. Advanced Propulsion Systems: Innovative propulsion systems, including pod propulsion and electric propulsion, enhance fuel efficiency. Autonomous and Remote-Controlled Ships: Similar to autonomous vehicles, autonomous and remotely controlled ships use advanced navigation and communication technologies. 32

33. Digital Twin Technology: Digital twin technology allows for real-time monitoring and simulation of ship performance, enabling predictive maintenance Fuel Cell Technology: Fuel cells are being explored as an alternative power source for ships, providing a clean and efficient means of propulsion. Advanced Navigation and Communication Systems: Cutting-edge navigation and communication systems, including satellite navigation and high-frequency radio communication, improve maritime safety and efficiency. Different Technologies in Marine Sector 33

34. Different Metals and Materials Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are two broad categories of metals that differ based on their iron content. The presence of iron is the primary distinguishing factor between these two groups. Ferrous Metals: Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron as their main constituent . The word "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word " ferrum ," which means iron. Ex: Iron (Fe), Steel, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron Properties of Ferrous Metals: Generally magnetic. Prone to corrosion and rusting, especially in the presence of moisture. High strength and durability. Commonly used in construction, infrastructure, automotive, and machinery. 34

35. Different Metals and Materials 35

36. Different Metals and Materials Non-Ferrous Metals: Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron as their main component. Examples of Non-Ferrous Metals: Ex: Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Brass, Bronze, Bronze, Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn). Properties of Non-Ferrous Metals: Generally not magnetic. Resistant to rust and corrosion. Lighter than ferrous metals. Good thermal and electrical conductivity. Commonly used in electrical applications, aerospace, jewellery, and marine environments. 36

37. Corrosion Resistance: Ferrous metals are more prone to corrosion and rusting. Non-ferrous metals generally exhibit better corrosion resistance. Weight: Non-ferrous metals are typically lighter than ferrous metals. Magnetic Properties: Ferrous metals are magnetic, while non-ferrous metals are not. Conductivity: Non-ferrous metals often have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Applications: Ferrous metals are commonly used in construction, infrastructure, and heavy machinery. Non-ferrous metals find applications in electrical wiring, electronics, aerospace, and corrosion-resistant environments. Comparison of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals 37

38. Different Metals and Materials Ceramics A ceramic is  a material that is neither metallic nor organic . It may be crystalline, glassy or both crystalline and glassy. Ceramics are typically hard and chemically non-reactive and can be formed or densified with heat. Types of Ceramics: Traditional Ceramics: ex: Pottery, bricks and tiles etc. Advanced or Engineering Ceramics: Exhibit enhanced mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Ex: alumina, silicon carbide, and zirconia . Refractory Ceramics: Designed to withstand high temperatures without deforming or melting. Ex: alumina and silica refractories. 38

39. Different Metals and Materials 39

40. Bio-ceramics: Used in medical applications, such as dental implants and artificial joints. Ex: hydroxyapatite and bio glass. Different Metals and Materials Electroceramics : Possess electrical properties suitable for electronic applications. Ex: barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Properties of Ceramics: Hardness, Brittleness, fracture toughness, Heat Resistance: Applications: Thermal insulation, Electrical Insulation, Chemical Resistance (corrosion), Transparency. Used in optical applications. 40

41. Composites : Composites are materials made from two or more different constituents with distinct physical or chemical properties. These constituents, known as the matrix and the reinforcement, combine to form a material with enhanced characteristics that may not be achievable with individual components alone. Components of Composites: Matrix: The matrix is the continuous phase that surrounds and holds together the reinforcement. It can be a polymer, metal, ceramic, or a combination of these materials. Reinforcement: The reinforcement provides additional strength, stiffness, or other desirable properties to the composite. Common reinforcement materials include fibers , particles, or flakes. Different Metals and Materials 41

42. Different Metals and Materials 42

43. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs): Polymer matrices, such as epoxy or polyester, are commonly used in composites for applications like aerospace and automotive components. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): Metal matrices, often aluminum or magnesium, are used for their enhanced strength and stiffness in applications like aerospace and automotive parts. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs): Ceramic matrices, like silicon carbide, are employed in high-temperature applications such as gas turbine components. Different Composites based on matrix Different Metals and Materials 43

44. Different Composites based on Reinforcement Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Fibers such as glass, carbon, aramid, or natural fibers are embedded in the matrix to enhance strength and stiffness. Particle-Reinforced Composites: Particles like silicon carbide or aluminum oxide are added to improve hardness and wear resistance. Flake-Reinforced Composites: Flakes of materials like mica or graphite can enhance properties like thermal conductivity and lubrication. Different Metals and Materials 44

45. Advantages of Composites: High Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Composites often exhibit superior strength and stiffness compared to traditional materials, such as metals or plastics, at a lower weight. Corrosion Resistance: Many composites are resistant to corrosion, making them suitable for applications in harsh environments. Tailored Properties: Properties of composites can be tailored by choosing specific combinations of matrix and reinforcement materials to meet specific application requirements. Design Flexibility: Composites offer design flexibility, allowing for the creation of complex shapes and structures. Fatigue Resistance: Composites can have excellent fatigue resistance, making them suitable for applications subject to repetitive loading. Different Metals and Materials 45

46. Challenges and Considerations of Composites: Cost: Some advanced composite materials can be expensive to produce. Recycling: Recycling composites can be challenging, and strategies for sustainable end-of-life management are being explored. Joining and Repair: Joining and repairing composites can be more complex than traditional materials. Environmental Impact: The production of certain composite materials may involve environmentally impactful processes. Efforts are being made to develop more sustainable composite materials. Different Metals and Materials 46

47. Smart materials Smart materials, also known as responsive or intelligent materials, that exhibit unique and adaptive properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature, stress, light, or magnetic fields. Here are some key types of smart materials and their characteristics: Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs): Working Principle : SMAs can "remember" and return to their original shape after being deformed. Applications: Used in robotics, aerospace components, medical devices (e.g., stents), and actuators. Different Metals and Materials 47

48. Smart materials Photochromic Materials: Working Principle: Change colour in response to light exposure. Applications: Sunglasses, eyeglass lenses, and textiles. Electrochromic Materials: Working Principle: Change colour in response to an applied electric field. Applications: Smart windows, rearview mirrors, and displays. Different Metals and Materials Thermochromic Materials: Working Principle: Change colour in response to temperature variations. Applications: Smart windows, textiles, and temperature-sensitive labels. 48

49. Self-Healing Materials: Working Principle: Materials that can repair damage autonomously. Applications: Aerospace materials, coatings, and automotive components. Smart materials Different Metals and Materials Magneto strictive Materials: Working Principle: Change shape in response to a magnetic field. Applications: Actuators, sensors, and vibration control devices. Smart Concrete: Working Principle: Embedded sensors in concrete can monitor stress, strain, and temperature. Applications: Structural health monitoring, smart infrastructure. 49

50. Thank You … 50