BOILER EXTERNAL INTERNAL TREATMENT Of Palm oil Mill

Boiler

1. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
BOILER BOILER
EXTERNALEXTERNAL
&&
INTERNAL INTERNAL
TREATMENTTREATMENT

2. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE ToINTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE To

understand fundamentals of water understand fundamentals of water
treatment, as well as the system in POMtreatment, as well as the system in POM

To be aware of treatment requirement and To be aware of treatment requirement and
prevent problems to boilerprevent problems to boiler
BOILER EXTERNAL & INTERNAL TREATMENTBOILER EXTERNAL & INTERNAL TREATMENT

3. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB

Water treatment in POM Water treatment in POM
1.1.External treatmentExternal treatment

ClarifierClarifier

FilterFilter

SoftenerSoftener

DeaeratorDeaerator
2.2.Internal treatmentInternal treatment

Chemical treatment in boiler and Chemical treatment in boiler and
condensate systemcondensate system
BOILER EXTERNAL & INTERNAL TREATMENTBOILER EXTERNAL & INTERNAL TREATMENT

4. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Water treatment in POMWater treatment in POM
River
Water pump
Clarifier
Filter
Softener
De-aerator
Feed
Water
Tank

5. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Water treatment in POMWater treatment in POM

External treatment is so crucial as…External treatment is so crucial as…

It is most critical part of the total boiler It is most critical part of the total boiler
system with respect to maintaining boiler system with respect to maintaining boiler
cleanliness.cleanliness.

It is to produce water of acceptable quality It is to produce water of acceptable quality
for use in the boilerfor use in the boiler

6. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
ClarifierClarifier

7. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
ClarifierClarifier

To remove the settable To remove the settable
and suspended solidsand suspended solids

To provide liquid-solids To provide liquid-solids
separation with addition separation with addition
of coagulant and of coagulant and
flocculantsflocculants

To achieve TSS 10ppm To achieve TSS 10ppm
or lessor less

Typical type in POM-up Typical type in POM-up
flow and sludge flow and sludge
recirculation, water recirculation, water
retention time at 2 retention time at 2
hours and rise rate at hours and rise rate at
2m2m
33
/hr/hr

8. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Step 1: pH adjustmentStep 1: pH adjustment

If pH less than 6, use soda ash(Na2CO3)/ If pH less than 6, use soda ash(Na2CO3)/
caustic soda(NaOH)/ lime (Ca(OH)2/ caustic soda(NaOH)/ lime (Ca(OH)2/
pottasium hydroxide(KOH)pottasium hydroxide(KOH)

If pH more than 8, use acid (HCI, H2SO4)If pH more than 8, use acid (HCI, H2SO4)

Important to get correct pH before addition Important to get correct pH before addition
of coagulant (especially alum)of coagulant (especially alum)
How liquid solids separation takes How liquid solids separation takes
place in clarifierplace in clarifier

9. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Step 2: CoagulationStep 2: Coagulation

Charge neutralization processCharge neutralization process

Addition of chemical coagulant to destabilize Addition of chemical coagulant to destabilize
colloidal particles in water by neutralizing the colloidal particles in water by neutralizing the
forces that keep them apart. The process forces that keep them apart. The process
requires mixing energy to make destabilized requires mixing energy to make destabilized
particles to collide for floc formationparticles to collide for floc formation

Chemical coagulants commonly used areChemical coagulants commonly used are

Aluminium salts: Alum, Polyaluminium Chloride Aluminium salts: Alum, Polyaluminium Chloride
(PAC)(PAC)

PolyelectrolytePolyelectrolyte

Organic coagulantOrganic coagulant
How liquid solids separation takes How liquid solids separation takes
place in clarifierplace in clarifier

10. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Step 3: FlocculationStep 3: Flocculation

Floc building process Polymers are added Floc building process Polymers are added
to agglomerate small coagulated flocs to to agglomerate small coagulated flocs to
form big & dense ones so that it can settle form big & dense ones so that it can settle
fastfast
Step 4: SettlingStep 4: Settling

After coagulation and flocculation process, After coagulation and flocculation process,
dense flocs will settle at the bottom of dense flocs will settle at the bottom of
clarifier and form sludge blanket.clarifier and form sludge blanket.
How liquid solids separation takes How liquid solids separation takes
places place in clarifierplaces place in clarifier

11. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB

Sludge blanketSludge blanket

Depth of sludge blanket is the working depth of Depth of sludge blanket is the working depth of
sludge over the bottom of the sludge sludge over the bottom of the sludge
recirculation draft tube in an upflow-solids recirculation draft tube in an upflow-solids
contact clarifier. Typically 60 to 80 inches below contact clarifier. Typically 60 to 80 inches below
the water surfacethe water surface

Too high or too low a blanket will results into Too high or too low a blanket will results into
carryovercarryover
How liquid solids separation takes How liquid solids separation takes
places place in clarifierplaces place in clarifier

12. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Clear Water
Clear Water
Typical Flow Diagram
Of a Up flow Sludge Blanket
Water Clarifier

13. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB

Sludge blowdownSludge blowdown

Sludge must be removed in proportion to the Sludge must be removed in proportion to the
amount formed and frequent intervalsamount formed and frequent intervals

Too less sludge blowdownToo less sludge blowdown

Sludge solidified and become hard to removeSludge solidified and become hard to remove

Raised sludge blanket too high>excessive carryoverRaised sludge blanket too high>excessive carryover

Scum floating and odor – anaerobic decompositionScum floating and odor – anaerobic decomposition

Too much sludge blowdownToo much sludge blowdown

Deplete sludge blanket>excessive suspended solids Deplete sludge blanket>excessive suspended solids
carry over.carry over.
How liquid solids separation takes How liquid solids separation takes
places place in clarifierplaces place in clarifier

14. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
How to determine How to determine
chemical dosage?chemical dosage?

15. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
How to determine chemical How to determine chemical
dosage?dosage?
Jar TestJar Test
And And
Plant Plant
TrialTrial

16. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Where are typical injection points?Where are typical injection points?
Flocculants
Coagulant
Soda Ash
10 ~15 ft 5 ft
W
a
t
e
r

r
i
s
e

r
a
t
e
2
m
3
/
h
r
Coagulant Soda Ash Raw Water

17. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
FilterFilter

18. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
FilterFilter

To filter the solids To filter the solids
escaped from the escaped from the
clarifierclarifier

To remove fine particles To remove fine particles
up to 10 micron sizeup to 10 micron size

Optimally operated Optimally operated
filter will not burden filter will not burden
softenersoftener

To achieve water To achieve water
turbidity <5NTUturbidity <5NTU

19. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB

When to backwash the filter?When to backwash the filter?

High pressure dropped across the filter and High pressure dropped across the filter and
resulting low water throughput, orresulting low water throughput, or

Filtered water turbidity has reached the Filtered water turbidity has reached the
preset value, i.e. turbidity >5NTUpreset value, i.e. turbidity >5NTU
FilterFilter

20. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB

Functions to remove Total Hardness, namely Functions to remove Total Hardness, namely
calcium and magnesium ions by ion exchange calcium and magnesium ions by ion exchange
process in sodium zeolite resinprocess in sodium zeolite resin

Subject to mud and iron fouling – hence Subject to mud and iron fouling – hence
important to receive acceptable influentimportant to receive acceptable influent

Backwash and brine regeneratiom is requiredBackwash and brine regeneratiom is required

Reversible process – based on ion selectivity Reversible process – based on ion selectivity
and concentration dominantand concentration dominant
SoftenerSoftener

21. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Ion Exchange ProcessIon Exchange Process
C
a
l
c
i
u
m
M
a
g
n
e
s
i
u
m
Sodium

22. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Ion Exchange ProcessIon Exchange Process
S
o
d
i
u
m
Calcium

23. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
How Can You Tell If Your Softener How Can You Tell If Your Softener
Is Not Working Correctly?Is Not Working Correctly?

Check hardness of water leaving Check hardness of water leaving
softener. Good if below 2 ppmsoftener. Good if below 2 ppm

Check amount of treated water Check amount of treated water
between regeneration – to determine between regeneration – to determine
regeneration cycles (in days)regeneration cycles (in days)

24. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Brining
45~60 min
Slow Rinse
20~25 mins
Fast Rinse
45~60 mins
Backwash
Until clear water
What if softener is exhausted What if softener is exhausted
and high hardness breakthrough?and high hardness breakthrough?

25. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Purpose Of BackwashPurpose Of Backwash

Remove mud, sand, dirt and broken resin Remove mud, sand, dirt and broken resin
beadsbeads

Dirt and broken resin beads must reach Dirt and broken resin beads must reach
top of water distribution headertop of water distribution header

A successful backwashA successful backwash

50% expansion of resin bead50% expansion of resin bead

10~20 minutes10~20 minutes

Clear waterClear water

26. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Purpose Of BackwashPurpose Of Backwash

SOFTENER-BriningSOFTENER-Brining

Remove hardness ions from resin beadsRemove hardness ions from resin beads

Replenish sodium ions on resinReplenish sodium ions on resin

Must be enough salt to force calcium & magnesium off Must be enough salt to force calcium & magnesium off
the resin SOFTENER-Regenerationthe resin SOFTENER-Regeneration

A successful regenerationA successful regeneration

Use 1kg of salts/ 5liters of resinUse 1kg of salts/ 5liters of resin

Prepare brine solution concentration of 25~27% by Prepare brine solution concentration of 25~27% by
weight in brine tank stirrerweight in brine tank stirrer

Has at least brine solution concentration 8% by weight Has at least brine solution concentration 8% by weight
after softener eductorafter softener eductor

Maintain a brine concentration at 8% by weight >30 Maintain a brine concentration at 8% by weight >30
minutes to fluidized resin bedminutes to fluidized resin bed

27. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Purpose Of BackwashPurpose Of Backwash

SOFTENER-Slow rinseSOFTENER-Slow rinse

Push salt all the way through the softenerPush salt all the way through the softener

Is at the same rate as generation for 20~25 minutesIs at the same rate as generation for 20~25 minutes

SOFTENER- Fast RinseSOFTENER- Fast Rinse

Remove excess salt from the softener before it goes Remove excess salt from the softener before it goes
back on serviceback on service

Uses the same flow rate at which the softener Uses the same flow rate at which the softener
operatesoperates

28. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
ELUTION STUDYELUTION STUDY
REGENERATION PROFILEREGENERATION PROFILE
0
10
20
30
Salometer
Degree
10203040506070
Regeneration
Time
Regeneration

29. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
SOFTENER CYCLESSOFTENER CYCLES
G=(Ec, Eq/L)*(Resin Vol,L)*(50)G=(Ec, Eq/L)*(Resin Vol,L)*(50)
TH,ppmTH,ppm
G=______mG=______m
33
/regeneration?/regeneration?
WhereWhereG = Capacity (mG = Capacity (m
33
/regeneration)/regeneration)
Ec = Exchange capacity (Eq/L resin)Ec = Exchange capacity (Eq/L resin)
L = Resin Volume (Liters)L = Resin Volume (Liters)
TH = Total Hardness (ppm)TH = Total Hardness (ppm)

30. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
How do you determine the How do you determine the
condition of the resincondition of the resin

31. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Poor control and Poor control and
monitoring of softenermonitoring of softener

32. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Poor control and monitoring of Poor control and monitoring of
softener: SCALEsoftener: SCALE

33. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
DEAERATORDEAERATOR

34. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
DEAERATORDEAERATOR
REMOVING GAS FROM WATERREMOVING GAS FROM WATER

Dissolved gases present in boiler waterDissolved gases present in boiler water

OxygenOxygen

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

They are corrosive and must be They are corrosive and must be
removed before boiler useremoved before boiler use

DEAERATOR is used to removed this DEAERATOR is used to removed this
dissolved gases by achieving water dissolved gases by achieving water
boiling pointboiling point

35. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
DEAERATORDEAERATOR
Solubility of Oxygen in Pure Solubility of Oxygen in Pure
WaterWater
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
Temperature C
O
x
y
g
e
n
,

p
p
m
10 psi1010 8 7 6 4 3 2 2 2 0
5 psi141410 9 8 7 6 5 4 4 4 0
0 psi1616131110 9 8 7 7 6 5 0
-10 psi26262420151210 9 8 7 6 4 0
20406080100120140160180200220240

36. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
DEAERATORDEAERATOR
TWO TYPES OF DEAERATORTWO TYPES OF DEAERATOR
1.1.PRESSURE DEAERATORPRESSURE DEAERATOR
2.2.VACUUM DEAERATORVACUUM DEAERATOR

37. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
PRESSURE DEAERATORPRESSURE DEAERATOR
Water
InletVent
To
atmosphere
Water Outlet
Steam
Inlet

38. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB

39. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
PRESSURE DEAERATORPRESSURE DEAERATOR

Usually used in power plant to remove Usually used in power plant to remove
OO
22 in feed water in feed water

Water is atomized, steam scrubbing and Water is atomized, steam scrubbing and
venting of gasesventing of gases

Operate at 5psig, 100~105OCOperate at 5psig, 100~105OC
OO
22 can be reduced to 0.07~0.04ppm can be reduced to 0.07~0.04ppm

40. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
VACUUM DEAERATORVACUUM DEAERATOR
Extraction pump
From
Feed Water
Tank
Steam
Deaerated
Water
-550mmHg Vacuum
Boiling Point 70
O
C

41. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
VACUUM DEAERATORVACUUM DEAERATOR
OO
2 2 and COand CO
22 is removed by creating is removed by creating
vacuum pressurevacuum pressure

In this case water boiling point is In this case water boiling point is
loweredlowered

Pressure -550mmHg, coupled with water Pressure -550mmHg, coupled with water
temperature between 60temperature between 60
OO
~70~70
OO
CC

Decrease solubility of dissolved gases at Decrease solubility of dissolved gases at
boiling pointboiling point

42. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
VACUUM DEAERATORVACUUM DEAERATOR

Vacuum is created using steam ejector Vacuum is created using steam ejector
(Venturi effect with high kinetic head(Venturi effect with high kinetic head
OO
22 can be reduced to 0.2~0.5 ppm can be reduced to 0.2~0.5 ppm

Have to prevent air in leakage into the Have to prevent air in leakage into the
system through pump, seals, valve, system through pump, seals, valve,
fittings, flanges etc.fittings, flanges etc.

Water level must be below the water Water level must be below the water
sprayer nozzles for atomizationsprayer nozzles for atomization

43. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Poor Control & Monitoring of De-Poor Control & Monitoring of De-
aerator will results into OXYGEN aerator will results into OXYGEN
PITTINGPITTING

44. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
BOILER INTERNAL BOILER INTERNAL
TREATMENTTREATMENT

45. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Circulation in A Water Tube Circulation in A Water Tube
BoilerBoiler
Steam
Drum
Mud
Drum
D
o
w
n

c
o
m
e
r
s
R
i
s
e
r
s
Hot
Gase
s
Fire
Box
Mud
Drum
Super
Heater
Header

46. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Steam
Drum
Down
comers
Risers
Bottom Side Wall Tube Header
Main Steam
Range
Saturated Steam
Superheated
Steam
Top
Side Wall
Tube Header
Typical Water/Steam
Flow Diagram of a Fraser
Water Tube Boiler
Super Heater
Header

47. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
BOILER WATER BOILER WATER
TREATMENTTREATMENT

THREE MAJOR PROBLEMS IN BOILERTHREE MAJOR PROBLEMS IN BOILER

CorrosionCorrosion

Scale and depositionScale and deposition

CarryoverCarryover

THE PURPOSE OF BOILER WATER THE PURPOSE OF BOILER WATER
TREATMENTTREATMENT

To prevent corrosionTo prevent corrosion

To prevent scale and depositionTo prevent scale and deposition

To prevent carryoverTo prevent carryover

48. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
ROOT CAUSE OF BOILER ROOT CAUSE OF BOILER
WATER PROBLEMSWATER PROBLEMS

Poor water qualityPoor water quality

Hardness, TDS, pH, Silica, Iron, etcHardness, TDS, pH, Silica, Iron, etc

Poor external treatmentPoor external treatment

Pre-treatment i.e. Clarification, Filter, Pre-treatment i.e. Clarification, Filter,
Softener and De-aerationSoftener and De-aeration

Poor internal treatmentPoor internal treatment

Scale and deposit Control, Corrosion Scale and deposit Control, Corrosion
prevention, anti foamingprevention, anti foaming

49. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
CORROSIONCORROSION

Corrosion causeCorrosion cause

Oxygen and low pH is the main culpritOxygen and low pH is the main culprit

Deposition that cause underneath corrosionDeposition that cause underneath corrosion

50. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
CORROSIONCORROSION

IMPACTIMPACT

Deterioration of boiler metal/tube punctureDeterioration of boiler metal/tube puncture

High repair costHigh repair cost

Unscheduled shutdownUnscheduled shutdown

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

Remove dissolved gases (ORemove dissolved gases (O
22 and CO and CO
22) by deaerator before ) by deaerator before
entering boilerentering boiler

Maintain alkaline pH in boiler waterMaintain alkaline pH in boiler water

Use oxygen scavenger to remove residual OUse oxygen scavenger to remove residual O
22 and maintain and maintain
sufficient reserve in boiler watersufficient reserve in boiler water

Keep TDS within operating limitsKeep TDS within operating limits

Proper wet storage procedure when boiler will be idle for Proper wet storage procedure when boiler will be idle for
long periodlong period

51. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB

52. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
SCALESCALE

SCALE CAUSESCALE CAUSE

Calcium, magnesium, sulfate, silica, soluble iron, aluminium form Calcium, magnesium, sulfate, silica, soluble iron, aluminium form
precipitates (Over saturation)precipitates (Over saturation)

IMPACTIMPACT

Scale form insulator film affecting heat transfer efficiency.Scale form insulator film affecting heat transfer efficiency.

Tube failure from overheatingTube failure from overheating

Underneath deposits corrosionUnderneath deposits corrosion

Deposits plug tubes causing starvation and subsequently Deposits plug tubes causing starvation and subsequently
overheatoverheat

Take long time for cleaningTake long time for cleaning

Might need acid cleaning, depends on scaleMight need acid cleaning, depends on scale

Productivity downedProductivity downed

Mill profitability downedMill profitability downed

53. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
SCALESCALE

PREVENT SCALINGPREVENT SCALING

Minimize hardness in softener water(0~2 ppm)Minimize hardness in softener water(0~2 ppm)

Maintain recommended Silica levelMaintain recommended Silica level

Maintain suspended solids/ turbidity in feed Maintain suspended solids/ turbidity in feed
water <3 NTUwater <3 NTU

Keep minimum Aluminum in feed water<0.3ppmKeep minimum Aluminum in feed water<0.3ppm

Minimized the amount of iron in feed water < Minimized the amount of iron in feed water <
0.3ppm0.3ppm

Maintain good blow down frequency over TDS Maintain good blow down frequency over TDS
level <2000ppmlevel <2000ppm

54. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
SCALESCALE

55. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
CARRYOVERCARRYOVER

WHAT IS CARRY WHAT IS CARRY
OVEROVER

Boiler water carried Boiler water carried
into steaminto steam

CAUSE BYCAUSE BY

Foaming (Chemical)Foaming (Chemical)

Misting (Operational)Misting (Operational)

Priming (Operational)Priming (Operational)

56. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
CARRYOVERCARRYOVER

WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCESWHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES

Deposits in superheated tubes-tube burstDeposits in superheated tubes-tube burst

Deposits in turbine blades-Efficiency droppedDeposits in turbine blades-Efficiency dropped

Turbine erosionTurbine erosion

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

Use anti foam if cause by foamingUse anti foam if cause by foaming

Do not run boiler at high water levelDo not run boiler at high water level

Do not overload boilerDo not overload boiler

Control dissolved solids levelControl dissolved solids level

Avoid oil contaminationAvoid oil contamination

57. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
BOILER INTERNAL BOILER INTERNAL
TREATMENTTREATMENT
Sulfite Oxygen ScavengerSulfite Oxygen Scavenger

Prevent pitting corrosionPrevent pitting corrosion

Catalyzed: React with O2 500 times faster Catalyzed: React with O2 500 times faster
than ordinary sulfitethan ordinary sulfite

Maintained reserve at 30~50 ppmMaintained reserve at 30~50 ppm

Low sulfiteLow sulfite

High DO in feedwaterHigh DO in feedwater

Boile may have corrosion problemBoile may have corrosion problem

High SulfiteHigh Sulfite

High treatment costHigh treatment cost

58. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
BOILER INTERNAL BOILER INTERNAL
TREATMENTTREATMENT
OrthophosphateOrthophosphate

Hardness inhibitorHardness inhibitor

Form Calcium HydroPatixe (less Adhesive Sludge) Form Calcium HydroPatixe (less Adhesive Sludge)
before it is removed through blow downbefore it is removed through blow down

Below range ~ No protection on hardness in leakageBelow range ~ No protection on hardness in leakage

Maintain 30~80 as reserveMaintain 30~80 as reserve

Low PO4Low PO4

High hardness in feed waterHigh hardness in feed water

Boiler may have scale problemBoiler may have scale problem

High PO4High PO4

High treatment costHigh treatment cost

59. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
BOILER INTERNAL BOILER INTERNAL
TREATMENTTREATMENT
Alkalinity BoosterAlkalinity Booster
pH Maintained at 10.5 ~ 11.5
P-Alkalinity maintained at 350~800 ppm
for boiler pressure <350psi
Dose depend on feed water M-Alkalinity
& Silica level
Maintain Silica to Alkalinity ratio 1:5
Important in preventing corrosion and
scale especially silicate deposit.

60. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
BOILER INTERNAL BOILER INTERNAL
TREATMENTTREATMENT

Scale inhibitor or dispersantScale inhibitor or dispersant

Synthetic polymerSynthetic polymer

Keep the hardness solubilization in bulk Keep the hardness solubilization in bulk
waterwater

Disperse precipitates and keep the Disperse precipitates and keep the
sludge suspension form in bulksludge suspension form in bulk

Low dose ~Deposits or Scale formationLow dose ~Deposits or Scale formation

61. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Control specificationsControl specifications
Total Total
hardnesshardness
(ppm)(ppm)
Total ironTotal iron
(ppm)(ppm)
pHpH
M-M-
alkalinityalkalinity
(ppm)(ppm)
Softened Softened
waterwater
0~2 0~2 <0.3<0.3
Boiler Boiler
feed feed
waterwater
0~20~2 <0.3<0.3 7.0~7.57.0~7.5 25~3525~35

62. MOHD IKHSAN YAACOB
Control specificationsControl specifications
SULFITESULFITE 30~80 PPM30~80 PPM
PHOSPAHATEPHOSPAHATE 30~80 ppm30~80 ppm
TDSTDS <2000 ppm<2000 ppm
P AlkalinityP Alkalinity 350~8--350~8--
pHpH 10.5~11.510.5~11.5
IronIron <5 ppm<5 ppm
SilicaSilica <150ppm<150ppm
ChlorideChloride <500 ppm<500 ppm