BONES Lecture 7

Anatomy Lecture 7 " BONES " by Dr Ahmad Qureshi from the Plateform of Pharmohubpakistan

1. Parts of bones & blood supply of bones Dr Ahmad Ali Qureshi (MBBS,GMC)

2. Kindly recite durood e pak …

3. Blood supply of the long bones

4. Rule of direction of nutrient foramen Nutrient foramen directed against the growing end “ Towards the Elbow we go; from the knee we flee .” Nutrient artery Metaphysial arteries Epiphyseal arteries Periosteal arteries

5. Venous Drainage Venous sinus in centre of medullary cavity Receives blood from medullary sinusoids from end arterial loops Diaphyseal vein Periosteal veins Metaphyseal veins Epiphyseal veins

6. ELEVATIONS Lines Ridges crest

7. Articular surfaces Head—a large rounded elevation Capitulum --a small rounded elevation Trochlea --- pully shaped articular surface Condyles ---a rounded knuckle like articular area

8. Non articular surfaces Processes any prominent projection Trochenter Large blunt process Tuberosities Large rounded eminence Tubercle Small rounded eminence Malleolus A small rounded process

9. Epicondyles A projection on or above condyles Spine A short pointed projection Styloid process A long pointed projection Hamulus A hook like projection

10. Line A slight ridge Crest A prominent border or ridge Fovea A small shallow depression Notch Indentation in edge of bone

11. Facet ---Small , smooth and flat areas of the bone . Hollow depression--- Fossa

12. Nerve supply of bones Periosteum at ends-----nerve supplying overlaying muscle Periosteum of subcutaneous bone-----nerve supplying overlaying skin Enter with nutrient artery-----supply bone tissue Periosteum is most sensitive region of bone Spongy bone more sensitive as compared to compact bone

13. Rule of direction of nutrient foramen Growing end of bone Nutrient foramen directed against the growing end Towards the elbow we go Growing ends away from elbow From the knee we flee Growing ends towards the knee

14. Question Which artery enter through the nutient foramina Periosteal Diaphysial * metaphysial Endosteal cortical SEQ’S Briefly explain the blood supply of mature long bone?

15. CLINICALS RELATED TO BONE

16. Unused bones, such as in a paralyzed limb, atrophy (decrease in size). Bone may be absorbed , which occurs in the mandible when teeth are extracted. Bones hypertrophy (enlarge) when they support increased weight for a long period.

17. Trauma to a bone break it . Open fracture Close fracture Healing of fracture the broken ends must be brought together, approximating their normal position. This is called reduction of a fracture. Fracture of bone

18. Bone healing surrounding fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) proliferate secrete collagen forms a collar of callus to hold the bones together Bone remodeling in fracture area & callus calcifies. callus resorbed and replaced by bone. After several months, little evidence of the fracture remains, especially in young people

19. Osteoporosis aging process organic and inorganic components of bone decrease resulting in osteoporosis, reduction in the quantity of bone, atrophy of skeletal tissue bones become brittle, lose their elasticity, and fracture easily. Bone scanning is an imaging method used to assess normal and diminished bone mass

20. Loss of arterial supply to an epiphysis or other parts of a bone results in the death of bone tissue—avascular necrosis. In some fractures avascular necrosis may occur. A number of clinical disorders of epiphyses in children result from avascular necrosis of unknown etiology (cause). These disorders are referred to as osteochondroses . Avascular Necrosis

21. many of breaks in bones are greenstick fractures (incomplete breaks caused by bending of the bones). Fractures in growing bones heal faster than those in adult bones. Greenstick fractures

22. Rickets  is a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of  vitamin D , phosphorus or calcium potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Osteomalacia  is a similar condition occurring in adults, generally due to a deficiency of vitamin D.

23. Thank you …