Booklet of diabetes final pcs nepali

booklet

1. lrgLsf]/f]uL -*fO{a]l^h /
dwÚd]x_ n] hfGgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?

(Information Booklet on Diabetes)


k|f= -*f=_ k|Nxfb sfsL{
k|dÚv, d]l*l;g ljefu

*f= ;lGhj s'df/ zdf{
d]l*l;g ljefu

/fd z/)f d]xtf
d]l*sn-;lh{sn gl;{é ljefu
sn]h ckm gl;{é

jL=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj!fg k|lti&fg w/fg,
;Úg;/L, g]kfn .

2. eúldsf


dwÚd]x -*fOlal^h/lrgLsf]/fu_ Pp^f nfdf] ;do ;Dd /xg] /f]u xf] . of] /f]usf]
pkrf/ ;lgnf] % t/ w/} h;f] ljdf/L pkrf/sf] nfuL c:ktfn cfpb}g . of]
/f]usf] nIf)f zÚ?df b]vf kb}{g t;y{ o;/f]uLsf] pkrf/df a]jf:tf u/]sf] kfOG%
. pkrf/sf] l(nfO{n] w]/} gf/fd|f] c;/x? h:t}M cf¤vfsf]/f]u, lduf}{nfsf]/f]u,
dÚ^Úsf]/f]u, O{TofbL b]vf k%{ . hLjg z}nLdf kl/jt{g tyf cf}iflwsf] k|of]un]
dwÚd]x/f]usf] g/fd|f c;/x?jf^ aRg ;lsG% / nfdf] ;do ;Dd af¤Rg
;lsG% . dwÚd]x /f]uLsf] ;+Vof ;+;f/sf] ;fy} xfd|f] b]zdf klg b|Útultdf
al(/x]sf] % . o;/f]un] ubf{ eljiodf d[uf}nfsf]/f]u, c+wf]kg tyf x[bo/f]u b]zsf]
Pp^f k|dÚv ;d:of xÚg]% . dwÚd]x, pRr /Qmrfk tyf dÚ^Úsf]/f]u g;g]{ nfdf]
;do ;Dd nfUg] tyf Ps csf{df lge{/ xÚg] /f]ux? xÚg\ . of] /f]usf] plrt
pkrf/sf] nfuL bIf lrlsT;s, dwÚd]x g;{ lzIfs, cfxf/ lrlsT;s, nufot
cGo :jf:Yo sdL{x?sf] ;fdÚlxs k|of; h?/L %, ;fy} /f]usf] /f]syfddf Woofg
kÚCofpgÚ clt cfjZos e};s]sf] % . o; kÚl:tsfsf] k|dÚv pb]Zo ;fdfGo
hgrfnfO{ *fOj]l^S; sf] ;d:ofjf^ dÚQmkfg{ ;xof]u ugÚ{ xf] . xfdLn] :tl/o
tyf e/kbf]{ hfgsf/L dÚns Jojxfl/s !fg k|bfg ul/ t+kfO{sf] b}lgs hLjgnfO{
:jf:Yos/ tyf kú)f{ cfgGbsf] ;fy ljtfpg dbt ug]{ ul/ of] kÚl:tsf ;/n
g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf] % . o;jf^ lgZrog} ltgLsf] lj/fdLnfO{ ;/n hLjg
ofkg ug{ tyf /f]u gnfu]sf AoQmLnfO{ /f]u nfUg jf^ arfpg dbt kÚCofpg]
% . o; kÚl:tsfn] :jf:YosdL{x?df !fg a(fpgÚsf] ;fy} :jf:Yo lzIff lbgsf]
nfuL dbxTjkú)f{ dfWodsf] sfd ug]{ % . wGojfb,




k|f= -*f=_ k|Nxfb sfsL{
k|dÚv d]l*l;g ljefu
jL=kL=sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj!fg k|lti&fg .

3. laifo ;rL

qm=;+= ljj/)f

1. lrgLsf]/f]u -*fOj]l^h/dwÚd]x_ sf] kl/ro
2. dwÚd]x /f]usf] k|sf/
3. dwÚd]x /f]usf] sf/)fx?
4. dwÚd]x /f]usf] nIf)f tyf lrGxx?
5. dwÚd]x /f]usf] pkrf/ k$tLx?
6. dwÚd]x/f]un] kfg]{ c;/x?
7. dwÚd]xsf] /f]uLn] hfGgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?
8. vfgf ;DjGwL hfgsf/L
9. Jofod ;DjlGw hfgsf/L
10. vÚ§fsf] x]/rfx
11. cf¤vfsf] x]/rfx
12. xfOkf]U:tfO{;]ldof -/utdf lrgLsf] sld_
13. lrgLsf] hf+r
14. OG;Úlng ;ÚO{sf] k|of]u
15. lgoldt ugÚ{ kg]{ hf+r k*tfn af/] hfgsf/L
16. ls^f]Pl;*f]l;; jf/] hfgsf/L
17. ;fdfhLs hLjgofkg jf/] s]lx ;Úemfgx?

4. 18. *fS^/ ;+u ;Dks{ /fVgÚ kg]{ cj:yfx?
19. ofqf ubf{ Wofg lbgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?
20. /f]uLn] ofb /fVgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?
21. vfg] rSsL jf/] hfgsf/L
22. dwÚd]x /f]ujf/] utn wf/)f tyf ;lx tYox? M
23. /]km/]G;]h

1. lrgLsf]/f]u -dwÚd]x/*fOj]l^h_ sf] kl/roM
dwÚd]x nfdf] ;do ;Dd nfUg] /f]u xf] / of] /f]u nfUbf /utdf UnÚsf]h -lrgL_
sf] dfq a(]/ hfG% . zl//sf] sf]lifsfx?nfO{ afRgsf] nfuL zlQmsf] cfjZostf
kb{% hÚg uÚnÚsf]h (Sugar) jf^ k|fKt xÚG% . vfgf vfO{ ;s]kl% kr]/
uÚnÚsf]h -lrgL_ aG%/ pQm lrgL /utsf] dfWod $f/f zl//sf] ljleGg sf]lifsf
x?df kÚUb% . xfd|f] zl//df /x]sf] zfyu|GyL -k]lGqmofh_ n] OG;Úlng eGg] xdf]{g
lgsfN% / uÚnÚsf]h nfO{ zl//sf] sf]lifsf leq k:g kbt u%{ . OG;Úlng
zl//df ;frf]sf] h:tf] sfd u%{ .
h;sf] dbtn] uÚnÚsf]h sf]lifsf leq k:% . OG;Úlngsf] k|ofKtdfq zl//df
gePdf uÚnÚsf]h sf]lifsf leq k:g kfpb}g / /utdf jl;/xG% . o;/L /utdf
w]/} lbg ;Dd /x]df *fOj]l^; df kl/)ft xÚG% cyf{t lrgLsf] /f]u nfU% .
*fOj]l^S; -dwÚd]x_ o:tf] cj:yfsf], h;df xfd|f]zl//n] uÚnÚsf]h -;Úu/_ k|of]u
ug{ ;Sb}g / /utdf o;sf] dfq hfG% . xfdLnfO{ zlQmsf] nfuL uÚnÚsf]h
rflxG% . xfd|f] zl//n] uÚnÚsf]h eft, /f]^L, cfnÚ, ;v/ 30 vfgfjf^ k|fKt u%{
/ xfd|f] zl//sf] sn]hf]n] klg agfp% .

5. 2. dwÚd]x -*fOj]l^S;_ /f]usf] k|sf/M
k|dÚv?kdf /f]unfO{ 4 efudf jf*g ;lsG% .

s= ^fOk – 1 *fOj]l^S;M o; k|sf/sf] /f]uLdf k]Gqmofhn] w]/} sd cyjf
OG;Úlng pTkfbg ug{ c;Ifd xÚG%g\ . k|foM ;fgf] pd]/df nfU% / /utdf
lrgLsf] dfqf Psbd} w]/} a(]/ hfG% . o:tf] lj/fdLx?df OG;Úlngsf] ;ÚO{ geO{
xÚb}g .
v= ^fOk – 2 *fOj]l^S;M o; k|sf/sf] /f]uLn] zl//nfO{ kg]{ OG;Úlng lgsfNg
;Sb}g . o; k|sf/sf] /f]u 30 – 40 jif{sf] pd]/ kl% dfq nfU% / pd]/ j(b}
hfbf /f]u a(b} hfG% . /f]u ktfnufpg] w]/} ;do nfU% . o:tf /f]uLdf vfgfdf
lgoGq)f sf] ;fy} vfg] rSsL tyf OG;Úlngsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S% .

u= ;]s}G*/L dwÚd]xM of] /f]u OG;Úlngsf] pTkfbg, sfd tyf c;/sf] v/fjLn]
nfU% . o;/f]usf] sf/)fx?df cf}iflw -:^]vfO*, lkN;, xdf]{g O=_ tyf
OG*f]s/fOg u|lGysf] /f]ux? -Ps|f]d]ufnL, slzé l;*Lt tl/sfx? $/f ug{
;lsG% .



dwÚd]x /f]un] kg]{ c;/x? (Results of Uncontrolled diabetes) M

*fOj]l^S; lgoGq)f gePdf lgDg sf/)fx? b]vf k%{ M

 cf¤vf wldnf] b]VgÚ / b]Vg] zlQm gf; xÚgÚ (Blurred/Unclear
vision)
 d[uf}nf v/fa xÚgÚ (Kidney damage)

6.  wl/ wl/ ;+qmd)f xÚgÚ (Recurring infections)
 #fp+ sÚlxgÚ (Gangrene)
 vÚ§fdf #fp (Foot problems)
 ;+ef]udf ;d:of (Sexual distraction)
 X[bo#ftsf] ;+efjgf (Risk of heart attack)
 d;lt:ssf] ;d:of (Risk of brain damage)
 df]tLljGbÚxÚgÚ (Cataract)
 cf+vfsf] gzf lju|gÚ (Retinopathy)
 xft, vÚ§f emdemdfpgÚ (Neuropathy)
 j]xf]z xÚgÚ (Shock)
 OTofbL

7. dwÚd]xsf] /f]uLn] hfGgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?M
1. k]lGqmofh u|GyLsf] af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L
2. lrgLsf]/f]uL / k]lGqmofh ;+u ;DaGw
3. xfOkf]unfO;]ldofsf] sf/)f, nI)f tyf pkrf/
4. OG;Úlngsf] sfd, nufpg] tl/sf, tyf kfg]{ c;/x?
5. ofqf ubf{ ljrf/ kÚCofpgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?
6. *fS^/ ;+u ;+Dks{ /fVgÚ kg]{ cj:yfx?
7. lgoldt lrgLsf] hf+r -lk;fj//ut_
8. OG;Úlngsf] e)*f/ ug]{ t/Lsf
9. lg*n l*:kf]h tyf kÚg k|of]u
10. oÚlge;{n lk|sfp;gx?
11. lrgL/f]un] kfg]{ g/fd|f c;/x?
12. lgofldt ugÚ{ kg]{ kl/If)f tyf x]/rfx
13. vfgf, Jofd, cf}iflw OTofbL sf] jf/] kÚ)f{ hfgsf/L

8= vfgf -ef]hg_ ;+alGw hfgsf/LM
dwÚd]x /f]uLn] cfkm\gf] vfgfjf/] yfxfkfO{ /fVgÚ kg]{ h?/L sÚ/fx?15M

8. lrgL, ld&fO{ / ;/jt h:tf vf$ kbfy{n] /utdf lrgLsf] dfqf tÚ?Gt} /
cTolws dfqfdf a(fO{ lbG%, To;}n] *fOj]l^S;sf] lj/fdLn] lrgL ePsf] o:tf
k|sf/sf vfgf vfgÚ xÚb}g . eft, cfnÚ h:tf vfWo kbfy{x? k|of]u ug{ gxÚg]
ePklg *fOj]l^h /f]usf] cj:yfx]/L &Ls &Ls dfqfdf k|of]u ug{ rfxL ;lsg]
xÚG% .

vfgfsf] lsl;d eGbf klg vfg] sÚ/fjf^ k|fKt xÚg] zlQm -Sofnf]/L_ df Hofbf
Wofg lbgÚ cfjZos % . xfd|f] dÚVo pb]Zo la/fdLnfO{ rflxg] dfqfdf Sofnf]/L
kÚCofpgÚ / *fOj]l^h nfO{ lgoGq)f /fVgÚ xf] .
ef]hgdf 40 b]lv 50 k|ltzt sfjf]{xfO*<]^, 15 b]lv 20 k|ltzt k|f]l^g / 35
b]lv 40 k|ltzt af];f] ePdf plrt xG% . dwd]x /f]uLn] sfjf]{xfO*<]^ oÚQm
vfgfvfbf ljz]if ul/ kl/)fddf Wofg lbgÚ k%{ . w]/} h;f] dfdÚnL lsl;dsf
dwÚd]x /f]uLx?] lgDg k|sf/sf vfgfx? vfP xÚG% .

jf];f] gePsf] df;Ú
tfhf df%f tfhf ;fu;AhL, aGbf, sfpnL, sf+s|f], e)^f, ;fu, uf]ne]*f,
dÚnf, ufh/, Kofh / tfhf kmnkmÚn
cldnf] crf/
kftnf] emf]n -;Úk gÚg, vf];f{gL, d:^f*{, ldg]u/
uÚlnof]sf] nflu :ofsl/d sd dfqfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG% .
;f]*fkfgL, kfgL, :ofsl/dsf] rSsL /fv]sf] lrof jf skmL sd dfqfdf
lkpg ;lsG% .
t/sf/L ksfpg k|of]u ul/g] sd dfqfsf] tf]/Lsf] cyjf e^df;sf] t]n
vfgÚ xÚG% .

9. vfgf ;DjGwL s]lx dxTjkú)f{ hfgsf/LM
s= tkfOsf] l/tL/Ljfh k/Dk/f tyf vfgfsf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df *fS^/n] -
*fOl^;Log_ ef]hg tflnsf t}of/ kfg{ ;S% .
v= t}of/ kfl/Psf] ef]hg tfnLsf df ;fdfGo kl/jt{g el/ cGo kl/jf/ ;+u}
vfgfsf] cfgGb lng ;S% .
u= cfwÚlgs ef]hg tflnsf df /]zfafnf vfgf, t/sf/L tyf kmnsf] dfqf
;dfj]z ugÚ{ k%{ h;n] kftgzlQm j(fpg] tyf vfgfsf] ?rL j(fp% . #=
olb lgoldt vfgf vfg] ;dodf l(nf] xÚguPdf kmn, bÚw, hÚ; dlx cfbL
vfg ;lsG% .
~= ^L=jL= x]bf{, k(bf, tyf /]l*of] ;ÚGbf vfgf vfgÚ xÚb}g .
r= dBkfg -hf*//S;L_ ;]jgn] cf}iflw sf] c;/df g/fd|f] c;/ kfg{ ;S% .
h= akmL{, k]*f, s]s, h}d, ld&fO{, ;v/ O= n] /utdf lrgLsf] dfqf dfqf l%^f]
j(fO{ lbG% . t;y{ /utdf lrgL sdePsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s -xfOkf]unfO{;]dLof_
oL rLhx?sf] ;]jg ;fjwfgL;fy ugÚ{ k%{ .
em= /fd|f] cfxf/sf] ;]jgn] cf}ifwLsf] c;/ a(fpgÚsf] ;fy} cf}ifwLsf] dfqf
#^fpg klg dbt u%{ .
`f= cf]ifwL -OG;Úlnd/rSsL_ sf] clwsdfqfn] vfgfsf] c;/nfO{ ;Rofpg
;lsb}g t;y{ plrt vfgfsf] cfjZostf lgtfGt h?/L % .
^= *fOj]l^S; lj/fdnfO{ df+;xf/L ef]hg eGbf zfsfxf/L ef]hg /fd|f] xÚG% .
&= l&s dfqfdf lnOg] s[ltd uÚnLof] kbfy{n] g/fd|f] c;/ u/]sf] kfO{Psf] %}g .
*= eft lrgLsf] /f]uLsf] nfuL alh{t xf]Og\ t/ o;sf] dfqf *fS^/sf] ;Nnfx
cgÚ;f/ dfq vfgÚ k%{ .
r= uÚnLof] kmx? h:t}M cf+k, s]/f, :ofp, cfbL vfgdf lgoGq)f ugÚ{ k%{ tyf
cldnf] kmx? h:t}M d]jf, sfutL, dfgLkmn ;+uf/f cfbL vfg ;lsG% .

10. %= ;Úo{ dÚlvsf], e^df;, tLn, abfd, tyf tf]/L sf] t]n vfgf ksfpg k|ltlbg
15-20 nL= -3-4 rDrf_ k|of]u ug{ ;slG% .

9= Jofd (Exercise) ;DaGwL hfgsf/LM
lgoldt /fd|f] Jofdn] /f]uL nfO{ lgDg kmObfx? xÚG%g\ .
s= /utdf lrgL (Sugar) ug{Ú cuf*L *fS^/sf] ;Nnfx lngÚ k%{ .
v= tf}n lgoGq)fug{ dbt u%{ . (Weight Control)
u= cfkm\gf] JolQmTj a(fp% . (Increase sense of well being)
#= OG;Úlngsf] sfo{bIftf j(fp% . (Increases Insulin
sensitivity)


Aoof ubf{ WofglbgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?M
1. lgoldt Jofd zÚ? ugÚ{ cuf*L *fS^/xsf] ;Nnfx lngÚ k%{ .
2. lj:tf/} zÚ? ug]{ / j(fpb} hfg] t/ lgoldt ug]{ .
3. k|t]s lbg Ps} ;dodf Jofd ug]{ .
4. ljxfg lx(g] (Morning Work), kf}l*v]Ng] (Swimming) h:tf
lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL xÚg] .
5. Aofd ubf{ lrgL tyf cGo uÚlnof] kbfy{ cfkmÚ;+u /fVg] h:t} lrgLsd
ePsf] cj:yfdf (hypoglyccming) k|of]u ug{ ;lsG% .
6. Ps}n] Jofd gul/ hfGg] dfG%] sf] glhs ug{Ú k%{, h;n] lthL sdePsf]
cj:yfsf] nIf)f kQfnufpg ;S% .
7. cfnLk]^df Jofd ug{Ú xÚb}g .
8. OG;Úlng lnPsf] nut} Jofd ug{ xÚb}g .
9. /utdf lrgLsf] dfqf w]/} ePsf] j]nf tyf *fOj]l^S; lgoGq)f gePsf]
cj:yfdf Jofd ugÚ{ xÚb}g .

11. Jofd ;DaGwL s]lx tYox?M
lj:tf/} lul/g] Jofdn] zl//df /x]sf] uÚnsf]h nfO{ k|of]u ul/ vtdkf%{ .
lgoldt ?kn] xKtfdf sDtLdf 4 lbg cfwf#§f Jofdu/] df]^f]kg af^
%Ú^s/f kfpg ;lsG% .
JofdzÚ? ug{Ú cuf*L 5 ldg]^ zl//nfo{ jfd{ckm ug{Ú k%{ .
Jofd xftsf], #+f^Lsf], tyf (f*sf] Ps kl% csf]{ ul/ cfwf #+^f ;Dd ug{Ú
k%{ .
(f*sf] ;d:of (Backache) ePsf] lj/fdLn] *fS^/sf] ;Nnfx lngÚ
cTo]Gt h?/L xÚG% .
dÚ^Úsf]/f]uLn] Jofdubf{ Wofg lbgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?
dÚ^Úsf] /f]u nfu]sfn] sDtLdf 20 ldg]^ k}bn lx*gÚ k%{ .
20 ldg]^df 1 ls=ld= sf] b/n] lx*\g zÚ? ugÚ{ k%{ / 2 dlxgfdf 20
ldg]^df ult j(fO{ 2 ls=dL= ;Ddsf] bÚ/L to ug{ sf]lz; ug{Ú k%{ .
^]lg; jf a}*ldG^g v]Ng ;lsG% .
2 dlxgfsf] cGTolt/jf^ 15 ls=dL= k|lt #+^fsf] b/n] ;fOsn rnfpg
;lsG% .
2 dlxgfsf] cGTojf^ 10 ls=dL= k|lt #+^fsf] b/n] hflué (Morning
Walk) ug{ ;lsG% .

JofdzÚ? ugÚ{ cuf*L ljrf/ kÚCofpgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx?M
s= cf/fdbfoL hÚQf nufpgÚ xf]; .

12. v= ^fpsf] / %fQL l;Wf kf/]/ Jofd ug{Ú xf];\ .
u= bÚO^} xftnfO{ vÚNnfxNnfO lx*gÚ xf]nf .
#= bÚO^} vÚ§fnfO{ vÚNnf ?kdf %f]*]/ lx*\gÚ k%{ .
~= aiff{ qm[tÚdf kfgL gkg]{ &fpsf] %gf}^ u/L lgoldt Jofd ug{Ú xf]; .
r= vÚ§f j^f/LP jf jfpl*P tÚ?Gt *fS^/ ;+u ;Dks{ ugÚ{ xf];\ .


10. vÚ§fsf] x]/rfx

s]lx dxTjkÚ)f{ hfgsf/Lx?M
*fO{j]l^S;sf] lj/fdLx?df vÚ§fsf] sf]ifx?df ;jeGbf jl( gf]S;fg kf%{ . v§f
w]/} bÚV% . l;;fsf] ^Úqmfdf klg vÚ§f kbf{ bÚV% tyf #fp xÚg] ;Defjgf w]/}
xÚG% . vÚ§fsf] #f+psf] plrt pkrf/ gePdf vÚ§fsf] #+fp lju|g ;S% / sÚlxP/
vÚ§f sf^\g] cjZyf ;d]t cfpg ;S% . t;y{ vÚ§fsf] sÚg} klg rf]^ jf
c;dfGo cj:yfsf] nfuL vÚ§fsf] lgoldt hf+r -kl/If)f_ tyf x]/rfx
dxTjkÚ)f{ xÚG% .

13. vÚ§fdf s] hf+r ug]{ M
vÚ§fdf c;fdfGo cgÚej -cgÚeÚtL_ h:t} kf]Ng .
vÚ§fdf %Ú/fn] h:tf] #f]r]sf] bÚvfO{, hg /ftL j(% / lx*\bf sd xÚG% .
;ÚVjf, kmÚ^]sf] tyf lr/fk/]sf] vÚ§f
vÚ§fdf gof+ df;Ú %fnf knfpgÚ
vÚ§fdf #f+p tyf /ftf] xÚgÚ
vÚ§fsf] jgfj^df km/s
vÚ§fdf kÚ/fgf] #fp+ tyf lkk jUgÚ cfbL
obL tkfO{nfo{ dfyLsf] cj:yfdWo] sÚg} klg Ps b]vf k/]df tÚ/Gt lrsLT;s
;+u} ;Dks{ /fVgÚ xf];\ .

vÚ§fsf] x]/rfx ug]{ tl/sfM
s= vÚ§fnfO{ ;w} ;kmf, Gofgf] tyf ;ÚVvf /fVgÚ k%{ .
v= vÚ§fnfO{ ;w} dgtftf] kfgLn] ;km ug{Ú k%{ .
u= g/dvfn] ;fjÚgkfgLn] ;kmf ul/ wÚgÚ k%{ .
#= cf}nfsf] sf+kx?df /fd|/L ;kmf ul/ ;ÚVvf /fVgÚ k%{ .
~= vÚ§fdf tyf hÚQf k|of]u ubf{ kfp*/ lgoldt ?kdf k|of] ug{Ú k%{ .
r= cf/fdbfoL tyf l&s ;fOhsf] %fnfsf] hÚQf nufpgÚ k%{ .
%= k|To]s lbg df}hfnfO{ wÚP/ nfugpgÚ k%{ .
h= cf}nf jflx/ lg:sg] rKkn k|of]u ugÚ{ xÚb}g\ .
em= P]gfsf] kof]u u/]/ vÚ§fsf] hf+r /fd|/L ug{ ;lsG% .

14. 11. cf+vfsf] x]/rfxM
dwÚd]xsf] /f]uLdf nIf)fx? B]vf kg{Ú cuf*L klg cf+vfdf v/fjL xÚg
;S% t;y{ jif{df Ps k^s lgoldt ?kdf cf+vfsf] hf+r u/fpgÚ k%{ tyf
cf+vfdf sÚg} ;d:of cyjf x]g{ sÚg} ufXf] k/]df tÚ/Gt cf+vfsf] *fS^/
;+u ;Dks{ /fVgÚ k%{ .
lrgLsf] /f]uLdf k|foM gb]lvg] ;d:ofx?M
 df]tL ljGbÚ (Cataract) M cf+vfsf] n]G;df v/fjL xÚgÚ / wldnf]
b]VgÚ .
 hnljGbÚ (Glaucoma) M cf+vfsf] lelq efudf /x]sf] t/n kbfy{sf]
bjfj j(\gÚ .
 /]l^gf]k]yL (Retinopathy) M cf+vfsf] leqLk/tdf /utsf gzfx?
sdhf]/ xÚgÚ cyjf kmÚ^\gÚ .
cf+vfsf] x]/rfxM
1. cf+vfnfO{ s*f #fd tyf vt/fjf^ jrfpg sfn] rZdf tyf ;Ú/IffrZdf
nufpgÚ k%{ .
2. w]/} #fddf sfnf] rZdf nufpgÚ k%{ .
3. cf+vf kfs]df tyf bÚv]df tÚ?Gt pkrf/ u/fpgÚ k%{ .
4. cf+vfsf] *fS^/nfO{ eGgÚk%{ls dnfO{ lrgLsf] /f]u % .
5. kmf]x/ cf}nfn] cf+vf %ÚgÚ xÚb}g .
6. cf+vfnfo{ ldRgÚ xÚb}g .
7. cf+vfsf] >[uf/ tyf sG^]S; n]G;nfO{ lehfpbf yÚssf] k|of]u ug{Ú xÚb}g .
8. kmf]x/ sG^]S^n]G;sf] k|of]u ug{Ú xÚb}g .

15. 12. /utdf lrgLsf] sld -xfOkf]UnfO{;]ldof_ M
/utdf lrgLsf] dfqf w]/} xÚgÚeGbf sd xÚgÚ vt/gfs tyf Hofg lng]
cj:yf xÚg ;S% . o:tf] ;d:of k|foh;f] OG;Úlng k|of]u ug]{ lj/fdL,
rSsL (OHA) vfg tyf ;do;dodf vfgf gvfg], w]/} zfl//Ls Jofd ug]{
tyf bÚvfO{sf] cf}iflw clws ;]jg ug]{ lj/fdLdf b]vf k%{ . o;sf] k|dÚv
sf/)fx?df OG;Úlngsf] dfqf clws xÚgÚ, *fOj]l^S; rSsLsf] dfqfdf
sldxÚgÚ jf %fs %fs %f]*\gÚ tyf cTolws Jofd ug{Ú xf] . slxn]sf+xL
o;sf] sf/)f yfxf xÚb}g .

/utdf lrgLsf] sd xÚg] -xfOkf]Unfo{l;ldof_ cj:yfsf] nIf)fx?M
 w]/} ef]s nfUgÚ
 w]/} kl;gf cfpgÚ
 zl//df sDkg cfpgÚ
 j]xf]; xÚgÚ
 sdhf]/L xÚgÚ
 dÚ^Úsf] ult j(gÚ
 cf]& emdemd ug{Ú
 cf+vfn] wldnf] b]VgÚ
 ^fpsf] bÚÚVgÚ
 c;dfGo Jojxf/ ug{Ú
 sddf dggnfUgÚ

16.  %^k^ nfUgÚ
 cN%L nfUgÚ cfbL

aRg] pkfo tyf pkrf/M
o;jf^ jRg tÚ/Gt zl//df lrgLsf] dfqf j(fpgÚ k%{ . tÚ/Gt 3-4 rDrf
uÚnÚsf]h, lrgL cyjf ;Vv/ cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf vfgÚ k%{ . tÚ/Gt /utdf
lrgLsf] cj:yf j(fpg g;s] lj/fdL j]xf]; eP/ hfG% .

13. /utdf /x]sf] lrgLsf] dfqf lk;fjsf] hf+r, tyf /ut hf+r jf^
kQfnufpg ;lsG% . lk;fjsf] hf+rjf^ cfPsf] kl/)ffd Tolt e/kbf]{
tl/sf xf]Og . lj/fdLn] cfkm\g} w/df jl; UnÚsf]ldo -dl;g_ sf] k|of]un]
/utsf] hf+rul/ lrgLsf] dfqf kQfnufpg ;lsG% .

:j+od /utsf] hf+r ubf{ w]/} kmfObf xÚG% . h:t}M *fS^/ sxf+ hrfpg
hfbf /utdf lrgLsf] dfqf yfxf xÚG% . lgoldt ?kn] hf+rul/ /]s*{
/fVbf pkrf/df ;lhnf] xÚG%, cfktsflng cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] ;Ú/Iffsf]
nfuL s]lx dbt u%{ -h:t} lrgL vfgÚ_ OTofbL .

UnÚsf]ld^/ UnÚsf]l:^S; k|lqmof $f/f cfkm} /ut hf+Rg tl/sfM
1. UnÚsf]ld^/ rfNgÚ (Start/on) ug]{
2. k|of]u|fd ;+u ldnfpg] -:^S;sf]_
3. ^]:^ :nf^ vf]Ng]
4. cf}nfsf] ^ÚKkf]df ;ÚO{ #f]Rg]
5. /utsf] Pp^f &Únf] yf]kf lgsfNg]

17. 6. UnÚsf]ld^/sf] k|of]u zÚ? ug]{
7. nfdf] l:^S; df /ut sf] yf]kfx? Nufpg
8. /utsf] yf]kf kÚ%\g]
9. :^<LK; leq k;fpg] / ^]:^ :nfO* aGb ug]{
10. ld^/df uÚnf]sf]hsf] kl/)ffd b]vf k%{ .
14. OG;Úlng ;ÚO{sf] k|of]uM
cfkm} OG;Úlngsf] ;ÚO{ nufpg]M /f]uL cfkm}df lge{/ xÚgÚ Pp^f dxJjkÚ)f{ kIf xf]
. OG;Úlngsf] ;ÚO{ kfO/fv]sf] lj/fdLdf OG;Úlngsf] plrt dfq kfpgÚ cToGt
cfjZos xÚG% . cr]n lgd{nLs/)f u/]sf] -:^/nfOh*_ ;ÚO{ ;lhn} jhf/df
kpg] xÚbf lj/fdLn] ;lhn}lsg]/ cfkm} ;ÚO{ nufpg ;S% . lgoldt ?kdf w]/}
lbg ;Dd lbgdf w]/} k^s ;ÚO{sf] cfjZostf kg]{ xÚbf e/kbf]{ *fS^/ tyf g;{
kfpg cfjZog} ufXf] kg]{ xÚbf cfkm} ;ÚO{ nufpgÚ lgtfGt cfjZos % .


cfkm} ;ÚO{ nufpg] tl/sfM
s= cfkm\gf] xft #Úg]
v= OG;Úlng efOnnfO{ bÚj} xTs]nfljrdf /fv]/ #Údfpg]
u= :k|L^n] /j/sf] ljsf]{nfo{ ;km ug]{
#= ;G;Úlngsf] rflxg] dfqf a/fj/ l;l/Ghdf xfjf tfGg]
~= tfg]sf] xfjf efOndf l;wf kf/]/ xfNg]
r= efOnnfO{ xfjfdf pN^fpg] tyf OG;Úlng tfGg]
%= xfjfsf] yf]kf l;l/Ghdf /xÚGh]n cf}nfn] yk yk ug]{ / xfjf lgsfNg] .
h= cfkmÚ t}of/ xÚGh]n ;Dd l;l/Ghdf vf]nnufO{ ;dy/ :yfgdf /fVgÚ
k%{ .

18. em= ;ÚO nufpg] &fpdf :k|L^ :jfjn] uf]nf] kf/]/ ;km ug]{
h= bÚO{ cf}nfn] bÚO{ OGr hlt %fnf tfGg] / l;wf kf/]/ ;ÚO{ nufpg] .
^= ca %fnfnfO{ %f]*g] / Knh/ nfO{ 3-5 ;s] ;Dd bjfO{ /fVg] .
&= cGtdf l;l/Ghsf] ljsf]{ aGb ug]{ / csf]{ k^s k|of]usf] nfuL ;Ú/lIft
;+u /fVg] .
OG;Úlngsf] k|sf/x?M

s= l%^f] c;/ ug]{ OG;Úlng (Fast – Acting Insulin) M o;sf] /+u ;kmf
xÚG% . o;n] l%^f] c;/ u%{ tyf o;sf] c;/ %f]^f] calwsf nfuL xÚG% .
v= dWood c;/ ug]{ OG;Úlng (Intermediate–acting Insulin) M
o;df yk s]lx rLh ld;fO{sf] xÚG%, o;n] zl//df c;/ ug{ nfdf] ;do
nfU% . o;sf] /+u wldnf] xÚG% .
u= ld>)f OG;Úlng (Premixed/Human Mixtard) M dfyLsf bÚj} ls;Ldsf
c;/ ug]{ OG;Úlngx?sf] ld>)f xf] .

OG;Úlng e)If/ubf{ Wofg lbgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx? M
s= ;+ejeP;Dd /]lk|mh]/]^/df 2-8
OC
sf] tfkqmddf /fVgÚ k%{ .
v= /]lk|mh]/]^/ geP lr;f] tyf cGwof/f] &fpdf /fVgÚ k%{ .
u= hd]sf] OG;Úlng k|of]u ug{Ú xÚb}g .
#= ;Úo{sf] k|sfz kg]{ &fpdf /fVgÚ xÚb}g .
~= ofqf ubf{ xftsf] Jofudf /fVgÚ k%{ .

19. r= tftf] lrh a:tÚdfyL cyf u/d &fpdf /fVgÚ xÚb}g.

OG;Úlng efOndf ;]tf] n]bf, bfgfbfgf tyf v}/f] /+u h:tf] b]vf
k/]df k|of]u ug{Ú xÚb}g .

15. lgoldt ug]{ hfrk*tfn jf/] hfgsf/L M
xfdL k|To]s AolQmn] cfkm\gf] :jf:Yosf] lgoldt x]/rfx ug{Ú k%{ / *fOj]l^S;
nfu]kl% of] kmg} dxTjkÚ)f{ xÚG% .
s= zl//df sg} k|sf/sf] ;+qmd)f, ?#fvf]sL, ;Ú§fsf] cf}nf ;ÚlGggÚ, gé lju|gÚ
tyf zl/df #fpvl^/f cfbL cfpgfn] dwÚd]x/f]usf] lgoGq)fdf c;/ kf%{ .
obL OG;Úlng kfO/fv]sf] lj/fdL % eg] w]/} dfqfsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S% .
olb rSsL vfO{/fv]sf] lj/fdL % eg] OG;Úlngsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S% .
o:tf] cj:yfdf tÚ/Gt *fS^/sf] ;Nnfx lngÚ k%{ .
v= dfgl;s tgfj -kl/jf/df s;}sf] d[ToÚ, jfb ljjfb cfbL_ n] u/tdf
uÚnÚsf]hsf] dfqf j(fp% . / /f]u lgoGq)fdf jfwf kf%{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
cf}iflwsf] dfqf -OG;Úlng tyf rSsL_ #^\j* ug{Ú kg]{ xÚg;S% . t;y{
tÚ/Gt *fS^/ ;+u ;Dks{ ugÚ{ k%{ .
u= obL 15 jif{ eGbf j(L b]lv *fOj]l^S; nfu]df vÚ§fsf] ljz]if x]/rfx ug{Ú
k%{ . /utsf] gzfx? Df]^f] xÚgfn] vÚ§fdf /utsf] ;+rf/ sd xÚg hfG% .
gzfsf] ljqmLtLn] vÚ§fdf ;+j]bglzntf x/fpg ;S% / cfuf]n] kf]Ng] h:tf
;d:of kg{ ;S% . t;y{ lgoldt vÚ§fsf] hf+r ug{Úsf] ;fy} *fS^/nfO{
b]vfpgÚ k%{ .
#= lrgLsf] /f]uLn] lgoldt ?kdf lk;fjsf] hf+r, /utdf lrgLsf] hf+r, cf+vfsf]
hf+r, dÚ^Úsf] hf+r, d[uf}nfsf] hf+r vÚ§fsf] hf+r tyf gzfsf] hf+r lgoldt
?kdf ;DalGwt ljz]if! $f/f u/fpgÚ k%{ .

20. ;fdfGo lj/fdL kbf{ / *fS^/n] cf}ifwL ;]jg ug]{ ;Nnfx lbbf *fOj]l^S;sf]
nfuL vfO{ /fv]sf] cf}ifwL jGb gul/ lgoldt ;]jg ugÚ{ k%{ / *fS^/nfO{ cfkmÚ
dwÚd]xsf] /f]uL ePsf] sÚ/f k|:^;+u jtfO{ lbgÚ k%{ .
cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ tyf gft]bf/nfO{ cfkmÚ *fOj]l^hsf] /f]uL ePsf] sÚ/f tyf
pkrf/ u/fO /x]sf] sÚ/f cjut u/fpgÚ k%{ ;fy} xfOkf]UnfO;]ldofsf] nIf)f
jf/] klg plgx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpgÚ k%{ .
cGosf/)fn] c:ktfndf egf{ xÚgÚ kbf{ cfkmÚ;+u ePsf] ;DkÚ)f{ l/kf]^{x? ;+u}
nfg] / *fS^/nfO{ b]vfpg] .

16. ls^f] Ol;*f]l;; jf/] hfgsf/L M
dwÚd]xsf] /f]uLdf ls^f]Pl;*f]l;;sf] k|fylds r]tfjgLsf] lgDg nIf)fx? b]vf
kg{ ;S% M k]^ bÚVgÚ, afGtfxgÚ, j]xf]; h:tf] nIf)f b]vfkg{Ú, nfdf] nfdf] ;f;
km]gÚ{ OTofbL . o:tf] cj:yfdf tÚ/Gt *fS^/ ;+u ;Dks{ /fVgÚ k%{ .
17. ;fdflhs hLjgofkg jf/] s]xL ;Úemfjx? M
dwÚd]xnfO{ lgoGq)fdf /fVgÚ k%{, o;jf^ */fpgÚ xÚb}g, / hLjgsf]
cfgGb lngÚ k%{ .
tkfO{nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;fdfhLs hLjgz}nLdf kl/jt{g ugÚ{ kg]{ cj:yfklg
cfpg ;S% . hLjg z}nLdf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g n] /f]u lgoGq)fdf kbt u%{
/ ;fdfGo hLjg ofkg nufot v]nsÚbdf efu lng ;lsG% .
dwÚd]x/f]udf lgoGqg, b}lgs lqmofsnfk tyf cf/fd df tfnd]n ul/
;fdfGoh; NofpgÚ lgtfGt cfjZos xÚG% . clws zfl/l/s sfd h:t} M
kfon^, *<fOe/, ef/L jfSgÚ, xnfhf]TgÚ OTofbL pkoÚQm xf]Og .
;fdfhLs pT;jdf ;xefuLxÚbf ld&fO{, lrgL tyf uÚlnof] k]o kbfy{
k/x]h ug{Ú k%{ . hf+* /S;L vfgÚ\ xÚb}g /S;L vfg} k/]df 30 ld=nL=
xKtfdf 2–3 k&s eGbf j(L k|of]u ug{Ú xÚb}g . /S;Ln] ljxfg vftdf
lrgLsf] dfqf sd xÚg hfG% / x[bo#ft xÚg] ;Defjgf xÚG% . hf+*
/S;Ln] zl//sf] tf}n a(g hfG% / /f]u lgoGqf)f ug{ ufx|f] k%{ .

21. ofqf ubf{ hfgÚ kg]{ &fp+ jf^f]df kfO{g]vfgf, jf;j:gÚ kg]{ cj:yf OTofbL
jf/] kÚ)f{ hfgsf/L glnO{ ofqf ug{Ú xÚb}g . ofqfsf] jf/]df cgleUo xÚbf
cfkmÚ;+u vfgf tyf lkpg] kfgLsf] k|ofKt Joj:yf /fVgÚ k%{ . ofqf ubf{
cfkmÚ;+u *fOj]l^S;sf] sf*{ -kl/ro kq_ /fVgÚ k%{ .o:tf /f]uLn] wÚd|kfg
ug{Ú xÚb}g .
wfdL {s sf/)fn] pkjf; a:bf M
/]uLn] pkjf; a:gÚ /fd|f] xf]Og . wfdL{s sf/)fn] j:g} k/]df lgDg
sÚ/fx? ljrf/ ug{Ú k%{ .
1. /f]usf] pkrf/ vfgfdf dfq lgoGq)f u/]/ ul/b}% . eg] pkjf;]
AoQmL k/s kfb}{g .
2. OG;Úlng tyf ;Nkmf]gfOn uÚl/of rSsL k|of]u ul/ /fv]sf] lj/fdLdf
xfOkf]UnfO;]ldof xÚg] ;Defjgf xÚG% . ct M cf}ifwLsf] dfqfsf]
nfuL *fS^/ tyf g;{ ;+u ;Dks{ ugÚ{ k%{ .
3. d]^f]kmld{g rSsL k|of]u ug]{ lj/fdLn] pkjf;sf] cGTodf vfgÚk%{ .
4. pkjf;sf] cGtdf w]/} sfjf]{xfO*<]^ ePsf] vfgf -eft, /f]^L, ;j{t
cfbL_ vfbf /utdf uÚnÚsf]h -lrgL_ sf] dfqf j(fO{ lbG% . t;y{
cf}iflwsf] dfqf kl/jt{g ug{Ú kg]{ xÚbf *fS^/ ;+u ;Dks{ /fVgÚ k%{
.
18. *fS^/ ;+u ;Dks{ /fVgÚ kg]{ cj:yx? M
lgDg cj:yfdf *fS^./nfO{ af]nfpgÚ k%{ cyjf ;Dks{ /fVgÚ k%{ .
s= /utdf lrgLsf]dfqf 300 Mg/dl eGbf jl( ePdf .
v= Ps lbg ebf jl( ;Dd jfGtf nfu]df .
u= Hj/f] cfPdf .
#= bÚO{ lbg eGbf jl( lj/fdL k/]df .

22. ~= Ps lbg eGbf jl( ;Dd vfgf vfg c;SIFd ePdf .
19. ofqf ubf{ Wofg lbgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx? M
s= ofqf calwe/ rflxg] OG;ÚnLg tyf rSsL (OHA) ;+u} jf]SgÚ k%{ .
v= OG;Úlng tyf rSsL emf]n df g/flv ;+u} /fVbf ;fdfg ;w} x/fpg]
;Defjgf /xb}g .
u= cfsl:ds cj:yfsf] nfuL cfkmÚ ;+u lsxL vfg]sÚ/f jfSgÚ k%{ .
#= cfkmÚ;+u cf}ifwLsf] krf{ (Prescription) /fVbf eG;f/sf] r]lsé
emGem^jf^ jRg ;lsG% .
20. /f]uLn] ofb /fVgÚ kg]{ sÚ/fx? M
s= t+kfO{ Pp^f :jf:Yo ;fdfGo dfgL; h:t} hLjgofkg ug{ ;SgÚ xÚG%
olb tkfO{n] /f]usf] jf/]df l;Sg, aÚem\g tyf /f]usf] Joj:yfkg jf/]
hfgsf/L lng OR%Ús xÚgÚxÚG% .
v= t+kfO{sf] /f]u lgoGq)fdf t}kfO{s} eÚldsf ;j}eGbf &Únf] xÚG% . *fS^/,
g;{ tyf cGo :jf:Yosld{n] tkfO{nfO{ ;xof]u tyf ;nnfx dfq lbG%
.
u= lj/fdLk/]sf] cj:yfdfklg lgoldt ?kdf OG;Úlngsf] ;ÚO{ lngÚ k%{ .
vfgf vfg g;s]df emf]n kbfy{ vfgÚ k%{ / *fS^/;+u ;Dks{ /fVgÚ
k%{ .
#= cfkmÚ ;+u Pp^f OG;Úlngsf] efOn hlxn] klg hu*f /fVgÚ k%{ .
~= /f]usf] /fd|f] pkrf/ eg]sf] lgoldt cf}ifwL k|of]u ugÚ{ dfq geO{
o;sf] k|efjsf/L hf+RgÚ klg xf] .
r= lgoldt hf+r / /fd|/L /fv]sf] /]s*{n] pkrf/df ;#fp% .

23. %= cfkmÚ;+u ;w} lrgL, ;V/ tyf uÚlnof] kbfy{ /fVgÚ k%{, h;n]
cfs:dLs cj:yfdf xfO{kf]UnfO{;]ldof jf^ jrfpg ;lsG% .
h= cfkm\gf] vÚ§f, cf+vf, xf+t, bf+t tyf %fnfsf] /fd|/L x]/rfx ug{Ú k%{ .
em= ;+GtÚlntef]hg, lgoldt Jofd, cf}ifwL tyf /fd|f] ljrf/n] lrgLsf]
/f]u ePklg hLjgsf] nIf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG% .
21. vfg] rSsL jf/] hfgsf/L M
vfgf tyf Jofdn] slxn]sf+xL /f]u lgoGq)f ;Sb}g / lrgLsd u/fpg]
rSsL -^]jn]^ / s}KzÚn_ sf] k|of]u ug{Ú k%{ . sÚg} rSsLn] k]lGqmofh
u|GyLsf] sf]lzsfx? nfO{ pQ]lht u/fO{ OG;Úlng pTkfbg ug{ db\t u%{ .
hj rSsLsf] dbtn] klg sf]lifsf pQ]hLt u/fO{ OG;Úlng pTkfbgdf
;lsb}g tj OG;Úlngsf] ;ÚO{ nufpgÚ k%{ . s]lx rSsLx?n] sf]lifsfdf
c;/ ul/ OG;ÚlngnfO{ sf]lifsf leq k:g dbt u%{ . tyf s]lx rSsLx?n]
zl//df UnÚsf]h ;f]:g Ifdtf #^fO{ lbG% . ahf/df ljleGg lsl;dsf]
*fO{j]l^S; lgoGq)f ug]{ rSsLx? pknAw %g\ h:t} M ;Nkmf]gfOnuÚl/of
(Suphonyloreas), ljuÚgfO*; (Bigunides), ;]gl;^fOh/;
(Sensitizers), l;kfulngl* (Repaglinide/Novonorm)
OTofbL .
oL dfyLsf cf}iflwx?sf] c;/ ug]{ tl/sf km/s km/s %g\ . oLcf}iflwx?sf]
%gf}^ ubf{ ljleGg sÚ/fx?sf] ljrf/ u/]/ dfq ugÚ{ k%{ . t;y{ ;+aGwLt
*fS^/sf] ;Nnfx lnP/ g} cf}ifwL zÚ? ug{Ú k%{ .
*fOj]l^S; /f]u a(b} hfbf OG;Úlngsf] k|of]u clgjfo{ xÚg hfG% . t;y{
t+kfO{sf] *fS^/n] OG;Úlngsf] ;ÚO{ k|of]u ug]{ ;Nnfx lbPdf ;ÚO{ k|of]u
ugÚ{ /fd|f] xÚG% .
22. dwÚd]x /f]ujf/] utn wf/)f tyf ;lx tYox? M
unt wf/)fx? M ;lx tYox? M

24. 1= w]/} lrgL vfgfn] dwÚd]x/]u nfU% 1= xf]Og / df]^f] dfgL;df *fOj]l^S;
nfUg] jl( ;Defjgf xÚG% .
2= dwÚd]x /f]uLn] lrgL vfgÚ xb}g 2= xf]Og lrgL s]lxdfqfdf
*fOj]l^l;ogsf] ;NnfxcgÚ;f/ vfg
;lsG% .
3= kl/jf/df sf]lx /fuL ePdf of] 3= xf]Og o:tf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:ofdf
/f]u ;g{ ;S% nfUg] ;Defjgf xÚG% .
4= s]lx dfqfdf klg of] /f]u nfUg ;S% 4= xf]Og of] /f]u xÚG% cyjf xÚb}g
5= of] /f]u lgsf] xG% . 5= xf]Og of] /f]u lgoGq)f ug{ ;lsG%
t/ lgsf] kfg{ ;lsb}g .
6= o:tf /f]uLn] Jofd ugÚ{ xÚb}g 6= xf]Og Jofdn] emg /f]u lgoGq)fdf
dbt u%{ .
7= o:tf lj/fdLsf] vfgf df jlh{t 7= xf]Og vfgf vfbf *fOl^l;ogsf]
ug{Ú k%{ / ljz]if vfgf vfgÚ k%{ / ;Nnfx cgÚ;f/ ;fdfGo ef]hg
ljz]if vfgf vfgÚ k%{ . ug{ ;lsG% .
8= hl*jÚl^ tyf cGo #/fo;L cf}ifwLn] 8= xf]Og . s]xL hl*jÚl^n] /f]u
OG;Úlng tyf rSsLsf] ;^\f k|of]uug{ lgoGq)f df ;#fp% t/ lgsf]
;lsG% . kfb{}g .
9= /f]uLn] uf*L rnfpgÚ xÚb}g 9= &Únf] uf*L -j; ^<s, n/L cfbL_
rnfpgÚ xÚb}g . t/ ;fgf uf*L
rnfpg ;lsG% .
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