Bovine Theileriosis The Haemoprotoan Disease.pptx

discusses regarding bovine hemoprotozoan infectious disease

1. BOVINE THEILERIOSIS Dr Abhijith SP M.V.Sc Veterinary Medicine

2. Theileria named in honor of Arnold Theiler. Theiler found that East coast fever was not the same as redwater but caused by a different protozoan. It is tick transmitted haemoprotozoan parasite of ruminants and captive ungulates. Its piroplasm stage found inside RBCs and schizonts stage inside lymphocytes. Theileriosis is an economically important tick borne protozoal disease caused by Theileria spp. belonging to the family theileridae characterized by fever and lymphoproliferative disorders which may be associated with leukopenia/anaemia.

3. M.A. Taylor & R.L. Coop Veterinary Parasitology Fourth Edition

4. Amblyomma

5. Rhipicephalus Hyalomma

6. The life cycle of Theileria spp. involves erythrocytic merozoites, which are ingested by the tick intermediate host and which develop into macrogamonts and microgamonts to produce zygotes. These develop and enter the haemolymph to become kinetes and then the salivary glands to become fission bodies. In adult ticks, the primary fission bodies divide into secondary (primary sporoblasts) and tertiary (secondary sporoblasts) fission bodies and produce sporozoites that are released into the saliva. Animals are infected when the ticks suck blood. Species in this genus undergo exoerythrocytic merogony in the lymphocytes, histiocytes, erythroblasts and other cells of the internal organs.

7. Leucocytes filled with meronts (schizonts) are called Koch bodies. Both macro meronts and micro meronts occur, producing micromerozoites that invade erythrocytes, where usually another round of division occurs, producing a generation of merozoites, which in turn infect new erythrocytes. Multiplication in erythrocytes results in four (rarely two) merozoites forming characteristic tetrads (the Maltese cross). Some species ( T. parva ) do not multiply in the red blood cells, and asexual division is confined only to lymphocytes. Gametogony occurs in the tick vector’s intestine and sporogony in the salivary glands.

8. 1. Age Both young calves (even 2-3 days old) and adults are affected. 2. Breed Highly virulent -European breeds of cattle, Dairy animals and crossbred animals -susceptible L ess virulent in zebu breeds Mortality in exotic cattle is up to 70%. In endemic areas, all animals are virtually infected but the case- fatality is 10 -20% and is confined to calves.

9. 3.Transmision: Transstadial transmission (stage to stage) by ticks of  Hyalomma spp. Infection - larvae to nymph or nymph to adult occurs. Sporogony & gamogony takes place in salivary gland if the tick. Schizogony takes place in the host – lymphocytes & RBCs- erythrocytic stages. Congenital transmission occasional in calves. 4. Carrier status Indigenous cattle acts as carrier Buffaloes, may act as carriers; Recovered animals with long lasting immunity act as carriers; Wild animals may also transmit the disease.

10. 5. Immunity Cell-mediated immunity is proved by leucocyte migration inhibition test. No cross immunity occurs between  T. parva  and  T. mutans. Immunity is developed by all 3 stages- sporozoites, schizonts and erythrocytic stages; each developmental stage elicits a homologous immune response and may provide a partial protection against infection with all other stages

11. 6. Season- In India, mostly animals suffer during summer and rainy seasons (May - Oct) which is attributable to high incidence of tick vectors.; In tropical areas, ticks are active through out the year. 7.Stress - hot and humid weather. 8.Mixed infection- Mixed infection with  Anaplasma/ Babesia spp  is common.

12. Mortality -10- 90%, IP : 9 to 25 days. Per acute form Common one lasting for 3 - 4 days or up to 20 days. First sign is fever(40.5 –41.5°C), continuous or intermittent persisting for 3- 20 days. The other signs after few days appear including inappetence, cessation of rumination, rapid heart beat, weakness, reduced milk production, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes and odema of the eyelids.

13. Marked anaemia, hemoglobinuria, bilirubinuria and bilirubinemia, icterus of conjunctiva with petechial haemorrhage, jaundice, high colored urine, prostration and death. Labored breathing, serous nasal discharge, coughing, restlessness and starry coat. Diarrhoea with blood and mucus in faeces, greatly emaciated (RBCs < 1 million/ cmm); Death after 15 days.

14. 2. Sub acute form Fever is irregularly intermittent for 15 days, then the animal recovers. 3. Chronic form Intermittent fever, in-appetence, marked emaciation , some degree of anaemia, icterus for 4 weeks or longer, In some cases, sudden death may occur within 1-2 days. 4. Mild form Little is seen, but mild fever, in appetence, listlessness, slight digestive disturbances, lachrymation for few days and moderate anaemia.

15. Cerebral theileriosis Nervous signs predominate and brain impression smears reveal Koch’s Blue bodies. Cutaneous form Some cases reveal urticarial type of skin lesions and hemoglobinuria.

16. Severe Tick Infestation

17. Respiratory Complications

18. UNTHRIFTINESS

19. RECUMBENCY

20. A)Severe Tick Infestation B) Profound lacrimation C)Unthriftiness D)Enlarged Lymph nodes

21. Severe lacrimation

22. Emaciated appearance Pale mucous membrane Enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Distension of the gall bladder with thick bile. Congestion and petechial haemorrhages on the kidney and lungs. In few cases, necrotic infarcts of brain. Punched necrotic ulcers in the abomasum are pathognomonic; In young calves, abomasum is full of undigested clots of milk.

23. Punched out ulcers of abomasum

24. Hemopericardium

25. Kidney, There are multiple petechiae on the surface of the cortex. The lymph node near the hilus is markedly enlarged.

26. Based on clinical signs: high temperature(104-107 F),swelling of lymph nodes (prescapular and precrural lymph nodes) and eyelids, marked anaemia, diarrhea contain blood and mucus, lacrimation, urticarial skin lesion etc., Laboratory test - Hematological changes Fall of hemoglobin ( < 2 gm/ml) , reduced PCV, reduced RBC count (1.5-2 million/ Cmm), leukocytosis followed by leukopenia. panleukopenia and thrombocytopenia The protozoa can be grown on a tissue culture of lymphoblastoid cells.

27. Demonstration of erythrocytic forms (piroplasms) in peripheral blood smears. Demonstration of Koch’s blue bodies (schizonts) in lymphocytes from lymph nodes. Based on post mortem lesions: lymph nodes swollen and edematous, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, mucus membrane icteric, punched out ulcers in abomasum which is pathognomonic lesion. Based on blood examination: Lymph node biopsy or lymph node aspirates:

28. Impression smears: spleen, liver, lung, brain. Serological tests: IFAT IHA ELISA CFT AGPT CMIT & LMIT are commonly used tests.

29. Xenodiagnosis: If more than one species of Theileria present in a particular area. Lab reared parasite free ticks are allowed on infected animal. The development of Theileria in the tick is determined. In a particular tick species alone it grow and reproduce infection, after molting, allow the tick into other animal to find out infectivity. Tick collection: tick salivary gland dissection and staining. Stain used is methyl green pyronin to show gland acinar cell infected with sporont or blast sporozoites. PCR Invitro cultivation: Bovine embryonic spleen culture is used.

30. For latent cases, serological tests can be employed CFT, Capillary tube agglutination test, IFA. Others: IHA, AGID, Dot-ELISA, LMI test, Conglutination Complement Absorption test (CCA), Gel agglutination test, immunoelectrophoresis By autopsy, examination for lesions.

31. MACROSCHIZONT

32. MACROSCHIZONT

33. MACROSCHIZONT Presence of piroplasms inside the erythrocytes was considered positive for Theileria spp. infection (OIE, 2008).

34. Theileriosis in bovines leads to economical burden to livestock farmers due to mortality, treatment costs, diminished productivity in terms of reduced milk production and body weight, blood loss, damages to hides and skins, decreased immunity, stress and irritation (Radostitis et al., 2011). Though equal susceptibility for the disease is reported in all bovine breeds, high incidence rate is found in crossbred cattle and young calves (Radostitis et al., 2011). Cattle become carriers for theileriosis and the carrier animals can act as constant source of infection to the susceptible animals (Sahoo et al., 2017).

35. The tropical theileriosis caused by T. annulata is a frequent fatal disease in bovines having significant economical impact in livestock sector of India (Bhatnagar et al., 2015). A mortality rate of 80% in susceptible animals due to tropical theileriosis is reported by Kumar et al. (2018). The organism can hide in lymphoid tissues and macrophages, compromising the immune system of susceptible animals leading to secondary infections (Nagar et al., 2019).

36. Bovine lymphoblasts contain intracytoplasmic Theileria parva

37. Buparvaquone is fully effective in clinical cases. To combat the anemic changes, haematinics as supportive therapy. Buparvaquone - Naphthoquinone drug and drug of choice. @ 2.5 mg / kg, deep I/M against different stages of T. annulata, it is effective. 2 nd  dose at 48 hours intervals. Parvaquone - 10 mg/kg, deep I/M, effective against piroplasmic stage. Berenil (Diminazene aceturate) – 2.5 to 5 mg /kg, deep I/ M; Doubtful against erythrocytic stage.

38. Oxytetracycline - 20 mg /kg for 7 days; I/M; effective against of schizogony. Halofuginone ( stenorol *) – Potent against schizont stage but toxic. 1 to 2 mg/kg as 2 doses, as tablets. Others Methohexate, 3% Trypan blue solution, Sulpha drugs, Diethyl Carbamazine citrate, Babesan, Chloramphenicol, Sulphadimidine+ chloroquine phosphate, Nivaquin and Famaquin.

39. By Chemoprophylaxis + Immunoprophylaxis + Tick control. Wide spread and strict application of acaricides Use of genetically resistant breeds. Immunoprophylaxis Tissue culture vaccines (Rakshavac-T*) Attenuated Schizonts of  T. annulata  developed by in – vitro cultivation of bovine lymphocytes infected with  T. annulata  schizonts. A dose of 2 x 10 6  infected cells suspended in serum free tissue culture remains viable at 4  C for 1 week and used to vaccinate cattle.

40. Age: Cross–bred and exotic cattle of 2 months / above. Dose: 3 ml , S/c, annually.

41. Infection and Treatment method A potentially lethal known dose of stabilate of ground up infected ticks together with a long acting formulation of OTC or Buparvaquone is developed. It suppresses the development of the parasite and allow the effective CMI response with minimal disease response. Subunit vaccines: Antigen to be included are sporozoites and Schizonts that induce CD 4  + T cells and antigen stimulating specific response like cytotoxic cells. Recombinant antigens Immunization with recombinant sporozoites / merozoites surface antigen partially protect against sporozoite which are poorly immunogenic. For  T. annulata , it induces the innate immune response.

42. 1.RBC Lysis 2.WBC Lysis (Lymphocytes) 3.Pulmonary Oedema

43. Morphology: Oval and rod shaped. Life cycle:   Similar to cattle. Pathogenesis Similar to Bovine Tropical theileriosis Acute: High fever, listlessness, nasal discharge, anaemia, jaundice, atony of rumen, weakness, transitory hemoglobinurias, petechial haemorrhage on abomasal mucosa, edematous lungs, enlargement of lymph nodes, No cross immunity between   Theileria hirci and T. ovis. Diagnosis:   Examination of stained blood, lymph nodes or spleen.

44. In case of Equine theileriosis (Horses) there is fever, anaemia, jaundice and hemoglobinuria. ICTERIC MUCOUS MEMBRANEE

45. Theileria equi was previously known as Babesia equi but compelling evolutionary, morphologic, biochemical and genetic evidence supports Babesia equi re-classified as Theileria equi in 1998. • In case of Theileria equi , sporozoites invade the lymphocytes and after development form Theileria-like schizonts in lymphocytes. The merozoites released from these schizonts invade red blood cells (RBCs) and transform into trophozoites which grow and divide into pear-shaped tetrad (‘ Maltese cross ’) merozoites.

46. Maltese cross

47. Bhatnagar, C.S., Bharadwaj, B., Sharma, D.K., and Meena, S.K. 2015. Incidence of haemoprotozoan diseases in cattle in Southern Rajasthan, India. Int. J. Current Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 4: 509- 514. Kumar, S., Mohmad, A., Parthasarathi, B.C., Fular, A., Gupta, S. and Singh, D. 2018. Epidemiological Status of bovine theileriosis in Uttar Pradesh, a state of India. Med. J. Clin. Trials Case Stud., 2: 000130. OIE. 2008. Theileriosis. In: OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Paris. Chapter 2.4.16. Sahoo, N., Behera, B.K., Khuntia, H.K. and Dash, M. 2017. Prevalence of carrier status theileriosis in lactating cows. Vet. World., 10: 1471-1474. Soulsby, E.J.L. 1982. Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. 7 th Edn., UK Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Radostitis, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W. and Constable, P.D. 2011. In: Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats, (11th Ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier, Philadelphia. pp. 1522- 1532.