BRAIN DAMAGE.pptx .... ................ . .

Pathophysiology. .

1. PATHOLOGY BRAIN DAMAGE AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION CONTENT -INTRODUCTION -DEFINITION -TYPES -INVESTIGATION -SYMPTOMS -MANAGEMENT -TREATMENT

2. INTRODUCTION A patient who just had an accident and is experiencing brain damage is brought in. As a medical personnel, how would you go about it. BRAIN DAMAGE : This is an injury that causes the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. TYPES Traumatic brain injury ; Acquired brain injury ;

3. Brain damage can also be localized e.g frontal lobe, occipital, temporal or parietal lobe. INVESTIGATION Medical examination (neurological exam); This evaluates thinking, sensory function, coordination, eye movement and reflexes. Glasgow coma scale (15 –point test ) Imaging test (CT scans and MRI scans) SYMPTOMS Cognitive Perceptual Physical Behavioral/emotional

4. MANAGEMENT Establish normal breathing Circulation (avoid hypotension) Timely transport to a neurosurgical unit

5. TREATMENT Mild injury; These do not usually require treatment other than rest and over-the-counter pain relievers to treat a headache. However, the patient requires close monitoring for any persistence, worsening or new symptoms. Moderate injury; This focuses on making sure there is enough oxygen and adequate blood ,maintaining blood pressure, and preventing any further injury to the head or neck. Medications Anti-seizure drugs Coma-inducing drugs Diuretics Surgery Repairing skull fractures Removing clotted blood (hematomas )

6. Blood transfusion

7. A Blood transfusion is a common procedure in which donated blood or blood components are given to you through intravenous line (IV). Or it is a process of receiving blood or blood products(RBCs, WBCs, platelets….) through IV. Typical transfusion recipients include People who have been injured people undergoing surgery People receiving treatment for cancers (such as leukemia) People with sickle cell disease and thalassemia

8. Risk and complication Allergies Fever Hemolytic reaction SYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE; Lower back Chest pain Dark urine Nausea

9. Summary A blood transfusion is a safe procedure that replaces blood lost due to injury or surgery. It can also help treat certain medical conditions. Blood transfusion can be life saving, but they can cause some mild effects. Although infections are very rare it is possible for the body to react to new blood. In most cases, however, these reactions are mild.

10. REFERENCES Traumatic brain injury (TBI). American speech-language-hearing association. Traumatic brain injury: Hope through research. National institute of neurological disorders and stroke. T h ank you