Brain tumor

Brain cancer can have a wide variety of symptoms including seizures, sleepiness, confusion, and behavioral changes. Not all brain tumors are cancerous, and benign tumors can result in similar symptoms.
Diagnostic tests for brain cancer involve a history, physical exam, and usually a CT or MRI brain imaging procedure; sometimes a brain tissue biopsy is done.
Treatments usually are directed by a team of doctors and are designed for the individual patient; treatments may include surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, often in combination.
Side effects of treatments range from mild to severe, and patients need to discuss plans with their treatment team members to clearly understand potential side effects and their prognosis (outcomes).
Presented by Mr B.Kalyankumar Msc (N) Dept Of MSN

2. BRAINTUMOR
Presented by
Mr. B.kalyankumarMsc(N)
Dept of Medical surgical
nursing

3. INTRODUCTION
Abraintumorisalumpinthebrainwhichis
causedwhenbraincellsdivideandgrowinan
uncontrolledway.Thatcausesbraincellsto
startgrowinganddividingdifferentlyfrom
healthycells.

4. DEFINITION
Braintumourisanabnormalgrowthofcellswithin
thebrain,whichcanbemalignantorbenign.Any
intracranialtumourcreatedbyabnormaland
uncontrolledcelldivision.

5. CLASSIFICATION
Primary
Brain
tumor
Secondary
Brain
tumor

6. PrimaryBraintumor:Primarytumororiginates
fromcellsandstructureswithinthebrain
A]Intracerebraltumors
B]Tumorarisingfromsupportingstructures
A]Intracerebraltumors:Themostcommon
primarybraintumorsaregliomas.
TheybegininGlialcells.Therearemanytypesof
Gliomas:

7. Astrocytoma
Brain stem glioma
Ependymoma
Oligodendrogliomaand
Medullaoblastoma

8. B]Tumorarisingfromsupportingstructures:
Meningioma,Schwannoma,Craniopharyngioma,
Germcelltumorofthebrain,Pinealregiontumor
andAngiomas.

9. CAUSESANDRISKFACTORS
Being male
Race
Age
Family history
Inherited risk
Occupational exposure: Radiation, Formaldehyde,
Vinyl chloride

10. OTHERRISKFACTORS
Radiation to head
HIV Infection
Cigarette smoking
Use of hair dyes

11. Useofcellularphones
Headtrauma

12. CLINICALMANIFESTATIONS
Elevatedintracranialpressure,whichtranslate
clinicallyintoHeadache,vomiting,alteredstateof
consciousness,

13. Dilation of the pupil on the side of the lesion,
papilledema

14. Increasedintracranialpressuremayresultin
herniation(displacement)ofcertainpartsofthebrain.

15. FOCALNEUROLOGIC DEFICITS
Parietalarea:Impairedspeech,inabilitytowrite,
memorydisturbances,lackofrecognition,seizures,
spatialdisorders,confusionanddepression.

16. Frontallobe:Personalitydisturbances,behavioural
andemotionalchanges,impairedjudgement,impaired
senseofsmell,memoryloss,paralysisononesideof
thebody,reducedmentalcapacity,visionlossand
inflammationoftheopticnerve.

17. Temporalarea:Tumorsthatdevelopinthetemporal
lobeareoftenasymptomaticbutsomemaycause
memorydisturbances,auditoryhallucinations.

18. Occipitallobe:Visuallossinhalfofvisualfieldon
theoppositesideoftumor,visualhallucinationsmay
resultfromatumorlocatedintheoccipitallobe.

19. Cerebellararea:Coordinationgaitandbalance
disturbancesandVertigo,weaknessorparalysisof
face.

20. Brainstem:Behaviouralandemotionalchanges,
difficultyspeakingandswallowing,drowsiness,hearing
loss,hemiparesis,muscleweaknessononesideofthe
face,uncoordinatedgait,visionloss,vomiting,cardio-
vascularinstability,respiratorydepression,comaand
cranialnervedysfunction.

21. MANAGEMENT
Surgery:Surgeryisthetreatmentofchoicefor
accessibleprimarybraintumors,whenthepatientisin
goodhealth.Thegoalofsurgeryistoremoveasmuch
ofthetumoraspossiblewithoutdamagingnearby
normalbraintissue.Craniotomy,Transsphenoidal
microsurgicalremoval,Brain-mapping.

22. Radiationtherapy:Radiationtherapyuseshigh
frequencyraystokilltumorcells.Theradiationmay
comefromx-rays,gammaraysorprotons
Chemotherapy:Agentthatcommonlyworkin
patientswithhighgradegliomasincludeProcarbazine,
Platinumanalogs,(Cisplatin,Carboplatin)andan
oralmedicationcalledTemodar

23. Supportivecare
Steroids:Mostpatientswithbraintumoursneed
steroidstohelprelieveswellingofthebrain.
Dexamethaxonemaybeusedbeforeandaftertreatment
toreducecerebraloedema.
Anti-convulsantmedicine-Braintumourscancause
seizures,patientmaytakeanAnticonvulsantmedicine
topreventorcontrolseizures.
Shunt-Iffluidbuildsupinthebrain,thesurgeonmay
placeashunttodrainthefluid.

24. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Decreasingintracranialpressure
Continuallyassesspatientsneurologicalstatus
Monitorandrecordvitalsignsandneurologicalstatus
MonitorICP
UsestrictaseptictechniquewithICPmonitoring.

25. Observeforsignsofdecreasedlevelofconsciousness,
restlessness,visualandothersensorydisturbances,
headache,vomiting,seizuresandpapilledema.
Ensureproperpositioningofthehead,elevatehead30
degrees.
Stoolsoftenerstopreventstrainingatstool(which
increaseintracranialpressure).

26. MaintainingNormalrespiratorypattern
AssessrespiratoryparametersandmonitorABGsas
indicated.
Assesstheclientslevelofconsciousnessand
neurologicstatusforchanges.
Suctionmouthandthroatifneededtomaintainthe
airway.
Administeroxygentherapy.Hyperoxygenation
preventsincreasedintracranialpressure.

27. Preventinjury
ReportanysignsofincreasedICP&Neurologic
deficits.
Initiateseizureprecautions.
Forpatientwithvisualfielddeficits,placematerialin
visualfield.
Maintainclientascomfortablyaspossiblewith
analgesicsandantiemeticsasordered.

28. Improvingnutrition:
Maintainadequatehydrationandnutrition.
Performoralhygienebeforeandaftermealsto
improveintake.
Maintaintheaccurateintakeandoutputrecords.

29. Compensatingforself-caredeficits:
Maintainrangeofmotionexerciseforalljoints.
Supportivenursingcareisgivendependinguponthe
patientssymptomsandabilitytoperformactivitiesof
dailyliving.

32. CRANIAL NERVES AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS

34. GOOD TIME WITH YOU