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1. .

Definition of Linguistics
Branch of linguistics
Dichotomy in language study
Linguistics and the branch of
Linguistics
Lecture 2

2. LECTURE 1,
INTRODUCTION
1.Definition o language
2.Language Features
3.Language Function
4.Language in Islamic Perspective

3. DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE
Arbitrary vocal symbol by means of which people
cooperate and interact
A system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication
A system for communication of meaning through
sounds which consists of three subsystems : semantic,
syntactic and phonological.
The systematic and conventional use of sounds, signs
or written symbols in human society for communication
and self expression

4. .

1.Definition of Linguistics
2.Branch of linguistics
3.Dichotomy in language study
Linguistics and the branch of
Linguistics
Lecture 2

5. SUFFIX :....ICS
•SUFFIX = MEANING SCIENCE, STUDY OF..
•.... logy :
•Sociology, Phonology, Psychology, Biology,
Antropology, Chronology, Islamology
•....ics :
•Linguistics, Logics, Economics, Politics, Physics,
Statistics, Matemathics

6. LINGUISTICS
Linguistics is the study of a language as a system
of human communication.
Studies of language have been carried out for
centuries.
Linguistics as independent discipline has been
accepted in 1808 by Johann Severin Vater a
German linguist (b.27-5-1771, d.16-3-1826) and
Friederich Justin Bertuch, a Geman publisher,
patron of arts (b.30-9-1774, d. 3-4-1882).

7. THE SCOPE OF LINGUISTICS
Linguistics covers a wide field with different
approaches and different areas of investigation,
the most important areas are:
1.Sound systems (phonetics and phonology).
2.Sentence structure (syntax) and
3.Meaning systems (semantics, pragmatics,
function of a language)

8. BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS
1.General Linguistics
2.Descriptive Ling
3.Historical Ling
4.Antrophopological Ling
5.Comperative Ling

9. BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS
6. Contrastive Ling
7. Applied Ling
8. Structural Ling
9. Psycholinguistics
10. Sociolinguistics

10. GENERAL LINGUISTICS
General Linguistics studies the variety and
diversity of language structures and use in a
language.
The studies of the typology of a language
universal, its structure of sounds, words, and
sentences, the level of meaning (semantics and
pragmatics), the lexicon, and discourse
structures.

11. DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
In term of descriptive grammar, it studies
language as social phenomena in social
communication, in diverse ways.
The studies concern with the actual description
of language use , spoken or written, and they do
not state or prescribe how the language ought to
be spoken or written

12. HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
Historical linguistics is the branch of linguistics
which studies language change and language
realtionships, by comparing earlier and later
forms of the language, phonologicaly,
grammatically and semantically.
It studies the development of a language which
occured before written words were available.

13. The branch of linguistics which studies the
relationship between language and culture;
how language is used in order to
understand culture.
Antrophopological Linguistics

14. COMPERATIVE LINGUISTICS
The branch of linguistics which studies two or more
languages in order to compare their structures and
show whether they are similar or different.
It also studies their relationships and the
techniques used to discover whether the languages
have a common ancestor.

15. CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Contrastive Linguistics is defined as a
subdiscipline of linguistics which is concerned
with the comparison of two or more languages,
and which is associated primarily with language
teaching.
In applied Linguistics it is used for establishing
differences between leaner’s native language
and the targed language in the areas of syntax,
vocabulary and sound systems

16. APPLIED LINGINGUISTICS
Applied linguistics is the branch of linguistics and it
is as an interdisciplinary field offers solutions to
language-related real-life problems.
It is mainly related to education in language
teaching especially in teaching foreign language,
and in psychology in speech theraphy, the
treatment for problems with speaking

17. STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS
Structural linguistics, or structuralism is an
approach to linguistics which stesses the
importance of language as a system.
It also investigates the places of linguistic unit such
as sounds, words, sentences within the system.
E.g. In Phonetics, there are 3 subfields:
1. The articulatory phonetics, the production of
speech sounds. 2. Acoustic phonetics, the
transmission of speech sounds, 3. Auditory
phonetics, how speech sounds are perceived.

18. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS – SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Psycholinguistics:
How language is acquired, learned, understand,
role of memory, attitude and motivation
Sociolinguistics:
How language is used in real communication, the
effect of all aspects of society, including cultural
norms, language level, formal and casual
situation.

19. DICHOTOMY
IN LINGUISTICS STUDY
Prescriptive
Diachronic
General

Form
Language
Competence
Descriptive
Synchronic
Applied
Meaning
Parole
Performance

20. PRESCRIPTIVE DESCRIPTIVE
Prescriptive
Descriptive

21. MAK HALLIDAY
SYSTEMIC LINGUISTICS
In systemic linguistics language is
considered as social phenomena.
The theory which was developed by
Halliday (1985) was called as the plane
of social semiotic and can be illustrated
as follows:

22. 1 .Universal value: ideology
Cultural Context: 2. genre
Situational Context: 3. register
(field – tenor – mode)
Expression 4.language
(discourse and lexico-grammar)
5. a. Oral Phonology
b. Written Graphology

23. MAK HALLIDAY
1.The field of discourse refers to what is
happening.
2.The tenor of discourse refers to the
participants.
3.The mode of discourse refers to the
channel used.

24. SYSTEM OF MEANING
1. Ideational meaning is to understand the
environment, is related to the field of
discourse, ideational function.
2. Interpersonal meaning is to act on other
people, this meaning is related to tenor of the
discourse, interpersonal function.
3.Textual meaning is to organize the language
items, spoken or written, textual function

25. PHONETICS.
1. The articulatory phonetics.
Articulation means the production of speech sounds in
the mouth and throat.
2. Acoustic phonetics
Acoustic phonetics is the transmission of speech sounds
through the air.
3. Auditory phonetics
Auditory phonetics studies how speech sounds are
perceived by listeners
 

26. PHONOLOGY
1. Phoneme
Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a
language which can distinguish the meaning
2. Allophone
Allophone is the variant of phoneme, any
different forms of a phoneme, a member of a
phoneme..
The sound [ p ] in the beginning of a word
(initial) is aspirated e.g. “pan” The sound [ p ]
in the middle of a word is not aspirated.

27. MINIMAL PAIR
 Minimal Pair is a pair of two words which
is similar but it is different in meaning. The two
forms or two words are different from each
other by only one distinctive sound (one
phoneme= minimal)
Examples of minimal pairs:
Tap – tabpat- pad pick- pig
Boy- toyseek-seed take-make
Like-bike meal-meat tea-sea

28. MORPHOLOGY
Morphology is the study of morphemes and
their different forms of variations (allomorphs)
and the way they combine in word formation.
E.g. The word ‘unfriendly’ is formed from the
word friend and the adjective-forming suffix –ly
and the negative prefix un-Morphology in
linguistic study is the study of morphemes, the
smallest indivisible units of meaning in the
structure of a word. (David Crystal).
Morphology is a branch of grammar which
studies the structure of words

29. MORPHEME
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a
lge, morpheme cannot be divided without
altering or destroying its meaning. (Jack
Richard, 1985).
E.g. The English word kind is one single
morpheme. If the letter d is removed, the word
becomes kin which has different meaning.

30. S Y N T A X
Syntax is the study of the relationship of
different elements of sentence to one another.
In other words, the aim of the study is learning
to know how various parts of a sentence relate
to one another.
Syntax is the branch of grammar which is
concerned with the study of the arrangement of
words in sentences and of the means by which
such relationship are shown e.g. word order o
or inflexion.
Syntax is the system of rules and categories
that underlies sentence formation n human
language.(O’Grady, et.al., 1997).

31. SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE
Syntactic structure is the arrangement of
words and morphemes into larger units
(phrases, clauses and sentences).
demonstrative+ adjective+noun
This +red +car
This +red +chair
Subject + Verb +Object
I eat an apple

32. SEMANTICS
The study of meaning:
Semantic Triangle:
1.Idea /mental image/reference: abstract the
concept of table
2.Word table : name, symbol
3.Object, the real table as referent, symbolized

33. SEMANTIC RELATION
1.Synonymy : similar
2.Antonymy: opposite
3.Polysemy: two or more meaning
4.Homonymy: similar sound different meaning
5.Homophony: sound similar, different writing
6.Hyponymy: one word includes other words
7.Idiom
8.Collocation
9. Register: speech variety: words in the same
field