Breeding and Seed Production of Snapdragon ppt

It is the presentation of Snapdragon in which we included breeding and Seed Production methods.

1. Topic -  Breeding and seed production of Snapdragon FLA – 321 Assignment Submitted to : Dr. Sonia Submitted by : Priyanshu (MHU2021H11B) Bsc Hons. Horticulture 3 rd Year , 6 th semester

2. Antirrhinum (Snapdragon) It is derived from greek word anti means like and rhin means a nose. Referring to snout like shape of flower. Snapdragon is a fragrant perennial. Native to the mediterranean. It’s colourful blossoms look similar to open mouths. They are borne in rows on long spike of many colours except blue and with numerous shades Snapdrogan are started from seed indoors and planted just before the last frost of the year. They grow best in cooler region and tends to die back when the weather gets hot. The scientigfic name of antirrhinum was first defined by Carl Von Linne (1753)

3. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Angiosperms  Order: Lamiales  Family: Scrophulariaceae  Genus: Antirrhinum Chromosome no :2n=16

4. Us e s It is one of the excellent cut flower which have long lasting qualities Used as garden plants,bedding plants,in rockeries or herbaceous borders and as potted plants Grown as cut flowers in open field or under protection depending on climate The leaves and flowers are antiphlogistic ,bitter,resolvent and stimulant .

5. Species Antirhinum majus Cultivated in turkey ,spain ,france ,india ,england as commercial flower It is often treated as annual and harvested for its flowers . Lavender, pink,red and orange are commonly found for bloom colour. Antirhinum virga Native to california in the north coast Commonly known as tall snapdragon for its height The stems are non climbing and it grows in serpentine soil condition

6. Antirhinum multiflorum • • • It is well known as sierra snapdragons Native to california and selection of sierra Nevada Grown on slopes and appears in burned or damaged areas frequently . Antirhinum nuttallianum • • • It is frequently found in Baja and s.california . It is found near coastline and some coastal ranges A vine is used to climb or creep on objects while it grows wild

7. Flower morphology and biology Sepals: The snapdragon flower typically has five sepals, which are green leaf-like structures located at the base of the flower. Petals: There are five petals that are fused to form a tubular shape with a bilateral symmetry. The petals are often brightly colored and form the "lip" and "throat" of the flower. Androecium (Stamens): There are four stamens in snapdragon flowers. The stamens are the male reproductive organs and are usually arranged in pairs. Gynoecium (Pistil): The gynoecium consists of a single pistil, which is the female reproductive organ. It is located in the center of the flower and consists of the ovary, style, and stigma.

8. Floral Formula K5 C(5) A4+1 G(2) Explanation of the floral formula: K5: Represents the calyx (sepals), with 5 sepals. C(5): Denotes the corolla (petals), fused into a tubular shape, with 5 petals. A4+1: Represents the androecium (stamens), consisting of 4 stamens in two pairs (two long and two short stamens, typically) plus a single sterile staminode. G(2): Denotes the gynoecium (pistil), consisting of 2 fused carpels

9. Breeding objectives  The novelty of colour  More number of floret per spike, compactness of spike, more number of spike per plant  Dwarfness of plants for bedding  Longer duration of flowering in field  More number of open florets at a time  Longer vase life,  Resistant to rust and other biotic and abiotic factor.  An important breeding goal is to improve heat and drought tolerance of snapdragons and produce varieties that are able to adapt to good condition

10. Breeding methods Introduction Hybridization Heterosis breeding Resistance breeding Polyploidy breeding Mutation breeding Biotechnology : Tissue culture Molecular breeding Genetic engineering

11. Introduction • • • • • • • • USA : Crimson giant ,rose bal ,hinghon sharp yellow Australia : Butterfly ,Column formula mixture etc. England : Black price , white peach etc Hybridization F1 hybrid : Bizzare, bright butterflies ,crimson topper ,lavender topper ,madam butterfly F1 hybrid double : crimson supreme ,New glamour shades ,Scarlet supreme, Super jet Tall cultivars : Tip top ,Rocket hybrids Semi tall : Tetra ruffled ,F1 Coronette ,F1 Carioca Dwarf cultivar : Little darling ,Tom thumb ,Magic carpet etc .

12. Bizzare Tip top Super jet Magic carpet Little darling

13. Crimson topper Bright butter fly Lavender topper

14. Varieties developed through Resistant breeding : Rust resistant : Moon glow , Rainbow mixed Rose light ,Carmine monarch ,Scarlet monarch ,Victory ,White freedom ,Yellow freedom etc . Polyploidy breeding Tetraploid : Bright scarlet , Glacier, High noon , Rosaberl ,Velvet beauty ,Red shades Triploid : Velvet beauty .

15. Yellow freedom Velvet beauty Red shades

16. Breeding achivements  Hybridization in Antirrhinum majus was first started with an introduction of F1 hybrid Christmas Cheer by Fred and Helen Windmiller in Columbus. In India, Mahal (1972) started hybridization work on snapdragon and selected some species of Antirrhinum for interspecific hybridization. He obtained uniform hybrids with semi-dwarf habit and more number of branches per plant and densely arranged compact flowers. Malik (1979) observed appreciable heterosis in the F1 hybrids for all characters studied. Afterward no significant work on genetic improvement of snapdragon, so for has been done in India.

17. The use of hybrid vigour is different in individual flowering crops which is used for specific purposes like uniformity in vigour, height with basal branching; simultaneous flowering and its long duration are very desirable to produce a carpet like effect. In order to make an effective improvement in the characters of economic importance as listed above, F1 hybrid breeding is prominent among the methods used in the improvement of snapdragon. In 1953, first F1 hybrid of snapdragon was developed. It was exclusively recommended for greenhouse cultivation. Snapdragon varieties, tall and strong Rocket type were developed through heterosis breeding and introduced in 1960 for outdoor cultivation.

18. In recent part , attempts have been made with considerable amount of success to develop hybrids in snapdragon. But less work was reported to exploit phenomena of heterosis in snapdragon. No work so far has been done on genetic improvement of Antirrhinum majus through hybridization in India.

19. Therefore, present study is aimed to develop hybrids to fulfill following objectives:  To estimate different kinds of heterosis.  To determine general and specific combining ability.  To elucidate the nature of gene action for yield and its contributing traits following genetic components of variation and Vr-Wr graphical analysis.  To characterize parents on the basis of RAPD analysis.

20. IMPORTANT VARIETIS  As already stated, the tetraploid class , new hybrids with ruffed flower petals and a score of novelties have been brought to the appreciative gardener by the persistant botanist.  Some of the varieties names such as candle light, sunset, skyscraper, magic carpet , have a tinge of romance in them.  Animation, Rocket and Snappy Tongue , require staking or other supports.

21.  Most snapdragon varieties have single blossoms with the typical “ dragon jaw ” shape. A second flower type is the “ butterfly .”  These flowers do not “snap” but instead have fused petals that form a butterfly shape. “ Pixie” and “Chantilly ” are butterfly varieties. Several double blossom varieties, known as double azalea snapdragons, have become available. These include the “ Madame Butterfly” and “Double Azalea Apricot ” varieties.  Fruit Salad, Luminaire , and Cascadia are trailing varieties.

22.  In a evaluation study, forty cultivars under glasshouse conditions for disease resistance and he observed cultivars Sonnet, Sprite, Floral Carpet, Carioca and Pumila showed good resistance to rust (Puccinia antirrhint ).  In an evaluation study, twenty one germplasm of A. majus were evaluated for various morphological characters. All growth and flowering parameters were significantly influenced due to germplasm .  AG-18 germplasm exhibited maximum number of primary branches and spikes/plant and weight of spike. Maximum spike and rachis length was recorded with AG-14.

23. Seed Production Timing Planting Time: Antirrhinum seeds are typically sown indoors or in a greenhouse in early spring (around March or April, depending on your climate). This allows the plants to establish and grow before the flowering season. Flowering Time : Antirrhinum plants usually start flowering in late spring to early summer (May to July). Seed Harvest Time: The seeds are harvested after the flowers have faded and the seed pods have matured, usually in late summer to early autumn (August to September).

24. Selecting Varieties : Choose high-quality snapdragon varieties with desirable traits such as color, size, and disease resistance. Growing : Start snapdragons from seeds indoors about 6-8 weeks before the last frost date. Provide adequate light, warmth, and moisture for germination and growth. Transplant seedlings outdoors after the danger of frost has passed. Isolation : To prevent cross-pollination, isolate different snapdragon varieties by a distance of at least 100 feet or use physical barriers like netting.

25. Pollination : Snapdragons are typically pollinated by bees and other insects. To ensure pure seed production, hand pollination may be necessary. Use a small brush to transfer pollen from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of another. Seed Collection : Allow the snapdragon flowers to wilt and dry on the plant. Once the seed pods turn brown and begin to split open, carefully collect the seeds. Remove debris and dry the seeds further if necessary. Cleaning : Separate the seeds from the chaff and other plant material by winnowing or sieving. Ensure the seeds are completely dry before storage to prevent mold or rot. Storage : Store snapdragon seeds in a cool, dry place in airtight containers. Label the containers with the variety and date of collection for easy identification.

26. Procedure for Harvesting Seeds Watch for the seed pods to turn brown and dry out. This indicates that the seeds are maturing. Cut the seed pods carefully from the plant and place them in a paper bag. Allow the pods to further dry and mature in the bag for a few more weeks. Once completely dry, gently crush the seed pods to release the seeds. Store the seeds in a cool, dry place in labeled envelopes or containers until you are ready to plant them the following year.

27. Constraints  When Snapdragons are grown as annual flowers, they are not expected to bloom the next year without replanting.  If you're growing the Snapdragons as perennials, they need to be planted in a sheltered area.  The cold is not what kills these flowers in most areas, but the seasonal winter rainfall.

28. Continue.. The genetic system controlling flower colour in Antirrhinum majus was identified by diallel analysis. Significant additive and dominant genetic variance components which contribute to post-harvest longevity. The genetic variability in endemic snapdragon ( Antirrhinum subbaeticum ) and genetic structure of Antirrhinum microphyllum was studied by RAPD analysis.

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