Breeding methods in self pollinated vegetable crops

Breeding of garlic

1. ASSIGNMENT ON BREEDING METHODS IN GARLIC Dr. G.M. Lal Associate Professor Dept. of Genetics & plant Breeding

2. CONTEnTS INTRODUCTION AREA AND PRODUCTION NUTRITIONAL VALUE BREEDING OBJECTIVES BREEDING METHODS ACHIVEMENTS VARIETIES REFERENCES

3. Scientific classification Botanical Name : Allium sativum Family :Amaryllidaceae Origin :   Central Asia Chromosome No : 2n= 16 Edible Part : Cloves

4. INTRODUCTION Garlic is a perennial crop. It is one of the important bulb crop. It is used as a spice or condiment throughout India. The compound bulb of garlic consists of several small bulblets or cloves. Pungency of garlic is due to Allicin. ( organosulphide compound ) Its medicinal uses for Anti-Cancer, Blood Circulation , Digestion.

5. Area and Production sexual propagation of garlic is indeed possible, nearly all of the garlic in cultivation is propagated asexually, by planting individual cloves in the ground. India ranks second in area and third in production. It prefers a moderate temperature in summer as well as in winter. Extremely hot and long days are not conductive to proper bulb, short days are very favorable for the formation of bulbs. It can be grown well at elevations, of 1000 to 1300 meters above sea- level. Major producing State:- Gujrat, M.P., Rajasthan

6. NUTRITIONAL VALUE (PER 100 g) Vitamin C Carbohydrates Fat Protein Energy Calcium Phosphorous Potassium - 31.2 mg - 33.06 g - 0.5 g - 00.36 g - 623 KJ (149 kcal) - 181 mg - 153 mg - 401 mg Source : USDA (Nutritional Data)

7. BREEDING OBJECTIVES High Clove yield. High Bulb quality. Uniformity in bulb shape, size, colour and flavour Resistant to : White Rot (Major disease) Insect-Pest Resistant : Thrips, Garlic mites, Onion maggot, Black onion fly.

8. BREEDING METHODS Garlic is predominantly cross-fertilizing species. However has lost its blooming and fertility already millenia ago. Its breeding has been limited to the selection of existing variability and increase in garlic variability by mutation breeding and in vitro techniques.

9. Achievements   Godavari Developed by selection from Jamnagar collection and released in 1987. Bulbs are pink in colour and medium in size with 25- 30 cloves per bulb. It is tolerate to eriophyte mites. Duration is 130- 140 days. Average yield is 150 quintal per hectare.

10. Cont ……. Sweta It is developed by selection from a local germplasm collected from Gujarat and released in 1987. Bulbs are white and medium in size with 20-25 cloves per bulb. Duration is 120- 130 days. Average yield is 130 quintals per hectare.

11. MUTATION BREEDING Al- Safadi et al.(2000) showed that via use of gamma irradiation (4-7 gray) the resistance to white rot could be improved. In cultivar “Kisswany” the infection is reduced from 29% to 3%. In cultivar “Yabroudy” the infection is reduced from 20% to 5% Taner et al (2005) determined the effective dosis for Cesium -135 around 4.5 gray for mutation breeding in garlic.

12. VARIETIES OF GARLIC Agrifound White (G-41) Yamuna White (G-1 ) Agrifound Parvati (G-313) Panjab garlic

13. REFERENCES S.J. Zheng ,(2007)Medicinal and aromatic plant science and Biotechnology, global science Books.1(1) pp. 6-15 www.dogr.res.in www.tnau.ac.in