Breeding of vegetable crops: Brinjal.pptx

Vegetable Improvement

1. Breeding of Brinjal Dr. G. M. Lal Associate Professor Dept. of GPB SHUATS, Allahabad

2. Introduction & Classification Origin Breeding objectives Breeding methods Varieties Developed Contents

3. Annual herbaceous, self pollinated plant Brinjal is also known as eggplant China is the first with share 64% production of entire world India ranks second with share of 22% production of the world brinjal West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh are major brinjal producing states Introduction

4. Content (Per 100 g) Moisture 92.70g Protein 1.40g Fat 0.30g Mineral 0.30g Carbohydrate 4.00g Calcium 18.00mg Oxalic acid 16.00mg Magnesium 18.00mg Phosphorus 47.00mg Vitamin-C 12.00mg Nutritional C omposition

5. Botanical Classification Botanical name : Solenum melonjena Kingdom : Plantae Order : Solanales Genus : Solanum Family : Solaneceae Chromo. No. : 2n = 24

6. India (According to Decandolle ) Indo-burma region (According to Vavilov ) China, India, Japan, Indonesia,, Italy, France, USA and in several African countries brinjal is mostly grown. Origin and Distribution

7. Breeding for higher yield Breeding for earliness Fruit shape, size and color as consumer preference Breeding for low proportion of seed in fruit Breeding for less amount of glyocolkailoides cont…… Breeding Objectives

8. Breeding for lower solenine content Breeding for soft flesh Upright sturdy erect plant free from lodging Resistance to Bacterial wilt ( Pseudomonas solanacearum ) Root knot nematode ( Meloidogyne sp .) Jassids Little leaf of brijal (MLO caused disease) Shoot & fruit borer ( Leucinodus orbonalis )

9. Pure line selection Pedigree method Bulk method Single seed descent method Combination of bulk and pedigree method Heterosis breeding Breeding Methods

10. This method have been found useful in other countries but not in India as the maximum diversity exists in India. Introduction

11. Pusa Purple Long : Selection from the Batia cultivar grown in Punjab. Long fruit, shine skin, early maturity. CO-1 : Duration 160 days, fruit are oblong, and medium sized (50-60gm), with pale green shade under white background, Pure Line Selection

12. K.K.M. 1 Selection from Kulathar local, fruits comes in clusters with 2-4 egg shaped, milky white colour, duration 130 to 135 days, yield potential is 37t/ha CO-2 Selection from local variety Varikkathiri, dark purple, light green with yield potential 35 t/ha Pant Samrat Developed at GBPUAT, Pantnagar , Selection from local germplasm, Resistance to bacterial wilt, tolerant to fruit & shoot borer, yield potential 40 t/ha. cont…..

13. Pusa Purple Cluster: Developed at IARI. It is a selection from local material, medium early, erect, tall sturdy plant, fruit in clusters of 4 -9, 10-12 cm long, deep purple, resistant to bacterial wilt. MDU 1: Selection from local variety of Madurai, yield 34 tones/ha

14. Pusa Kranti Developed at IARI PPL×HYDERPUR×Wynad gaint, Plant medium tall, upright erect growth habit, fruit 15-20cm long, green calyx, less seeded. Suitable for growing both spring and autumn season . Pedigree Method

15. Arka Navneet : Developed from IIHR, Bengaluru Cross between IIHR22-1× Supreme Fruit oval and free from bitterness, skin attractive, deep purple, flesh soft, white with few seeds, yield 650-700q/h (Highest yielding variety in India) Heterosis Breeding Method of production of superior of F1 over the parents

16. India’s First Vegetable Biotech Crop Synthetic cry 1 Ab gene Bacillus thuringiensis works Against larva and adult of fruit borer Biotechnology cont…..

17. the cry1Ac gene expressing insecticidal protein to confer resistance against Fruit and Shoot Borer. The cry1Ac gene is sourced from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). When ingested by the Fruit and Shoot Borer larvae, the Bt protein is activated in the insect’s alkaline gut and binds to the gut wall, which breaks down, allowing the Bt spores to invade the insect’s body cavity. The Fruit and Shoot Borer larvae die a few days later cont…..

18. Bt Brinjal was developed by the Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company (Mahyco). used a DNA construct containing the cry1Ac gene, a CaMV 35S promoter and the selectable marker genes nptII and aad , to transform young cotyledons of brinjal plants. The National Center on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB) has developed Bt brinjal varieties expressing the cryFa1 gene.

19. MAJOR PROBLEMS Major problem in brinjal cultivation is brinjal shoot borer and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis). It is monophagous pest and attacks all aerial parts of plant specially shoot and fruit . Damage the fruit and affect fruit quality badly. It causes yield losses about 60 -70% even after multiple insecticide spray.

20. Symptoms of Damage

21. HOW TO MANAGE IT

22. Bacillus thuringiensis Shigetane Ishiwatari (1901),first isolated Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt is commonly abbreviated as Bacillus thuringiensis, is a gram positive, Facultative aerobic, rod like, motile and sporulating bacterium. Bt is naturally occurring soil borne bacteria that is found world wide. Ubiquitous in nature. Produces crystals of endotoxin (cry protein or delta toxin)-toxic to insect mainly in their larval stage, thus they act as insecticides.

23. These crystal proteins (Cry proteins) are insect stomach poisons Insects stop feeding with in two hours of a first bite and ,if enough toxin is eaten , die with in two or three days Important biological insect control agent. Bt crystal sometimes referred as Insecticidal crystal protein (ICP), are protein crystals formed during sporulation in some Bt strains coded by cry genes

24. What is Bt Brinjal ? Bt brinjal is a transgenic brinjal created out of inserting a gene (cry 1Ac) from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis in to brinjal The insertion of the gene into the brinjal cell inyoung cotyledons has been done through an Agro bacterium mediated vector ,along with promoters and markers etc. This is said to give the Brinjal plant resistance against lepidopteron insects like the Brinjal fruit and shoot borer ( Leucinodes orbonalis ). It is reported that upon ingestion of the Bt toxin by the insect, there would be disruption of digestive processes , ultimately resulting in the death of the insect .

25. Researchers used a DNA construct containing the cry1Ac gene, a CaMV 35S promoter and the selectable marker genes nptII and aad , to transform young cotyledons of brinjal plants. Bt Brinjal was developed by the Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company (Mahyco). TNAU-Coimbatore and UAS- Dharwad has been approved by GAEC but final approval from the minister of environment and forest pending. A synthetic cry 1Ab gene coding for an insecticidal crystal protein (ICP) of bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been transferred to brinjal at National Research Centre for Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi

26. HOW Bt WORKS ??? Ingestion Solubilisation & proteolytic activation Binding to target site Formation of toxic lesions

27. Mode of Action of Bt Toxin in Insect gut

28. Choudhary, B and Gaur, K. 2008. The Development and Regulation of Bt Brinjal in India (Eggplant/ Aubergine), ISAAA Brief No. 38, ISAAA: Ithaca, NY. Jelenkovic,G., Billings, S., Hamilton, G., 1998. Journal of American Society of Horticultural Sciences Chadha, M.L. 1993. Improvement of Brinjal , Advances in Horticulture. vol. 5-vegetable crops. George, R.A.T. 1999. Vegetable Seed Production 2 nd edition. Kumar, V, J. 1987. Breeding for disease resistance in brinjal a review. SABRAO journal 19. 53-57. Chakrabrati S.K.,Sharma S.R and Sharma R.P., (2000) Insect resistance transgenic brinjal plants. Molecular Breeding 4. 33-37. Bibiliography

29. Thank you Thank you