Bricks notes Bricks are rectangular in shape and can be easily handled with one hand. Bricks may be solid, cored, hollow or frogged.
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Mar 13, 2024
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About This Presentation
Bricks
Slide Content
BUILDING MATERIALS
UNIT -1
BRICKS
UNIT -1
BRICKS
Bricks
Fire Resistance
Cheap
Durable
Easy to handle
Fire Resistance
Cheap
Durable
Easy to handle
Bricks are rectangular in shape and can be easily handled with one hand.
Bricks may be solid, cored, hollow or frogged.
Standard Brick Size :9” x 4 ½’’ x 3’’
Custom-shaped bricksare often required for building for providing special
details.
Weight of the a standard brick is 3.0 kg.
Frog is provided to form key for holding the mortar and therefore the bricks are
laid with frogs on top. Frog is not provided in 4 cm high bricks and extruded
bricks. The size of the frog is 10 x 4 x 1 cm.
Bricks may be solid, cored, hollow or frogged.
Standard Brick Size :9” x 4 ½’’ x 3’’
Custom-shaped bricksare often required for building for providing special
details.
Weight of the a standard brick is 3.0 kg.
Frog is provided to form key for holding the mortar and therefore the bricks are
laid with frogs on top. Frog is not provided in 4 cm high bricks and extruded
bricks. The size of the frog is 10 x 4 x 1 cm.
Classification of bricks
Clay bricks are classified as first class, second class, third class and fourth class
based on physical and mechanical properties.
First class bricks
1.They should be smooth and rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight edges
and square corners.
2.Thoroughly burnt and are deep red, cherry or copper colour.
3.Free from flaws, cracks and stones.
4.Uniform texture.
5.Should not have any impression or scratch.
6.When two bricks are struck against each other a strong metallic or ringing sound
should be heard.
7.Water absorption should be 12 to 15% of its dry weight when immersed in cold
water for 24 hrs.
8.The crushing strength should not be less than 10 N/mm2.
Uses: Exposed brick work
Flooring
Reinforced brick work.
Pointing
On field practise:
Clay bricks are classified as first class, second class, third class and fourth class
based on physical and mechanical properties.
First class bricks
1.They should be smooth and rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight edges
and square corners.
2.Thoroughly burnt and are deep red, cherry or copper colour.
3.Free from flaws, cracks and stones.
4.Uniform texture.
5.Should not have any impression or scratch.
6.When two bricks are struck against each other a strong metallic or ringing sound
should be heard.
7.Water absorption should be 12 to 15% of its dry weight when immersed in cold
water for 24 hrs.
8.The crushing strength should not be less than 10 N/mm2.
Uses: Exposed brick work
Flooring
Reinforced brick work.
Pointing
On field practise:
Second class bricks
1.Small cracks and distortions are permitted.
2.Water absorption should be 16 to 20% of its dry weight.
3.The crushing strength should not be less than 7 N/mm2.
Uses: Hidden masonry works, Centering of Reinforced brick work.
Reinforced cement concrete structures.
Third class bricks
1.Under burnt and are soft and light coloured.
2.Water absorption is 25% of its dry weight.
3.Produces a dull sound when struck against each other.
Uses: Temporary building structures.
Fourth class bricks
1.Over burnt and badly distorted in shape and size.
2.Brittle in nature.
Uses: Foundation and Floors in lime concentrate and road metal.
1.Small cracks and distortions are permitted.
2.Water absorption should be 16 to 20% of its dry weight.
3.The crushing strength should not be less than 7 N/mm2.
Uses: Hidden masonry works, Centering of Reinforced brick work.
Reinforced cement concrete structures.
Third class bricks
1.Under burnt and are soft and light coloured.
2.Water absorption is 25% of its dry weight.
3.Produces a dull sound when struck against each other.
Uses: Temporary building structures.
Fourth class bricks
1.Over burnt and badly distorted in shape and size.
2.Brittle in nature.
Uses: Foundation and Floors in lime concentrate and road metal.
On Strength:
1.The Bureau of Indian Standards has classified bricks on basis of compressive
strength.
2.Bricks having compressive strength of more than 40 N/mm2 are known as
heavy duty bricks.
Uses: Bridges, multi-storey buildings etc..
On the Basis of Use:
Common Brick
1.They are manufactured economically without special reference to appearance.
2.They have great strength and durability.
3.Used for filling, backing and in walls where appearance is of no consequence.
Facing Brick
1.They are made to have good appearance, either of colour or texture or both.
2.Durable under severe exposure.
3.Used in front of building walls.
Engineering Brick
1.Strong, impermeable, smooth, table moulded, hard and conform to defined
limits of absorption and strength.
2.They are used for load bearing structures.
1.The Bureau of Indian Standards has classified bricks on basis of compressive
strength.
2.Bricks having compressive strength of more than 40 N/mm2 are known as
heavy duty bricks.
Uses: Bridges, multi-storey buildings etc..
On the Basis of Use:
Common Brick
1.They are manufactured economically without special reference to appearance.
2.They have great strength and durability.
3.Used for filling, backing and in walls where appearance is of no consequence.
Facing Brick
1.They are made to have good appearance, either of colour or texture or both.
2.Durable under severe exposure.
3.Used in front of building walls.
Engineering Brick
1.Strong, impermeable, smooth, table moulded, hard and conform to defined
limits of absorption and strength.
2.They are used for load bearing structures.
On the Basis of finish:
Sand-faced Brick
1.Has textured surface
2.Manufactured by sprinkling sand on the inner surfaces of the mould.
Rustic Brick
1.Has textured finish, varying in patterns.
On the Basis of Manufacture:
Hand made
1.Bricks are hand moulded.
Machine made
1. They are wire cut bricks, pressed bricks, moulded bricks.
Sand-faced Brick
1.Has textured surface
2.Manufactured by sprinkling sand on the inner surfaces of the mould.
Rustic Brick
1.Has textured finish, varying in patterns.
On the Basis of Manufacture:
Hand made
1.Bricks are hand moulded.
Machine made
1. They are wire cut bricks, pressed bricks, moulded bricks.
On the Basis of Burning:
Pale Bricks
1.Under burnt bricks obtained from outer portion of the kiln.
Body Bricks
1.Well burnt bricks obtained from central portion of the kiln.
Arch Bricks
1.Over burnt bricks obtained from inner portion of the kiln.
On the Basis of Types:
Solid
1.Small holes not exceeding 25 % the volume of the brick, frog not exceeding
20 % of the total volume
Perforated
1.Small holes may exceed 25 % the volume of the brick.
Hollow
1.Small holes may exceed 25 % the volume of the brick.
Cellular
1.Holes closed at one end exceed 25 % the volume of the brick.
Pale Bricks
1.Under burnt bricks obtained from outer portion of the kiln.
Body Bricks
1.Well burnt bricks obtained from central portion of the kiln.
Arch Bricks
1.Over burnt bricks obtained from inner portion of the kiln.
On the Basis of Types:
Solid
1.Small holes not exceeding 25 % the volume of the brick, frog not exceeding
20 % of the total volume
Perforated
1.Small holes may exceed 25 % the volume of the brick.
Hollow
1.Small holes may exceed 25 % the volume of the brick.
Cellular
1.Holes closed at one end exceed 25 % the volume of the brick.
Characteristics of Good Brick
Size and Shape –uniform in size and shape
Colour –deep red or cherry colour
Texture –should not be too smooth. Should have uniform texture
Hardness and Soundness –When scratched by finger
nail no impression should be made. When two bricks are struck against
each other a metallic sound should be produced.
Water Absorption –should not exceed 20% of its dry weight.
Crushing Strength –Should not be less than 10 N/mm2
Size and Shape –uniform in size and shape
Colour –deep red or cherry colour
Texture –should not be too smooth. Should have uniform texture
Hardness and Soundness –When scratched by finger
nail no impression should be made. When two bricks are struck against
each other a metallic sound should be produced.
Water Absorption –should not exceed 20% of its dry weight.
Crushing Strength –Should not be less than 10 N/mm2
Ingredients of Good Brick Earth
Silica (sand) -It imparts uniform shape to bricks. Its presence prevents
cracking, shrinking and warping. Its excess destroys cohesion between
particles and makes the brick brittle.
Alumina-Composition of good brick earth Alumina Chief constituent of all
kinds of clay Imparts plasticity to clay so that it can be moulded If in
excess, it makes the brick warp and crack on drying and burning.
Lime -It should be present in very small quantities not exceeding 5%. It
should be very finely powdered else on burning the lumps will convert to
quicklime which expands in presence of moisture resulting in splitting of
bricks. The excess of lime causes the brick to melt and loose its shape.
Magnesia-imparts yellow colour to the brick It decreases shrinkage Its
excess leads to decay of brick.
Iron-It is added in small quantity –5-6% It helps fuse sand Imparts red
colour on burning when excess of oxygen is available. Dark brown or even
black colour when oxygen is insufficient. Gives strength and hardness
and increases durability.
The clay used for brick making consist mainly of silica and alumina mixed in
such proportion that the clay becomes plastic when water is added to it. It also
consist of small proportions of lime, iron, manganese, sulphur, etc.
Silica (sand) -It imparts uniform shape to bricks. Its presence prevents
cracking, shrinking and warping. Its excess destroys cohesion between
particles and makes the brick brittle.
Alumina-Composition of good brick earth Alumina Chief constituent of all
kinds of clay Imparts plasticity to clay so that it can be moulded If in
excess, it makes the brick warp and crack on drying and burning.
Lime -It should be present in very small quantities not exceeding 5%. It
should be very finely powdered else on burning the lumps will convert to
quicklime which expands in presence of moisture resulting in splitting of
bricks. The excess of lime causes the brick to melt and loose its shape.
Magnesia-imparts yellow colour to the brick It decreases shrinkage Its
excess leads to decay of brick.
Iron-It is added in small quantity –5-6% It helps fuse sand Imparts red
colour on burning when excess of oxygen is available. Dark brown or even
black colour when oxygen is insufficient. Gives strength and hardness
and increases durability.
The clay used for brick making consist mainly of silica and alumina mixed in
such proportion that the clay becomes plastic when water is added to it. It also
consist of small proportions of lime, iron, manganese, sulphur, etc.
Manufacturing Process of Clay Brick
1. Preparation of brick clay
Unsoiling , Digging , Cleaning, Weathering , Blending , Tempering.
2. Moulding
Hand Moulding , Machine Moulding
3. Drying
Natural, Artificial
4. Burning
Burning in clamps, Burning in klins.
If the bricks are to be manufactured on large quantities, necessary scentific test are
to be conducted to determine the suitibility of the earth.Certain materials like fly ash,
sandy loam, rice husk ash, basalt stone dustare to de added to imporve the
quality of bricks.
1. Preparation of brick clay
Unsoiling , Digging , Cleaning, Weathering , Blending , Tempering.
2. Moulding
Hand Moulding , Machine Moulding
3. Drying
Natural, Artificial
4. Burning
Burning in clamps, Burning in klins.
If the bricks are to be manufactured on large quantities, necessary scentific test are
to be conducted to determine the suitibility of the earth.Certain materials like fly ash,
sandy loam, rice husk ash, basalt stone dustare to de added to imporve the
quality of bricks.
Preparation of clay:
Unsoiling :-Top layer of 20cm depth is removed as it contains impurities.
Digging: -Clay dug out from ground is spread on levelled ground ( just a little
deeper than the general level) in about 60cm to 120cm heaps.
Cleaning: -Stones, pebbles, vegetable matter, etc. are removed and lumps of
clay are converted into powder form.
Weathering:-Clay is exposed to atmosphere from few weeks to full season for
softening and mellowing. (Preferably dug before monsoon)
Blending:-Clay is made loose and any ingredient to be added to it is spread out
at top and blended by turning it up and down in vertical direction.
Tempering:-Clay is brought to a proper degree of hardness, then water is added
to clay and whole mass is kneaded or pressed under the feet of men or cattle.
For large scale, tempering is usually done in pug mill as shown in the figure.
Unsoiling :-Top layer of 20cm depth is removed as it contains impurities.
Digging: -Clay dug out from ground is spread on levelled ground ( just a little
deeper than the general level) in about 60cm to 120cm heaps.
Cleaning: -Stones, pebbles, vegetable matter, etc. are removed and lumps of
clay are converted into powder form.
Weathering:-Clay is exposed to atmosphere from few weeks to full season for
softening and mellowing. (Preferably dug before monsoon)
Blending:-Clay is made loose and any ingredient to be added to it is spread out
at top and blended by turning it up and down in vertical direction.
Tempering:-Clay is brought to a proper degree of hardness, then water is added
to clay and whole mass is kneaded or pressed under the feet of men or cattle.
For large scale, tempering is usually done in pug mill as shown in the figure.
Processoftempering:
Consistofaconicalirontubofheight1.2to1.8m.Thediameterofthetubfrom
bottomtotopmaybe0.75to0.8mand1.2to1.3m.Thetubissunk0.6mbelow
groundlevel.
ProcessoftemperingClaywithwaterisplacedinpugmillfromthetop.Whenthe
verticalstaffisrotatedbyusingelectricpair,steamordieselorturnedbypairof
bullocks.Clayisthoroughlymixedupbytheactionsofhorizontalarmsandknives
whenclayhasbeensufficientlypugged,holeatthebottomoftub,isopenedoutand
thepuggedearthistakenoutfromrampforthenextoperationofmoulding.
Consistofaconicalirontubofheight1.2to1.8m.Thediameterofthetubfrom
bottomtotopmaybe0.75to0.8mand1.2to1.3m.Thetubissunk0.6mbelow
groundlevel.
ProcessoftemperingClaywithwaterisplacedinpugmillfromthetop.Whenthe
verticalstaffisrotatedbyusingelectricpair,steamordieselorturnedbypairof
bullocks.Clayisthoroughlymixedupbytheactionsofhorizontalarmsandknives
whenclayhasbeensufficientlypugged,holeatthebottomoftub,isopenedoutand
thepuggedearthistakenoutfromrampforthenextoperationofmoulding.
Moulding:
MouldingClay,whichispreparedfrompugmill,issentforthenextoperationof
moulding.Followingarethetwowaysofmoulding.HandMouldingMachine
Moulding .
Handmoulding:
HandmouldingMouldsarerectangularboxesofwoodorsteel,whichareopenat
topandbottom.Steelmouldsaremoredurableandusedformanufacturing
bricksonlargescaleasshowninfigure.
Brickspreparedbyhandmouldingareoftwotypes.
a)Groundmouldedbricksb)Tablemouldedbricks
MouldingClay,whichispreparedfrompugmill,issentforthenextoperationof
moulding.Followingarethetwowaysofmoulding.HandMouldingMachine
Moulding .
Handmoulding:
HandmouldingMouldsarerectangularboxesofwoodorsteel,whichareopenat
topandbottom.Steelmouldsaremoredurableandusedformanufacturing
bricksonlargescaleasshowninfigure.
Brickspreparedbyhandmouldingareoftwotypes.
a)Groundmouldedbricksb)Tablemouldedbricks
a)Ground moulded bricks: ground is first made level and fine sand is
sprinkled over it. Mould is dipped in water and placed over the ground to fill
the clay. Extra clay is removed by wooden or metal strike after the mould is
filled forced mould is then lifted up and raw brick is left on the ground. Mould
is then dipped in water every time lower faces of ground moulded bricks are
rough and it is not possible to place frog on such bricks.
Ground moulded bricks of better quality and with frogs on their surface are
made by using a pair of pallet boards and a wooden block
sprinkled over it. Mould is dipped in water and placed over the ground to fill
the clay. Extra clay is removed by wooden or metal strike after the mould is
filled forced mould is then lifted up and raw brick is left on the ground. Mould
is then dipped in water every time lower faces of ground moulded bricks are
rough and it is not possible to place frog on such bricks.
Ground moulded bricks of better quality and with frogs on their surface are
made by using a pair of pallet boards and a wooden block
b) Table-moulded bricks:
Process of moulding these bricks is just similar to ground bricks on a table of size
about 2m x 1m.
The bricks are moulded on stock boards nailed on the moulding table.
Stock boards have projection for forming the frog.
A thin mould called pallet is placed over the mould.
The mould containing the brick is then lifted off the stock board and made to rest
on the pallet. The mould is then removed and the brick is sent for drying.
Process of moulding these bricks is just similar to ground bricks on a table of size
about 2m x 1m.
The bricks are moulded on stock boards nailed on the moulding table.
Stock boards have projection for forming the frog.
A thin mould called pallet is placed over the mould.
The mould containing the brick is then lifted off the stock board and made to rest
on the pallet. The mould is then removed and the brick is sent for drying.
Machine moulding:
Machine moulding This method proves to be economical when bricks in huge
quantity are to be manufactured at the same spot. It is also helpful for moulding
hard and string clay. These machines are broadly classified in two categories
(a)Plastic clay machines (b) Dry clay machines
a)Plastic clay machines: This machine containing rectangular opening of size
equal to length and width of a brick. Pugged clay is placed in the machine
and as it comes out through the opening, it is cut into strips by wires fixed in
frames, so there bricks are called wire cut bricks.
b) Dry clay machines: In these machines, strong clay is first converted into
powder form and then water is added to form a stiff plastic paste. Such
paste is placed in mould and pressed by machine to form hard and well
shaped bricks. They carry distinct frogs and exhibit uniform texture.
Machine moulding This method proves to be economical when bricks in huge
quantity are to be manufactured at the same spot. It is also helpful for moulding
hard and string clay. These machines are broadly classified in two categories
(a)Plastic clay machines (b) Dry clay machines
a)Plastic clay machines: This machine containing rectangular opening of size
equal to length and width of a brick. Pugged clay is placed in the machine
and as it comes out through the opening, it is cut into strips by wires fixed in
frames, so there bricks are called wire cut bricks.
b) Dry clay machines: In these machines, strong clay is first converted into
powder form and then water is added to form a stiff plastic paste. Such
paste is placed in mould and pressed by machine to form hard and well
shaped bricks. They carry distinct frogs and exhibit uniform texture.
Drying:
They can be dried in open air or in artifical driers.
Artifical Driers are of 2 types : Hot floor drier and tunnel drier.
•In hot floor drier heat is applied through a furnace placed at one end of the
drier.
•Tunnel drier are heated by fuels underneath by steam pipes. They are more
economical than floor driers.
•In artifical driers temperature rarely exceeds 120 deg C.The time varies from
1 to 3 days.
In some countries bricks are dried in open air.
•They are stacked on raised ground and are protected from bad weather and
direct sunlight.
•A gap of 1.0m is left in the adjacent layers of the stacks so as to allow free
movement for the workers.
They can be dried in open air or in artifical driers.
Artifical Driers are of 2 types : Hot floor drier and tunnel drier.
•In hot floor drier heat is applied through a furnace placed at one end of the
drier.
•Tunnel drier are heated by fuels underneath by steam pipes. They are more
economical than floor driers.
•In artifical driers temperature rarely exceeds 120 deg C.The time varies from
1 to 3 days.
In some countries bricks are dried in open air.
•They are stacked on raised ground and are protected from bad weather and
direct sunlight.
•A gap of 1.0m is left in the adjacent layers of the stacks so as to allow free
movement for the workers.
Burning:
•Thisisveryimportantoperationinthemanufacturingofbrickstoimpart
hardness,strengthandmakethemdenseanddurable.
•Heatingclayupto640degreeCproducesphysicalchanges.Ifsuchclayis
cooledback,itabsorbsmoisturefromairandgetshydratedbacktoitsoriginal
state.Suchpoorlyburntclayisunstable.
•However,ifclayisheatedupto700-1000degCchemicalchangestakeplace
bywhichaluminaandsilicainclayfusetogetherresultinginacompoundwhich
isstrongandstable.
•Burningofbricksisdoneeitherinclampsorinkilns.
•Clampsaretemporarystructuresandtheyareadoptedtomanufacturebricks
onsmallscale.
•Kilnsarepermanentstructuresandtheyareadoptedtomanufacturebrickson
alargescale.
Burning in Clamp :
•The bricks and fuel are placed in alternate layers.
•Each brick tier consist of 4-5 layers of bricks.
•Space is left between the bricks for free circulation of hot
gases.
•The top and sides of the clamp are plastered with mud.
•Then a coat of cowdung is given, which prevents the escape
of heat.
•The production of bricks is 2-3 lacs andf it takes 6 months to
complete the process.
•About 60% of first class bricks can be produced through this
method.
•Thisisveryimportantoperationinthemanufacturingofbrickstoimpart
hardness,strengthandmakethemdenseanddurable.
•Heatingclayupto640degreeCproducesphysicalchanges.Ifsuchclayis
cooledback,itabsorbsmoisturefromairandgetshydratedbacktoitsoriginal
state.Suchpoorlyburntclayisunstable.
•However,ifclayisheatedupto700-1000degCchemicalchangestakeplace
bywhichaluminaandsilicainclayfusetogetherresultinginacompoundwhich
isstrongandstable.
•Burningofbricksisdoneeitherinclampsorinkilns.
•Clampsaretemporarystructuresandtheyareadoptedtomanufacturebricks
onsmallscale.
•Kilnsarepermanentstructuresandtheyareadoptedtomanufacturebrickson
alargescale.
Burning in Clamp :
•The bricks and fuel are placed in alternate layers.
•Each brick tier consist of 4-5 layers of bricks.
•Space is left between the bricks for free circulation of hot
gases.
•The top and sides of the clamp are plastered with mud.
•Then a coat of cowdung is given, which prevents the escape
of heat.
•The production of bricks is 2-3 lacs andf it takes 6 months to
complete the process.
•About 60% of first class bricks can be produced through this
method.
Kilns:
Akilnisalargeoven,whichisusedtoburnbricksunderground.
1)Intermittentkilns–discontinuousburningofbricks
2)Continuouskilns-continuousburningofbricks
Intermittentkilns:Theseareintermittentinoperation,whichmeansthattheyare
loaded,fired,cooledandunloadedandthernthenextloadingisdone.
a)Intermittentup-draughtkilns
b)Intermittentdown-draughtkilns
Continuouskilns:Thesekilnsarecontinuousinoperations.Thismeansthat
loading,firing,coolingandunloadingarecarriedoutsimultaneouslyinthesekilns.
Therearethreetypesofcontinuouskilns.
a)Bull’strenchkiln
b)Hoffman’skiln
c)Tunnelkiln
Akilnisalargeoven,whichisusedtoburnbricksunderground.
1)Intermittentkilns–discontinuousburningofbricks
2)Continuouskilns-continuousburningofbricks
Intermittentkilns:Theseareintermittentinoperation,whichmeansthattheyare
loaded,fired,cooledandunloadedandthernthenextloadingisdone.
a)Intermittentup-draughtkilns
b)Intermittentdown-draughtkilns
Continuouskilns:Thesekilnsarecontinuousinoperations.Thismeansthat
loading,firing,coolingandunloadingarecarriedoutsimultaneouslyinthesekilns.
Therearethreetypesofcontinuouskilns.
a)Bull’strenchkiln
b)Hoffman’skiln
c)Tunnelkiln
Bulls Trench Kiln
Thekilncanbemadecircularorellipticalinshape.Itisconstructedondryland,bydigginga
trench,6-9mwide,2-2.5mdeep,and100-150mlong.Gapsareleftintheouterwallfor
easyassesstothetrenchduringsettinganddrawingofbricks.
Thegreenbrickstobefiredaresetinrows,twotothreebrickswide,withholesinbetween
thatallowfeedingofcoalandasufficientflowofairthroughthesetting.
Ontopofthebricks,twolayersofbricks,coveredwithashorbrickdust,sealthesetting.The
brickworkerscreateafiringzonebydroppingfuel(coal,wood,oil,debris,andsoon)through
accessholesintheroofabovethetrench.Thetrenchcontains200-300,000bricksatatime.
SmallcircularBull'strenchkilnsuseonlyonechimney,whereasthelargerellipticalkilnsneed
twochimneys.Chimneysare6to10mhigh.
TheadvantageoftheBTKdesignisamuchgreaterenergyefficiencycompared
withclamp.Sheetmetalorboardsareusedtoroutetheairflowthroughthebricklatticesothat
freshairflowsfirstthroughtherecentlyburnedbricks,heatingtheair,thenthroughtheactive
burningzone.Theaircontinuesthroughthegreenbrickzone(pre-heatinganddryingthe
bricks),andfinallyoutthechimney,wheretherisinggasescreatesuctionwhichpullsair
throughthesystem.Thereuseofheatedairyieldssavingsinfuelcost.
Aswiththerailprocessabove,theBTKprocessiscontinuous.Ahalfdozenlabourersworking
aroundtheclockcanfireapproximately15,000–25,000bricksaday.Unliketherailprocess,in
theBTKprocessthebricksdonotmove.Instead,thelocationsatwhichthebricksareloaded,
fired,andunloadedgraduallyrotatethroughthetrench.
Thekilncanbemadecircularorellipticalinshape.Itisconstructedondryland,bydigginga
trench,6-9mwide,2-2.5mdeep,and100-150mlong.Gapsareleftintheouterwallfor
easyassesstothetrenchduringsettinganddrawingofbricks.
Thegreenbrickstobefiredaresetinrows,twotothreebrickswide,withholesinbetween
thatallowfeedingofcoalandasufficientflowofairthroughthesetting.
Ontopofthebricks,twolayersofbricks,coveredwithashorbrickdust,sealthesetting.The
brickworkerscreateafiringzonebydroppingfuel(coal,wood,oil,debris,andsoon)through
accessholesintheroofabovethetrench.Thetrenchcontains200-300,000bricksatatime.
SmallcircularBull'strenchkilnsuseonlyonechimney,whereasthelargerellipticalkilnsneed
twochimneys.Chimneysare6to10mhigh.
TheadvantageoftheBTKdesignisamuchgreaterenergyefficiencycompared
withclamp.Sheetmetalorboardsareusedtoroutetheairflowthroughthebricklatticesothat
freshairflowsfirstthroughtherecentlyburnedbricks,heatingtheair,thenthroughtheactive
burningzone.Theaircontinuesthroughthegreenbrickzone(pre-heatinganddryingthe
bricks),andfinallyoutthechimney,wheretherisinggasescreatesuctionwhichpullsair
throughthesystem.Thereuseofheatedairyieldssavingsinfuelcost.
Aswiththerailprocessabove,theBTKprocessiscontinuous.Ahalfdozenlabourersworking
aroundtheclockcanfireapproximately15,000–25,000bricksaday.Unliketherailprocess,in
theBTKprocessthebricksdonotmove.Instead,thelocationsatwhichthebricksareloaded,
fired,andunloadedgraduallyrotatethroughthetrench.
Bulls Trench Kiln
TheHoffmannKiln
TheHoffmannkilnswereintheformofa
greatcircularringchamber,withmassive
wallsandalargechimneyatthecentre,to
whichundergroundradialfluesconverged
fromtheinsidewallsofeachofthetwelve
chambers.Thechamberswerebarrel
arched(likearailwaytunnel),andinthe
roofarchestherewereseveralsmallfeed
holesthroughwhichfinecoalcouldbefed
intospacesmadeamongthebrickstobe
fired.Aroundtheouterwallorthekilnwere
thetwelveopeningsforloadingand
unloadingtheindividualfiringchambers.
Thesechamberswereseparatedfrom
eachotherbyverylargemetaldampers,
thatcouldberaisedandloweredasthefire
movedaroundthekilnfromchamberto
chamber.Itisacontinuousprocess.
TheHoffmannkilnswereintheformofa
greatcircularringchamber,withmassive
wallsandalargechimneyatthecentre,to
whichundergroundradialfluesconverged
fromtheinsidewallsofeachofthetwelve
chambers.Thechamberswerebarrel
arched(likearailwaytunnel),andinthe
roofarchestherewereseveralsmallfeed
holesthroughwhichfinecoalcouldbefed
intospacesmadeamongthebrickstobe
fired.Aroundtheouterwallorthekilnwere
thetwelveopeningsforloadingand
unloadingtheindividualfiringchambers.
Thesechamberswereseparatedfrom
eachotherbyverylargemetaldampers,
thatcouldberaisedandloweredasthefire
movedaroundthekilnfromchamberto
chamber.Itisacontinuousprocess.
Basic Brickwork Terminology
Stretcher:Thisbrickislaidwithitslength
paralleltothefacefrontordirectionofawall.The
coursecontainingstretchersiscalledstretcher
course.
Header:Thisisabricklaidwithitsbreadthor
widthparalleltothefaceorfrontordirectionof
thewall.Thecoursecontainingheadersiscalled
headercourse.
Bed:Thelowersurfaceofthebrickwhenlaidflat
isknownasbed.
BedJoint:Thehorizontallayerofmortarupon
whichthebricksarelaidisknownasabedjoint.
Perpends:Theverticaljointsseparatingthe
bricksineitherlengthareknownasperpends.
Lap:Thehorizontaldistancebetweenthevertical
jointsinsuccessivecourseareknownaslap.
Closer:Apieceofbrickwhichisused
tocloseupthebondattheendofbrick
courseisknownascloser.Ithelpsin
preventingthejointsofsuccessive
coursestocomeinverticalline.The
typesofcloserareKing,Queen,
Beveled,Mitredcloser.
Header
Stretcher
Bed
Joint
Perpend
Lap
Closer
Stretcher:Thisbrickislaidwithitslength
paralleltothefacefrontordirectionofawall.The
coursecontainingstretchersiscalledstretcher
course.
Header:Thisisabricklaidwithitsbreadthor
widthparalleltothefaceorfrontordirectionof
thewall.Thecoursecontainingheadersiscalled
headercourse.
Bed:Thelowersurfaceofthebrickwhenlaidflat
isknownasbed.
BedJoint:Thehorizontallayerofmortarupon
whichthebricksarelaidisknownasabedjoint.
Perpends:Theverticaljointsseparatingthe
bricksineitherlengthareknownasperpends.
Lap:Thehorizontaldistancebetweenthevertical
jointsinsuccessivecourseareknownaslap.
Closer:Apieceofbrickwhichisused
tocloseupthebondattheendofbrick
courseisknownascloser.Ithelpsin
preventingthejointsofsuccessive
coursestocomeinverticalline.The
typesofcloserareKing,Queen,
Beveled,Mitredcloser.
Header
Stretcher
Bed
Joint
Perpend
Lap
Closer
Different Forms of Brick
Some of the common type of bricks, depending upon the places of use are listed below :
1.Round End and Bull Nose bricks : are used to construct open drains.
2.Cant bricks : are used for doors and windows they are also called as splay bricks.
3. Double Cant bricks : is used for octagonal pillars.
4. Cornice bricks : is used for architectural point of view.
5. Plinth bricks : used at plinth level construction.
Some of the common type of bricks, depending upon the places of use are listed below :
1.Round End and Bull Nose bricks : are used to construct open drains.
2.Cant bricks : are used for doors and windows they are also called as splay bricks.
3. Double Cant bricks : is used for octagonal pillars.
4. Cornice bricks : is used for architectural point of view.
5. Plinth bricks : used at plinth level construction.
6.Perforatedbricks:arewellburntbricksbutitis
notsoundproof.
7.Hollowbricks:Theyare1/3
rd
weightofthe
normalbrickandaresoundandheatproof.
8.Coping:Thetopmostbrickcourseofparapetis
madewithcopingbricks.Thesedrainoffthe
waterfromtheparapet.
9.QueenCloser:whenbricksarecutalongits
lengthitiscalledQueencloser.Itsplacednear
thequoinheadertoobtainnecessarylap.
10.KingCloser:Whencutatoneendbyhalf
headerandhalfstretcherisknownaskingcloser.
Queen Closer King Closer
Perforated bricks
Hollow bricks
Different Forms of Brick
notsoundproof.
7.Hollowbricks:Theyare1/3
rd
weightofthe
normalbrickandaresoundandheatproof.
8.Coping:Thetopmostbrickcourseofparapetis
madewithcopingbricks.Thesedrainoffthe
waterfromtheparapet.
9.QueenCloser:whenbricksarecutalongits
lengthitiscalledQueencloser.Itsplacednear
thequoinheadertoobtainnecessarylap.
10.KingCloser:Whencutatoneendbyhalf
headerandhalfstretcherisknownaskingcloser.
Queen Closer King Closer
Perforated bricks
Hollow bricks
Different Forms of Brick
Testing of Brick
(1) Absorption
(2) Crushing strength
(3) Hardness
(4) Presence of soluble salts
(5) Shape and size
(6) Soundness
A brick is generally subjected to the following tests to find for theconstruction work :
(1)Absorption:
Abrickistakenanditis
weigheddry.Itisthen
immersedinwaterfora
periodof16hours.Itis
weighedagainandthe
differenceinweightindicates
theamountofwater
absorbedbythebrick.It
shouldnotinexceed20per
centofweightofdrybrick.
(2)Compressive/Crushing strength of
Bricks:
Thecrushingstrengthofabrickisfound
outbyplacingitinacompressiontesting
machine.Itispressedtillitbreaks.As
perBIS:1077-1957,theminimum
crushingorcompressivestrengthof
bricksis3.50N/mm2.Thebrickswith
crushingstrengthof7to14N/mm2are
gradedasAandthosehavingabove14
N/mm2aregraded.asAA.
(1) Absorption
(2) Crushing strength
(3) Hardness
(4) Presence of soluble salts
(5) Shape and size
(6) Soundness
A brick is generally subjected to the following tests to find for theconstruction work :
(1)Absorption:
Abrickistakenanditis
weigheddry.Itisthen
immersedinwaterfora
periodof16hours.Itis
weighedagainandthe
differenceinweightindicates
theamountofwater
absorbedbythebrick.It
shouldnotinexceed20per
centofweightofdrybrick.
(2)Compressive/Crushing strength of
Bricks:
Thecrushingstrengthofabrickisfound
outbyplacingitinacompressiontesting
machine.Itispressedtillitbreaks.As
perBIS:1077-1957,theminimum
crushingorcompressivestrengthof
bricksis3.50N/mm2.Thebrickswith
crushingstrengthof7to14N/mm2are
gradedasAandthosehavingabove14
N/mm2aregraded.asAA.
Testing of Brick
(3)Hardnesstestonbricks:
Inthistest,ascratchismadeonbrick
surfacewiththehelpofafingernail.Ifno
impressionisleftonthesurface,thebrick
issufficientlyhard.
(4)Presenceofsolublesalts:
Thesolublesalts,ifpresentincause
efflorescenceonthesurfaceofbricks.For
findingoutthepresenceofsolublesaltsin
abrick,itisimmersedinwaterfor24
hours.Itisthentakenoutandallowedto
dryinshade.Theabsenceofgreyorwhite
depositsonindicatesabsenceofsoluble
salts.
Ifthewhitedepositscoverabout10per
centsurface,theefflorescenceissaidtobe
slightanditisconsideredasmoderate,
whenthewhitedepositscoverabout50per
centofsurface.Ifgreyorwhitedeposits
arefoundonmorethan50percentof
surface,theefflorescencebecomesheavy
anditistreatedasserious,whensuch
depositsareconvertedintopowderymass.
(5)Shapeandsize:
Inthistest,abrickiscloselyinspected.Itshould
beofstandardsizeanditsshapeshouldbetruly
rectangularwithsharpedges.Forthispurpose,
20bricksofstandardsizeareselectedatrandom
andtheyarestackedlengthwise,alongthewidth
andalongtheheight.
(6)Soundnesstestonbrick:
Inthistest,thetwobricksaretakenandthey
arestruckwitheachother.Thebricksshould
notbreakandaclearringingsoundshouldbe
produced.
(3)Hardnesstestonbricks:
Inthistest,ascratchismadeonbrick
surfacewiththehelpofafingernail.Ifno
impressionisleftonthesurface,thebrick
issufficientlyhard.
(4)Presenceofsolublesalts:
Thesolublesalts,ifpresentincause
efflorescenceonthesurfaceofbricks.For
findingoutthepresenceofsolublesaltsin
abrick,itisimmersedinwaterfor24
hours.Itisthentakenoutandallowedto
dryinshade.Theabsenceofgreyorwhite
depositsonindicatesabsenceofsoluble
salts.
Ifthewhitedepositscoverabout10per
centsurface,theefflorescenceissaidtobe
slightanditisconsideredasmoderate,
whenthewhitedepositscoverabout50per
centofsurface.Ifgreyorwhitedeposits
arefoundonmorethan50percentof
surface,theefflorescencebecomesheavy
anditistreatedasserious,whensuch
depositsareconvertedintopowderymass.
(5)Shapeandsize:
Inthistest,abrickiscloselyinspected.Itshould
beofstandardsizeanditsshapeshouldbetruly
rectangularwithsharpedges.Forthispurpose,
20bricksofstandardsizeareselectedatrandom
andtheyarestackedlengthwise,alongthewidth
andalongtheheight.
(6)Soundnesstestonbrick:
Inthistest,thetwobricksaretakenandthey
arestruckwitheachother.Thebricksshould
notbreakandaclearringingsoundshouldbe
produced.
Bonds in Brick Work
Themannerofoverlappingbricksforconstructionofwalliscalledbrickbond.Manytypesof
bondsareusedindifferentwaysforconstructionofbrickwallsorbrickpillars.Goodbrick
bondscanensurethestrengthofabuildingandaestheticbeautyofbrickwalls,brickpillars
andentirebrickworksdependsonthequalityofbonds.ForexampleEnglishbondiswidely
usedinconstructionworkandisconsideredtobethestrongestbond.
Somerulestobeobservedforgettingagoodbrickareas
follows:
1.Theamountoflapshouldbemin1/4
th
brickalongits
lengthandone-halfbrickalongitsthicknessofthe
wall.
2.Thebrickshouldbeofuniformsizetogetuniformlap.
3.Theuseofbrickbatsandcloserforbetteralignment.
4.Theverticaljointsinthealternatecoursesshouldbe
alongthesameperpend.
Themannerofoverlappingbricksforconstructionofwalliscalledbrickbond.Manytypesof
bondsareusedindifferentwaysforconstructionofbrickwallsorbrickpillars.Goodbrick
bondscanensurethestrengthofabuildingandaestheticbeautyofbrickwalls,brickpillars
andentirebrickworksdependsonthequalityofbonds.ForexampleEnglishbondiswidely
usedinconstructionworkandisconsideredtobethestrongestbond.
Somerulestobeobservedforgettingagoodbrickareas
follows:
1.Theamountoflapshouldbemin1/4
th
brickalongits
lengthandone-halfbrickalongitsthicknessofthe
wall.
2.Thebrickshouldbeofuniformsizetogetuniformlap.
3.Theuseofbrickbatsandcloserforbetteralignment.
4.Theverticaljointsinthealternatecoursesshouldbe
alongthesameperpend.
StretcherBond
Allbricksarearrangedinstretchercourseinthisbond.
ThefollowingaresomefeaturesofStretcherbond.
•Allbrickslaidinstretchercoursecreatestretcherbond.
•Thisbondisusefulforhalfbrickwall/partitionwalls.
•Thereisnoheaderinsuchwalls.
•Theoverlap,whichisusuallyofhalfbrick,isobtained
bycommencingeachalternatecoursewithahalfbrick
bat.
HeaderBond
Allbricksarearrangedinheadercourses.Thefollowing
aresomefeaturesofheaderbond.
•Thisbrickbondisusedforcurvedsurfaceinbrickwork
•Itisnotsuitableforloadbearingwallsbecauseitdoes
nothavestrengthtotransmitpressure.
•Theoverlap,whichisusually-ofhalfthewidthofthe
brickisobtainedbyintroducingathree-quarterbatin
eachalternatecourseatquoins.
•Thisbondischieflyusedforfootingsinfoundationsfor
bettertransversedistributionofload.
Allbricksarearrangedinstretchercourseinthisbond.
ThefollowingaresomefeaturesofStretcherbond.
•Allbrickslaidinstretchercoursecreatestretcherbond.
•Thisbondisusefulforhalfbrickwall/partitionwalls.
•Thereisnoheaderinsuchwalls.
•Theoverlap,whichisusuallyofhalfbrick,isobtained
bycommencingeachalternatecoursewithahalfbrick
bat.
HeaderBond
Allbricksarearrangedinheadercourses.Thefollowing
aresomefeaturesofheaderbond.
•Thisbrickbondisusedforcurvedsurfaceinbrickwork
•Itisnotsuitableforloadbearingwallsbecauseitdoes
nothavestrengthtotransmitpressure.
•Theoverlap,whichisusually-ofhalfthewidthofthe
brickisobtainedbyintroducingathree-quarterbatin
eachalternatecourseatquoins.
•Thisbondischieflyusedforfootingsinfoundationsfor
bettertransversedistributionofload.
EnglishBond
Thisbondiswidelyusedandisconsidered
asthestrongestbondinbrickwork.The
followingaresomefeaturesofEnglish
bond.
•Alternatecourses/layersconsistofstretcher
andheader.
•Queencloserisputnexttoquoinheaderto
developfacelap.
•InEnglishbond,aheadingcourseshould
neverstartwithaqueencloserasitisliable
togetdisplacedinthisposition.
•Eachalternatecourse/layerofheaderis
centrallysupportedoverstretcher.
•Thenumberofmortarjointsinheader
courseisnearlydoublethanthatmadein
stretchercourse.
•Thebricksinalternatecourseshavestraight
joints.
Thisbondiswidelyusedandisconsidered
asthestrongestbondinbrickwork.The
followingaresomefeaturesofEnglish
bond.
•Alternatecourses/layersconsistofstretcher
andheader.
•Queencloserisputnexttoquoinheaderto
developfacelap.
•InEnglishbond,aheadingcourseshould
neverstartwithaqueencloserasitisliable
togetdisplacedinthisposition.
•Eachalternatecourse/layerofheaderis
centrallysupportedoverstretcher.
•Thenumberofmortarjointsinheader
courseisnearlydoublethanthatmadein
stretchercourse.
•Thebricksinalternatecourseshavestraight
joints.
FlemishBond
InFlemishbond,eachcourseconsistsof
alternateheadersandstretchers.The
alternateheadersofeachcourseare
centredoverthestretchersinthecourse
below.Everyalternatecoursestartswitha
headeratthecorner.Forthebreakingof
verticaljointsinthesuccessivecourses,
closersareinsertedinalternatecourses
nexttothequoinheader.Inwallshaving
theirthicknessequaltooddnumberofhalf
bricks,batsareessentiallyusedtoachieve
thebond.
Flemish bonds may be further classified as
(a) Double Flemish Bond
(b) Single Flemish Bond.
InFlemishbond,eachcourseconsistsof
alternateheadersandstretchers.The
alternateheadersofeachcourseare
centredoverthestretchersinthecourse
below.Everyalternatecoursestartswitha
headeratthecorner.Forthebreakingof
verticaljointsinthesuccessivecourses,
closersareinsertedinalternatecourses
nexttothequoinheader.Inwallshaving
theirthicknessequaltooddnumberofhalf
bricks,batsareessentiallyusedtoachieve
thebond.
Flemish bonds may be further classified as
(a) Double Flemish Bond
(b) Single Flemish Bond.
SingleFlemishBond
ThisbondisacombinationofEnglishbondandFlemishbond.Inthisworkthefacingof
thewallconsistsofFlemishbondandthebackingconsistsofEnglishbondineach
course.Thistypeofbondingcannotbeadoptedinwallslessthanoneandahalfbrickin
thickness.ThisbondisadoptedtopresenttheattractiveappearanceofFlemishbondwith
anefforttoensurefullstrengthinthebrickwork.
1 1/2 brick thk
ThisbondisacombinationofEnglishbondandFlemishbond.Inthisworkthefacingof
thewallconsistsofFlemishbondandthebackingconsistsofEnglishbondineach
course.Thistypeofbondingcannotbeadoptedinwallslessthanoneandahalfbrickin
thickness.ThisbondisadoptedtopresenttheattractiveappearanceofFlemishbondwith
anefforttoensurefullstrengthinthebrickwork.
1 1/2 brick thk
DoubleFlemishbond
InDoubleFlemishBond,eachcoursepresentsthesameappearancebothinthefrontand
backelevations.Everycourseconsistsofheadersandstretcherslaidalternately.This
typeofbondisbestsuitedfromconsiderationsofeconomyandappearance.Itenables
theonebrickwalltohaveflushanduniformfacesonboththesides.Thistypeof
bondingiscomparativelyweakerthanEnglishbond.
1 brick thk
InDoubleFlemishBond,eachcoursepresentsthesameappearancebothinthefrontand
backelevations.Everycourseconsistsofheadersandstretcherslaidalternately.This
typeofbondisbestsuitedfromconsiderationsofeconomyandappearance.Itenables
theonebrickwalltohaveflushanduniformfacesonboththesides.Thistypeof
bondingiscomparativelyweakerthanEnglishbond.
1 brick thk
EnglishCrossBond
ThisisamodificationofEnglishbond,
usedtoimprovetheappearanceofthe
wall.Thisbondcombinesthe
requirementsofbeautyandstrength.
Specialfeaturesofthebondareas
follows.
•Alternatecoursesofheadersand
stretchersareprovidedasinEnglish
bond.
•Queencloserisputnexttoheaderto
developfacelap.
•Aheaderisintroducednexttothequoin
stretcherineveryalternatestretcher
course.
•Thisbondissufficientlystrongand
bearsagoodelevation.
ThisisamodificationofEnglishbond,
usedtoimprovetheappearanceofthe
wall.Thisbondcombinesthe
requirementsofbeautyandstrength.
Specialfeaturesofthebondareas
follows.
•Alternatecoursesofheadersand
stretchersareprovidedasinEnglish
bond.
•Queencloserisputnexttoheaderto
developfacelap.
•Aheaderisintroducednexttothequoin
stretcherineveryalternatestretcher
course.
•Thisbondissufficientlystrongand
bearsagoodelevation.
Raking bond:
Thisisabondinbrickworkinwhichthebondingbricksarelaidatanyangleotherthan
zeroorninetydegrees.Thisarrangementhelpstoincreasethelongitudinalstabilityofthick
wallsbuiltinEnglishbond.Inthisarrangementofbonding,thespacebetweentheexternal
stretchersofawallisfilledwithbricksinclinedtothefaceofthewall.Thisbondis
introducedatcertainintervalsalongtheheightofawall.
There arc two common forms of raking bond ;
(a)Herring hone bond
(b)Diagonal bond.
(a)Herring-bonebond.Thistypeofbondisbestsuitedfor
verythickwallsusuallynotlessthanfourbricksthick.In
thisarrangementofbrickwork,bricksarelaidincourse
inclinedat45°intwodirectionsfromthecentre.Thisbond
isalsocommonlyusedforbrickpaving.
(b)Diagonalbond.Thisbondisbestsuitedforwalls
whichare2to4brickthick.Thisbondisusually
introducedateveryfifthorseventhcoursealongthe
heightofthewall.Inthisbond,thebricksareplaced
endtoendinsuchawaythatextremecornersofthe
seriesremainincontactwiththestretchers.
Thisisabondinbrickworkinwhichthebondingbricksarelaidatanyangleotherthan
zeroorninetydegrees.Thisarrangementhelpstoincreasethelongitudinalstabilityofthick
wallsbuiltinEnglishbond.Inthisarrangementofbonding,thespacebetweentheexternal
stretchersofawallisfilledwithbricksinclinedtothefaceofthewall.Thisbondis
introducedatcertainintervalsalongtheheightofawall.
There arc two common forms of raking bond ;
(a)Herring hone bond
(b)Diagonal bond.
(a)Herring-bonebond.Thistypeofbondisbestsuitedfor
verythickwallsusuallynotlessthanfourbricksthick.In
thisarrangementofbrickwork,bricksarelaidincourse
inclinedat45°intwodirectionsfromthecentre.Thisbond
isalsocommonlyusedforbrickpaving.
(b)Diagonalbond.Thisbondisbestsuitedforwalls
whichare2to4brickthick.Thisbondisusually
introducedateveryfifthorseventhcoursealongthe
heightofthewall.Inthisbond,thebricksareplaced
endtoendinsuchawaythatextremecornersofthe
seriesremainincontactwiththestretchers.
DutchBond
ThisisanothermodificationofEnglishbond,
inthebondthecornersofthebondare
strengthened.Specialfeaturesofthisbondare
asfollows:
•Alternatecoursesofheadersandstretchersare
providedasinEnglishbond.
•Everystretchercoursestartsatthequoinwith
thethreequarterbat.
•Ineveryalternatestretchercourse,aheaderis
placednexttothethreequarterbrickbat
providedatthequoin.
Zig-Zagbond:
Thisissimilartoherring-bonebondwiththe
onlydifferencethatinthiscasethebricksare
laidinazig-zagfashion.Thisiscommonly
adoptedinbrickpavedflooring.
ThisisanothermodificationofEnglishbond,
inthebondthecornersofthebondare
strengthened.Specialfeaturesofthisbondare
asfollows:
•Alternatecoursesofheadersandstretchersare
providedasinEnglishbond.
•Everystretchercoursestartsatthequoinwith
thethreequarterbat.
•Ineveryalternatestretchercourse,aheaderis
placednexttothethreequarterbrickbat
providedatthequoin.
Zig-Zagbond:
Thisissimilartoherring-bonebondwiththe
onlydifferencethatinthiscasethebricksare
laidinazig-zagfashion.Thisiscommonly
adoptedinbrickpavedflooring.
Masonry Joints
Concave
Flush
Racked
Concave
Struck
Weathered
Vee
Concave Joints RakedJoints
Weathered Joint:Mortar joint has
sloped (downwards) edge
Concave joint:Joint concave inwards
Veejoint:mortar joint is in the form of a
V
Flush Joint:Mortar joint is flush with
the brick surfaces
Raked Joint:A large portion of the
mortar joint is raked out -Not a safe,
impermeable joint
Struck Joint:Mortar joint has a sloped
(upwards) edge
Concave
Flush
Racked
Concave
Struck
Weathered
Vee
Concave Joints RakedJoints
Weathered Joint:Mortar joint has
sloped (downwards) edge
Concave joint:Joint concave inwards
Veejoint:mortar joint is in the form of a
V
Flush Joint:Mortar joint is flush with
the brick surfaces
Raked Joint:A large portion of the
mortar joint is raked out -Not a safe,
impermeable joint
Struck Joint:Mortar joint has a sloped
(upwards) edge
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