Brinjal seed production for gkvk 31 10-18

Brinjal seed production for gkvk 31 10-18

1. Dr . T.H.Singh , Principal Scientist Division of Vegetable Crops IIHR, Hessaraghatta Lake Post; Bangalore-560 089 Phone:[phone] extn 284; Mob;09449658713 Email: Singh . H [email protected] / [email protected] ADVANCES IN SEED & HYBRID PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES IN EGGPLANT

2. Introduction: Brinjal or Egg plant or Aurburgin Solanum melongena L. (2n = 24) Origin – Asia or Indo-Burma region Brinjal is one of the most important Solanaceous vegetable besides Tomato, Chilies and Capsicum. It has varied consumer preference based on colour, size and shape It is consumed as cooked, stuffed and fried vegetable Baingan ka bartha , Vangibath and Guttivankayee Kura. It is rich in minerals, iron, calcium and vitamins (A & B) and good for pregnant women

3. Eggplant is a Complete food

4. Botanical varieties: Round or Egg shaped: S. melongena var. esculentum Long or Slender shaped: S. melongena var. serpentinum Dwarf plant type: S. melongena var. depressium

5. Different developmental stages of brinjal Source: Agarwal and Munshi, 2008

6. GERMPLASM SOURCES International : AVRDC, Taiwan IBPGR, Italy Central Institute of Agriculture, Puerto Rico National Horticulture Research Institute, Nigeria National: NBPGR, New Delhi IIVR, Varanasi IIHR, Bangalore SAU’s (State Agricultural Universities)

7. Per cent Share Crop Hybrids Varieties Local Eggplant 17.80 50.00 32.20 Seed Association of India

8. Hybrids/varieties released at national level Crop Variety Hybrid Production recommendations Brinjal 57 34 30

9. seed Requirement and Availability of Solanaceaous Crops Vegetable Seed requirement (t) Seed availability (t) Replacement (%) Brinjal 239.64 151.87 63.40

10. High yielding F 1 hybrids of developed by Public sectors Institutions Eggplant Hybrid Days to first harvest after planting Av. yield (t/ha) IIHR Arka Navneet (Oblong fruit) 65-76 65-70 Arka Anand (Green long BW ) 55-65 60-65 IARI Pusa Hybrid-5 (Purple long) Pusa Hybrid-6 (Purple Round) Pusa Hybrid-9 (Purple Round) 50-55 55-60 55-60 55 45 50

11. Seed rate for open pollinated varieties Crops Seed rate (g/ha) Tomato 400-500 Brinjal 400-500 (250-300g) Chilli 500-600 Capsicum 400-600 For Hybrids 100-120g

12. Isolation distance Crop Breeders seed (m) Foundation seed (m) Tomato 100 50 Brinjal 200 100 Chilli 500 300 Okra 500 200 Pea 100 50 Cucurbits 1500 800 Cole crops 3000 1600 Root crops 1600 1000 Onion 1600 1000 Spinach beet 1600 600 Methi 100 50

13. Variability in Brinjal Green fruited type Purple fruited type Variability in fruit shape and colour

14. GENETIC VARIABILITY

15. Variability in brinjal

16. Variability in brinjal

17. Wild related Solanum species S. khasianum S. gilo S. integrifolium S. sisymbrifolium S. incanum

18. S. aethiopicum S. nigrum S.macrocarpon S. gilo S. incanum S. sisymbriifolium S. mammosum S. xanthocarpum s.torvum Wild Relatives

19. Solanum macrocarpon

20. FLORAL BIOLOGY Brinjal is a day-neutral plant It is self-pollinated crop but cross-pollination also occur in it 10-25% of cross pollination is reported Cross-pollination is due to heteromophic flower structure Anthesis and anther dehiscence normally go together at 16 hrs Stigma receptivity ranges from a day prior to flower opening to 4 days after opening Pollen is most fertile immediately after anther dehiscence

21. HETEROMORPHIC FLOWER STRUCTURE ( Krishnamurthi and Subramaniam , 1954 )

22. Inputs Required for raising good crop for seed production: Soil : Clay loam pH : 5.5-6.0 Season : June-July, Oct-Nov, Jan- Feb Temp – 13 to 21 °C Seed rate : Varieties – 250-300g/ha Hybrids – 150-200g/ha Fertilizers : Varieties – 120kg N, 80kg P, 50kg K Hybrids – 180kg N, 150kg P, 120kg K Inputs:

23. Nursery Management : Raised Beds :80cm width,15cm height,convenient length & Pro-Trays FYM : 10kg/sq m Fertilizer mixture : 100g/sq m (15:15:15) Spacing : 10cm between rows Seed depth : 0.5cm Plant protection : Carbofuron (2.5g/sq m), Drenching (Captaf – 2.0g/l or COC– 4.0g/l) Mulching : Straw/grass Germination : 6-8 DAS Drenching : Captaf – 2.0g/l or COC – 4.0g/l Inter cultivation : Weeding & thinning Hardening : 1 week before transplanting Spary : Cymbush/Systemic insecticide(0.5ml/l) Transplanting : 3-4 true leaves / 4-6 weeks

24. Transplanting: Land preparation: Fine tilth FYM : 25-30 t/ha Fertilizers : Varieties – Entire FYM + P + K + 50% N t land preparation,50% N 30DAT Hybrids - Entire FYM + P + K + 25% N at land preparation, 25% N 30DAT, 25% N 45-60 DAT Spacing : Varieties - 90 x 40cm (27,500 plants/ha) Hybrids – 100 x 50cm (20,000 plants/ha) Transplanting : Ridges and furrows Intercultivation : Earthing-up 30 & 45DAT, weeding

25. Raised Bed Plug/ pro-tray

26. Plant Protection: DAT Chemical & dose Pest Season 10-30 Monocrotophos (1.5ml/l) Dicofol (2.0ml/l) Jassids Mites Summer, Kharif 35 Cypermethrin (1.0ml/l) Chlorothaloni ( Kavach – 2.0g/l) or Captofol (2.0g/l) Shoot & fruit borer, root weevil Cercospora leaf spot Summer, Kharif Kharif 60-75 Carbaryl (4.0g/l) or Cypermethrin (1.0ml/l) Fruit borer Summer, Kharif & Rabi * Use sticker while spraying, alter the schedule depending on the incidence & severity

27. Need for Hybrids (Advantages) Early and high yield. Uniformity in fruit size, shape and colour. Improved in fruit quality and Shininess attributes(Traits). Possibility of multiple stress resistance( Disease & pest Resistance). Wide adoptability to varied climatic conditions. High economic returns.

28. Acceptable Size, Shape and Colours

29. Hybridization kit:   Forceps Scissors Plastic container Electric Bulb Muslin cloth Fine brush Plastic ring with cavity Steps in Hybrid seed production Hand Emasculation Hand pollination Seed extraction

30. Anthesis and Fertilization Stamens dehisce at the same time stigma is receptive. At temperature of 20-22 C and 50-55 % RH, pollen viability is retained for 8-10 days. Anthesis starts from7.30 a.m. and continues up to 11 am. Pollen dehiscence starts from 9.30 a.m. to 10.00 am

31. Hybrid Seed Production Techniques: Raising of Male and female parental lines 1. Raise male parent 7 to 10 days prior to female parents   2. Ratio of female: male = 3-4:1. 3. Rouging in female and male parents.   Seedling stage : Pigmented and Non pigmented. Before flower Plant habit : tall, erect, spreading, bushy Stem characteristics: Pigmentation on stem spiny and non spiny iii) Early flowering and fruit developing stage General plant habit Flower : Flowering habit and colour Calyx: Colour , size and spininess Fruit : Colour, shape and fruit habit vi) Fruiting stage: Fruit colour and shininess. Fruit shape and size. Calyx colour, size and spininess

32. Important steps involved in hybrid seed production are: I ) Production of parental lines: Sowing: Sow male and female parental lines separately, adjust the sowing period to coincide flowering sow male parent two weeks prior to female to ensure sufficient supply of pollen. Planting: Plant male and female lines separately (100mt). Maintain female to male ratio at 3-4:1 II) Hybridization i) Emasculation: Remove the anthers with the help of forceps or needle. Emasculate the flower buds which are expected to open next day.

33.   III Cross pollination : a)  Collection of pollen: Collect the flower buds expected to open next day from male parent. Collect the flower buds in the previous evening and store in polythene covers. Next day morning separate the pollen from anthers and collect in a container.   b) Pollination : Transfer the pollen collected from male line to the stigmatic surface of emasculated flower of female line. Dust the pollen and dip the stigmatic surface into the container having pollen. Attempt bud pollination between 7.30 to 10.30 am .

34. iv) Seed collection, extraction and drying : Harvest only the fruits which are completely ripe. Extract the seeds by cutting or crushing the fruits. Dry the seeds under shade, then in oven at 30 o C.   v ) Rouging stages and main characters to be considered : Rouging can be followed right from nursery stages. Rouging can be followed at 3 important stages. i) Before flowering: Plant habit: tall, erect, spreading, bushy. Stem characters: Pigmentation on stem, spiny or non-spiny. Leaf characters: Size, shape, spininess, pigmentation. ii) Early flowering and fruit fruit developing: General plant habit Flower :- flowering habit, colour Calyx :- Colour, size and spininess Fruit:- Colour, shape, fruit habit iii) Fruiting: Fruit colour and shininess. Fruit shape and size.Calyx colour, size and spininess

35. Seed yield: An average yield of 200 kg of F 1 seeds can be obtained per hectare . Good seed yield about 300-350kg/ha 1 kg fruits yield about 3-5g seeds 10g seed yield/plant (2 kg fruits ) upto 15-25g/pt 1000 seeds weigh 3-4 g.

36. Economics of Hybrid Seed Production in Brinjal ( per ha.)   Item (Amt. in Rs.) 1. CROP RAISING 30,000 2. HYBRIDIZATION 40,000 3. HARVESTING AND SEED EXTRACTION 10,000 ______________________________________________________________________  Total cost 80,000 ______________________________________________________________________SEED YIELD 200Kg  GROSS RETURNS 2,00,000* NET RETURNS 1,20,000 * Hybrid seed procurement price @ Rs 1000/ kg

37. Seed extraction methods There are two basic methods used for the extraction of eggplant seed. Wet extraction process :- There is a general tendency to favour to the wet extraction especially in large-scale seed production Dry extraction process :- The dry process is still favoured where relatively small amount of seeds are produced

38. Fruits selected for seed extraction Extraction method

39. Wet extraction For the primary extraction of eggplant seeds, the fruits are cut and crushed, and the seed separated from the fruit pulp and debris. It is necessary to add extra water during and after crushing in order to improve the separation. Usually the fruits are crushed, and the seeds are extracted by washing and sieving. Extraction should be started in the morning hours so that the seed is at least half dried till evening or else there is danger of its germination in the process.

40. Normally the seeds are scooped out manually from the cut or crushed fruits. An axial-flow vegetable extracting machine ( Verma and Singh, 1988) can also be used for extracting the seeds from Brinjal fruits. Mechanical extraction method is cheap, quicker and had no adverse effect on seed quality.

41. Chemical method The seeds extracted by this machine may again be treated with concentrated HCl @ 2-3 ml/kg seed with equal volume of water for 3-5 minutes with constant stirring and then seed should be washed with water for three to four times. Brinjal seed extractor

42. Seed extraction machine

43. Drying and storage The over-ripe fruits are dried in the sun until they shrivel. In the purple and purple-black cultivars the drying out is accompanied by fading of the skin colour to a coppery brown colour. The fruit are then hand beaten and dried seeds hand extracted. This method is time consuming and laborious, but is used in some countries for production of relatively small seed-lots when ripe fruits are accumulated over several weeks and hand labour is available for the final extraction .

44. After thorough washing, the seeds are dried immediately either in thin layers on screen-bottom trays to the sun and wind or by one of the artificial methods. The seeds are also spread on the threshing floor or tarpaulin in thin layer for drying. The dried seed having minimum moisture content should be properly processed, grade, packed and then stored in a cool a dry place.

45. Hybrid seed production in brinjal Seed village concept Hybrid seed Production in farmer’s filed Seed village concept

46. Hybrids released under AICRP (VC) Hybrids produced by NSC/KSSC 1.Arka Navneet 2.Arka Anand Arka Navneet 3.Kat-4 Pusa Hybrid-5 4.Pusa Hybrid-6 Pusa Hybrid-6 5.Pusa Hybrid-5 Pusa Hybrid-9 6. Pusa hybrid-2 7. PBH-6 8.ARBH-201 9.NDBH-1 10.ABN-1 11.MHB-10 12.MHB-39 13.ABH-2 14.NDBH-6 15. Phule Hybrid-2 51 16.ARBH-6 17.JBH-1

47. Commercially Popular Hybrids Name of hybrid Company Fruit Type Kalpataru Mahyco Manjari gota MEBH- 9 Mahyco Green long MEBH-39) Mahyco Ravaiyya Mohini Nunhems Manjarigota Super mohini Nunhems Manjarigota Ravaiyya Nunhems Ravaiyya Suphal Indam Purple oblong NS509 Namdari Manjarigota Apsars Namdari Manjarigota NS1720 Namdari Bright purple Nisha Namdari Deep purple

48. Commercially Popular Hybrids Name of hybrid Company Fruit Type Rangeela Golden Seeds Manjarigota GS101 Golden Seeds Manjarigota Manjari Seminis Seeds Manjarigota Manju Syngenta Seeds Manjarigota Sunder Namdari Seeds Deep purple

49. Promising germplasm lines at IIHR IIHR-559 Polur Local Type Green Round with stripes

50. IIHR-586 Bottle Brinjal type Purple Oblong type/bottle Brinjal Promising germplasm lines at IIHR

51. Pusa Hybrid-9 Pusa Hybrid-5

52. Punjab Neelam Punjab Moti Punjab Barsat Punjab Sadabahar BHL-2 BHL-1

53. Pant Samrat Azad Kranti Arka Nidhi Kashi Sandesh Kalpataru

54. Brinjal - Arka Navneeth Brinjal - Arka Nidhi Tall & compact plants Bearing medium long fruits in clusters, Blue black flossy fruit skin with green purple calyx. Dark green leaves with purple leaf base and purple veins, when young. Deep purple green stem. Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principles. Resistant to bacterial wilt. Duration 150 days. Yield: 48.5 t/ha Green angular leaves Large oval fruits wth deep purple shiny skin Calyx- green, thick & fleshy Avg. fruit weight: 450g Duration: 150-160 days Yield: 65-70 t/ha

55. Brinjal - Arka Neelkanth Brinjal - Arka Keshav Tall & branched plants bearing long fruits in clusters. Red purple glossy fruit skin with green calyx Green leaves with purple leaf base and purple veins when young. Light purple green stem. Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principles. Resistant to bacterial wilt. Duration 150 days. Yield(t/ha): 45.0 Tall & compact plants Bearing small fruits in clusters. Violet blue glossy fruit skin with green purple calyx. Dark green leaves with purple leaf base and purple veins when young. Purple green stem Fruits tender with slow seed maturity with no bitter principles. Resistant to bacterial wilt. Duration 150 days. Yield: 43.0 t/ha

56. Brinjal - Arka Shirish ·  Tall plants, green leaves with white flowers · Fruits green, extra long. · Solitary bearing habit. · Duration 140-150 days. · Yield: 39.0 t/ha Medium Tall plants with Spreading plant habit with green stem & green leaves. Flowers white, green small fruits borne in cluster. Soft texture with good cooking quality. Crop Duration 140-150 days. Average yield is 40 t/ha. Brinjal- Arka Kusumakar

57. BWR Hybrid Plant Tall& Spreading Fruits are dark green Fruit Length 22-25cm Fruit Diameter 3.0-3.5cm Average fruit Wt 60-70g Resistant to BW Yield t/ha 65-70t/ha Arka Anand

58. ARKA HARSHITHA -4 ) - Medium tall and spreading plants -Dark green stem with dark green foliage - Fruits are Dark green - Flowers are white in colour & born in cluster - Less seed content and Slow seed maturity -Lees browning -Good keeping and cooking quality. -Excellent for preparing vaingi bath -Yield about 38-40t/ha - Resistant to bacterial wilt ARKA AVINASH The plants are tall and spreading Dark green foliage Fruits green long fruits with fleshy green calyx, Smooth texture and Less browning Flowers are white in colour & born in cluster Contains less seeds and Slow seed maturity Good keeping and cooking quality Yield about 40-44t/ha and BWR ARKA UNNATHI Plants are tall & erect habit & vigorous growth, Fruit are dark green with fleshy green calyx. Flowers are Purple in colour Fruits are born in cluster Yield about 36-38t/ha Resistant to bacterial wilt Bacterial wilt resistant Varieties

59. Hybrid in Pipe Line

60. Advanced breeding lines Resistant BW IIHR-3 IIHR-5 IIHR-7

61. Manjarigota F 1 Hybrid in Pipe Line Fruits purple with white striped Bears in cluster Yield 50-55t/ha

62. Manjari gota F 1 hybrid

63. NS 509 F 1

64. APSARA F 1

65. NISHA F 1

66. Thanks