Bronchial asthma in that Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment ppt

Bronchial asthma made By Sonal Patel use in ISN

1. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

2. BRONCHIAL ASTHAMA: The word ‘asthma’ means struggling for breath. It is chronic inflammatory disorders of the lower airway due to temporary narrowing of bronchi by bronchospasm , manifested as dyspnea , wheezing and excessive cough.

3. Etiological Factors: Bronchial asthma is multifactorial Predisposing factors: Heredity Labile and over conscientious nature. Excitatory factors: Allergic to certain foreign substances produce allergic Asthma. Inhalation of pollen, wool, Feather, animal hair, cotton seeds, smoke, powder and dust. Ingestion of foods, like egg, some fish, meat, chocolate, Wheat, food additives. Respiratory infections. Worm infestations. Change in climate. Emotional disturbances due to stress, anxiety. Excessive fatigue, exhaustion and exercise.

4. CLASSIFICATION: Allergic or extrinsic asthma: It is produced by a hyperimmune response to the inhalation of specific allergen. The children with this asthma have positive family history of allergy. Nonallergic or intrinsic asthma: It is produced in response to unidentified factors of the environment. No hyperimmune response is produced. Inhalation of irritants like cigarette smoke, odor of soap and perfumes, air pollution may induce the episodes of bronchospasm .

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

6. COMPLICATION: The most common complication of bronchial asthma is emphysema. Other complications is: Severe hypoxemia, Cardiac arrhythmias, Atelectasis , Pneumothorex , Cor pulmonale , Respiratory failure, and congestive cardiac failure. Psychological problems and prolonged use of steroids may complicate the condition.

7. DIAGNOSIS: HISTORY OF ILLNRSS: It should be taken in detail especially for Allergy, Infections, Foreign body aspiration, Filariasis , etc. Physical examination to be done thoroughly by Auscultation. HOSPITAL TESTS: Pulmonary function test, Absolute eosinophil counts, Chest x-ray and Allergy test.

8. MANAGEMENT: Medical Management Nursing Management MEDICAL MANAGEMENT: Childhood asthma should be managed therapeuticallyfor the prevention of acute attacks. Medications, Chest physiotherapy, Exercise, Counselling, Avoidance of allergens and irritants are important aspects of management. DRUG THERAPY: Drug therapy in bronchial asthma help the child in rest,sleep , normal physical activity. It promotes bronchodilation , reduces inflammation and removes bronchial secretions. The drugs commonly used for treatment is: Beta Adregenic agonists- Salbutamol , Salmeterol . Methylxanthines - Aminophylline . Corticosteroids – Prednisolone , Adrenaline. Anticholinergics - Atropine Derivatives. Other drugs- To manage acute asthma like IV infusion of magnesium sulphate.

9. ADDITIONAL MEASURES: Mild tranquilizers to remove anxiety and emotional stress. Expectorants to remove excessive secretions. Antibiotics to treat infections. Oxygen therapy in severe respiratory distress and cyanosis. IV fluid therapy to maintain fluid electrolyte balance and to correct metabolic acidosis. Comfortable prop-up/sitting position to relief respiratory distress. Clam and quiet environment to provide rest and supportive measures with good nursing care.

10. NURSING MANAGEMENT: Evaluating respiratory status and patient’s general condition. Provide emotional support and necessary instructions. Positioning-comfortable sitting position and supporting. Administering medications. Administering oxygen therapy. Administering fluid therapy. Maintaining adequate dietary intake. Providing rest and sleep. Maintenance of hygienic measures. Supporting parents and family members

11. PROGNOSIS: Prognosis depends upon frequency, severity and duration of attacks. Asthma is not fatal unless severe complications are developed. Childhood asthma may continue to adult life as long-term chronic illness. Relatively the condition has good prognosis.