BS H B. Psychology Introduction- ppt 2.pptx

Introduction of psychology in human behavior

1. HUMAN BEHAVIOR .1 Learning Outcomes Psychology . brief review Definitions , . -Understanding goals of psychology - Human Psychology The Goals -Major Trends in Development of Psychology

2. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Lecture Discussion Topics Introduction to & Definitions of Psychology -Understanding goals of psychology R elevance to business management - Development of Psychology -Major Trends , -Biological Basis of Behavior

3. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Learning outcomes The students will learn about the history of ‘psychology; as well as the different perspectives interpretations regarding , Its origin .and its applications besides the scholarly definitions and areas of study. The study of psychology as a scholarly discipline ,from the “clinical “ and “biological” point of view & aspects and understand its impact on the human beings Psychology provides tools to help us gain insight into our own behavior, as well as our relationships with others. The use of Psychology ,as a scientific method to a ‘problem-solving tool ’. teaches to think critically by encouraging’ open-mindedness ,’ ‘ intellectual curiosity ,’ and ‘evaluation of reasons’. Its guidance towards critically thinking and objectivity when applying principles to issues, people , and problems .

4. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Psychology “ “ Definitions” What is “ Psychology” ? “Psychology is the’ scientific study of human behavior’ that is tested through scientific research .” ‘ Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior , It is the study of the mind, how it works, and how it affects behavior.’ - American Psychology Association Psychology is the study of The mental characteristics or attitude of a person or a group. The mental factors governing a situation or activity. “Psychology is a study of interpersonal relationships. Psychologists and psychiatrists work together to help people with  mental health  conditions

5. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “Psychology ” Elaborated . What explains Psychology “ General definition “ May refer to the” profession,” referred as Clinical psychology ; “ Scholarly discipline ,” This refers to academic or educational psychology; or the Scientific pursuit, involving research psychology. “ Natural science ,” This relates psychology with biological explanations for human behavior . the social and biological aspects of human behavior to gain insight into ones life and the lives of those around you

6. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “Psychology” Evolution Historical view Our understanding of how the brain gives birth to the mind has come a long way. The Greek physician Hippocrates correctly located the mind in the brain . Philosopher Aristotle, believed the mind was in the heart , which pumps warmth and vitality to the body. The heart remains our symbol for love , but science has long since overtaken philosophy on this issue: It’s the” brain” , not heart, that falls in love. In the early 1800s, German physician Franz Gall proposed that “phrenology ” ,the study of ‘bumps on the skull’, could reveal a person’s underlying brain size and associated mental abilities and character traits . . .

7. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “Psychology” The Evolution Although its initial popularity faded, the “science” of ‘phrenology ’ remains known today as a reminder of an important need for ‘ critical thinking ’ and ‘ scientific analysis ’ . Phrenology did at least succeed in focusing attention on the localization of function—the idea that various brain regions have particular functions. Today, we are living in a time when “ biological psychologists ” use advanced technologies to study the links between biological ( genetic, neural, hormonal ) and psychological processes . The researchers working from a biological perspective are announcing discoveries about the “interplay of our biology” and “our behavior” and “mind” . The researchers seeking to understand the biology of the mind have discovered that “Our adaptive brain is wired by our experiences ”

8. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Trends in Development of Psychology “ Major Trends “ Psychologists' Skills” Are in Great Demand – - Healing the Political Divide. - Social Media’s Increasing Impact. -The Fight Against Racism Must Continue. - Psychology Research Is Front and Center. - Mental Health Apps Are Gaining Traction. -The National Mental Health Crisis.

9. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Trends in Development of Psychology   “ Major Trends What refers to “Trends . “ Trends refer to various techniques designed to  uncover systematic patterns  (trends) in a set of’ variables’, - Healing the Political Divide. - Social Media’s Increasing Impact. -The Fight Against Racism Must Continue. - Psychology Research Is Front and Center. - Mental Health Apps Are Gaining Traction. - Psychologists' Skills Are in Great Demand. -The National Mental Health Crisis.

10. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Goals of Psychology “ “ Social & Natural sciences”, Psychology is connected to both ,the “ social sciences ” besides history or ” economics ,” and the “ natural / biological sciences ”, biology and chemistry. - As a S ocial science , P sychology explores the Influences of “society “on -Individual behavior & - Group relationships . As a natural science , Psychology looks for biological explanations for human behavior . The social and biological aspects of human behavior are focused to gain insight into individual and groups around .

11. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “Major Goals “of Psychology “ Social & Natural sciences ” The four primary goals of Human psychology study are To - “ Understand ” - “Describe, - “Explain ,” - “ Predict”, The aim is to ‘ Influence’ ,’control ’ and change individual and collective behavior. . In many ways, these objectives are similar to the kinds of activities/ things you probably do every day while interacting with others.

12. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Psychology “ ” Application” & Outcomes” The importance of and the expectations from this introduction to psychology can be summarized as “One may learn more about himself ,and much more about others”. This will explain it relevance with human behavior. Psychologists attempt to explain and predict why people “ behave, feel , and think as they do in a particular environment”. They attempt to learn ways in which people can improve individual and collective quality of life .severally.

13. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Cognitive “Psychology ” What refers to ‘Cognitive psychology ’? Cognitive psychology can be defined as :-  The study of individual-level mental processes namely :- - “Information & processing,” - “Attention,” - “ Language “use, - “ Memory,” - “Perception,” - “Problem solving”, - “Decision-making”, and thinking  ( Gerrig and Zimbardo 2002 )

14. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Cognitive “Psychology” What refers to ‘Cognitive psychology ’ The ‘cognitive branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to - ‘Perceiving, - Attending, - Thinking, language, and - Memory ”, These are mainly through i nferences from behavior .

15. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Cognitive “Psychology ” What is “ Meta Cognition “ “ Meta cognition “refers to the knowledge and regulation of one's own cognitive processes, which has been regarded as a critical component of creative thinking . Most individuals /students are already meta cognitive , or aware of their thoughts and thinking about them, from time to time. Examples of this can be  planning a trip , studying for a test in a quiet space , and checking in on their understanding of something while they read.

16. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Human Psychology “: Science of ” Mind “and “Human behavior ” . Psychology is the” scientific study” of mind and behavior . which affect how people think, act , and feel. It encompasses the following; - Biological influences, - Social pressures, - Environmental factors Psychology is a “multifaceted discipline ” and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as - Human development , - Sports, health, - Social behavior and - Cognitive processes . - American Psychological Association ”

17. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Human Psychology” “ Goals “ “ Connect” & “Engage” Psychology is connected to both the social sciences ,such as history or economics , and the natural sciences , such as biology and chemistry. As a social science , psychology explores the influences of society on individual behavior and group relationships . As a natural science , psychology looks for biological explanations for human behavior . . Psychology provides students with a comprehensive and powerful learning framework to help them Connect, and Engage, .  Psychology provides tools to help us gain insight into our own behavior, as well as our relationships with others.

18. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “Major Goals “ “ Gaining Insight Into Human Behavior “ Psychology can provide “Useful insight “ into “ H uman behaviors” Psychologists study human behavior which can help in concluding solutions , enabling organizations to make policies / strategize , decisions for growth :- One of the major goals of human psychology is to adopt a systematic way of dispensing “Rewards and Awards ” in a Business organization/ environment

19. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “Major Goals of Psychology “ “ Projects, and Problem Solving “ The major goals of psychology which relate to Understanding,  Describe, Explain, , Predict and Influence and control/ change behavior. as cited earlier namely relate to Policy making strategizing , & Problem Solving “ are the major objectives before business organizations , to solve problems through individual research or group discussions whether they are the organizational Projects or other activities . Solving problems involves a series of processes including - Analyzing the problem, - Breaking it into component parts and - Establishing goals

20. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Major “Goals of Psychology” “ Projects, and Problem Solving “ The steps involved in problem solving : - Identifying the problem. - Brainstorming possible solutions. • - Evaluating the proposed solutions. • - Choosing to implement the best solution.& - Review the success of the solution . In many ways, the steps are similar to the procedure kinds adopted in ones day to day activities ,while interacting with other stakeholders .

21. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “Humans” act & “Interact” “ Personality types “ The scientific method of analyzing human behavior is based on and influenced by several factors, such as genetic make-up,” culture and individual “traits, values and attitudes” Psychology can provide useful insight into behaviors and lead to a systematic way of dispensing rewards and punishments in a particular environment (organizations) The scientific method consists of five steps that help to integrate theory and research, as well as compare empirical factual, data with common sense ideas. A study on human behavior has revealed that 90% of the population can be classified into four basic personality types   -The ‘Optimistic’, The ‘Pessimistic’, ‘Trusting ‘and ‘Envious.’ .

22. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Development “of Psychology Culture defines three kinds of possible behaviors: in a demographic environment   “ Human error ,” “ At-risk behavior,” and “ Reckless behavior.” . “ Human behavior “as & when observed under scientific research is a complex interplay of the following three components: -  ”Actions,” - “Cognition,” & - “Emotions.” .

23. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Human Behavior in Organizations” “ Organizational /Behavioral “ Human Behavior in Organizations is primarily concerned with the application of the following methods to identify practical problems of organizations and employees and workgroups around the world. The Principles applied include :- -The Research methods in vogue - The Intervention strategies 

24. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Human Behavior in Organizations” “Social psychology “ What refers to ‘ Social psychology ‘? ‘Social psychology can be explained/,elaborated as :- “The study of How individual or” group behaviors “ are influenced by the presence of and “ behavior of others”. “ Social psychology” also refers to The scientific study of how people's:- “ Thoughts ” “Feelings, Beliefs, Intentions “ “ Goals” are constructed within a “social context” by the “ actual or imagined ” interactions with others .

25. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “Social psychology “ What refers to “Social psychology “ Social psychologists primarily focuses on “ societal concerns ” which have a powerful influence on individual well-being as well as the health of society as a whole, The study includes efforts to “address problems” such as  - Crime, -Prejudice, -Domestic abuse, -Public health, -Bullying, and -Aggression

26. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Human Behavior in Organizations” The “ Cognitive basis ” Behavior can be understood from different bases (approaches). Among these include - Behaviorist , - Cognitive , - Psychodynamic , - Humanistic and - Biological approaches The behavioral approach assumes that behavior is created or modified by environmental factors, irrespective of the mind Vice versa, Understanding behavior from a cognitive basis involves the consideration of internal events (mediators) between a stimulus and behavior.

27. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Human behavior in organizations The “Biological basis “Human Behavior is shaped by internal mental processes. On the contrary, it focuses on the motivation of behavior (intentionality ). Contrary to the biological approach, these internal events are conceptual rather than physiological (Gardner, 2008). Similarly, the psychodynamic approach assumes that such motivation influences personality and thereby influences behavior (Glassman, Glassman and Hadad , 2008).

28. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Human behavior in organizations “ Motivation “ What is Motivation ?, Motivation is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. The word is derived from the word 'motive' which means  needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. In the work goal context the psychological factors stimulating the ‘human behavior Motivation is the process that initiates , guides , and maintains goal-oriented behaviors . It is what causes one to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. Motivation involves the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior.  

29. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Motivates“ Definitions and Types “ Primary & Secondary “ General motivation Is a physiological desire fueled by specific internal or external rewards or incentives. There are many variations of motivation best for different situations, but all motivational-types are comprised of three similar components . in psychology, an urgent basic  need  pressing for satisfaction , usually rooted in some physiological tension , deficiency, or imbalance  … Primary Motives are often categorized into primary, or basic, motives, Primary motives are instinctive “unlearned” and common to both animals and humans;   Primary motives are thought to include hunger, thirst, sex, avoidance of pain, and perhaps aggression… Secondary, motives or” learned”, motives, which can differ from person to person.

30. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ “ Motivates “ The broad types ,categories Components The common Forms ,Types of Motivation are :- Extrinsic,. motivation : Extrinsic motivation is external. It occurs when external factors compel the person to do something. Intrinsic, motivation- Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance or desire Identified, Introjected . The three major components to motivation are:- Activation, Persistence and Intensity . Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior, such as enrolling in a psychology class .

31. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “The Biological basis of “ Motivation The Biological, Psychological, Computational and clinical approaches are aimed to understand the human “Nervous system ”  as the biological basis of human behavior The Biological Basis of Behavior Program ( BBB ) is an interdisciplinary major where in students explore, observe the following phenomenon among humans -Motivation, -Perception, -Memory, -Emotion .

32. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Biological basis of human behavior” Motivation “ Motivation” influences personality and thereby influences behavior (Glassman, Glassman and Hadad , ). From a “humanistic perspective”, behavior is understood from an individual’s subjective experiences , A free will of individuals to behave which is not influenced by immediate or past stimuli (the capacity of choice) and the value individuals place on their experiences and actions (the role / meaning ) (Fernald, 2008).

33. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Theories of Motivation The common,, theoretical .propositions Psychologists have proposed different theories which can motivate ,individuals ,namely which include - The “ Drive” theory, - The” Instinct “theory , and - The “ Humanistic theory   - The Maslow's hierarchy of needs . Practical reality is that there are many forces ,factors that guide and direct “ motivates “

34. HUMAN BEHAVIOR The “Content Theories “ of Motivation The following theories are referred to as Content Theories of Motivation .which are  focused to determine what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals. .  - Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs , - Alderfer's ERG theory , - McClelland's achievement theory , - Herzberg's two-factor theory  

35. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Perception “ - The Attentional Processes - Organizational Processes in Perception - Identification and Recognition Process - Memory

36. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Attentional Processes “ “ Perception “ - Vision, - Cognition. Visual attention -related processes include the following three functional sub-processes:  “Alerting”, To warn someone of a possibly dangerous situation : .  ” Orienting,” To “ align “or “position”  tailor or “adapt”  “ Inhibition “ A feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way. .

37. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Perception “ What does “perception “mean Perception is the sensory experience of the world. It involves both recognizing “ environmental stimuli ” and actions in response to these stimuli Perception is  awareness, comprehension or ‘ understanding of something. An example of perception is knowing when to try a different technique with a student to increase their learning . - The Attentional Processes include -Organizational Processes in Perception -Identification and Recognition Process -Memory

38. HUMAN BEHAVIOR -Attentional Processes “ Perception “ Attention is commonly treated as a unitary process ,attention is more likely a collection of task-related but separable operations. The Three components of attention are - Set, - Selection, and - Movement These are identified and defined within the context of a computationally explicit model of eye movements during visual search. -

39. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Attentional Processes “ Perception “ Broadly , the attention process can be described as selective concentration on salient environmental features while ignoring other aspects . Attention is thus the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete stimulus while ignoring other perceivable stimuli. ... Attention comes into play in many psychological topics, including -Memory (this refers to stimuli that are more attended to are better remembered), - Vision, and - Cognition. .

40. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Perception “ Organizational Processes in Perception The perceptual process consists of the following steps:  - The presence of objects, -Observation, - Selection, - Organization, - Interpretation, and - Response . Perceptual selection is driven by internal (personality, motivation ) and external (contrast, repetition) factors.

41. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Perception “ Organizational Processes in Perception Organization of Perception   The process of grouping visual elements together ( organization ) so that one can more readily determine the meaning of the visual as a whole (perception “Organizing” is the second part of the perception process , in which we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns. Three ways we sort things into patterns are by  using proximity, similarity, and difference   ( Coren , 1980).

42. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Identification and Recognition Process -Memory- & Memory Types Memory can be explained as  ”The process of taking in information from the environment ,world around us , processing it, storing i t and later recalling that information, sometimes many years later.” The Human memory is often likened to that of a computer memory system or a filing cabinet. The three major classifications of memory that the scientific community deals with today are :  - Sensory memory, - Short-term memory, and - Long-term memory .

43. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Identification and Recognition Process “ - Memory-Processes What refers to Memory Processes Memory also refers to  the processes that are used to -Acquire, -Store, -Retain, and later - Retrieve the same information . The Stages of Memory process   : -“Encoding”, - “Storage,” and - “Retrieval”. Why do we forget  This is due to a phenomenon known as” interference . Some memories compete and interfere with other memories. When information is very similar to other information that was previously stored in memory, interference is more likely to occur.

44. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Identification and Recognition Process “ Matching - The process of pattern recognition involves  “Matching the information received with the information already stored in the brain . Making the connection between memories and information perceived is a step of pattern recognition called identification. Pattern recognition requires repetition of experience . Object recognition consists of  recognizing, identifying, and locating objects within a picture with a given degree of confidence .

45. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Theories of “ Emotion” Different theories exist regarding how and why people experience” emotion.” These include the following evolutionary theories, , -The Schacter and Singer's two-factor theory, also grouped under cognitive appraisal . -The Cannon-Bar d theory, -The J ames-Lange theory,

46. HUMAN BEHAVIOR “ Emotion” The Theories of emotion The two most well-known cognitive theories are  The Two-factor Theory . The Schachter -Singer theory of emotion, also known as the Two-factor theory of emotion , states that  -” Emotions are a product of both physiological and cognitive processes”. According to this theory, the stimulus leads to the arousal that is labeled using the cognition that leads to the emotion. . The cognitive- mediational theory .

47. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Thank You Discussion Q/A .