BSA3A-GROUP-2-AGRICULTURE-AND-RURAL-DEVELOPMENT.pdf

lecture

1. CHAPTER 5:
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT

2. INTRODUCTION
Rural Development
●The development of areas outside the urbanized economic system is what
rural development is all about. The center of the development of rural areas is
the exploitation of natural resources such as agriculture and, of course,
forestry and fisheries.
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (AFF)
●In the Philippines, the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (AFF) sector is
crucial in contributing to the employment of almost one-third of the country's
workforce in addition to providing raw materials to sectors like manufacturing
and services. Thus, it cannot be denied that developed agriculture and rural
areas add to productivity and economic development.

3. Modernization and
Industrialization of Agriculture
●Agriculture in economic growth and development means the
income is higher and the food is cheaper and easier to obtain.
Efficiency in Agriculture and Rural Development
●This is defined by the sustainable food production in one's country
relative to the costs of its production. Examples of these are labor
costs, raw materials used, supplies, and overhead costs to
produce agricultural products.

4. ●Nowadays, specialization is evident in almost all facets of
production in AFF. In order to be more efficient in the business of
agriculture, this is done in farms in terms of production to
optimize the costs and realize the maximum profit.
●With specialization, farm enterprises specialize in one or two
production/s focusing their knowledge, skills, and abilities on a
narrower range of tasks, not to mention capitalizing on fewer
machines and equipment in producing more of a limited product.
In addition, this paved the way for genetically improved species
of plants and animals to produce more and supply the increasing
need for food and raw materials.

5. The increasing population translated into a more demand for
food that is available in the market. This can only be fulfilled if we
can produce and harvest more AFF products fast and efficiently.
Mechanization
●It allows tremendous production of food and raw materials
compared to human labor. Repetitive tasks that may be
performed by machines undeniably cut the time by more than
80% and further eliminate wastage to its minimum.

6. There is a price to pay with industrialization, and in this case,
there are consequences on the health of the livestock as well as
the consumers and possible degradation of the ecosystem
because of pollution.
Most government policies in Asia (like under Duterte's admin
for ASF) encourage the consolidation of farms into one large
farming facility to enjoy the economies of scale as well as speed up
the processes involved in the production of agricultural products.
Unfortunately, the effect of this gets smaller farms going out of
business.

7. Need to have cheap and readily available food
●Everything that we enjoy today as brought by
industrialization is always preceded by agricultural
revolution. The need for this is the most Influential factor
to advance technology and processes that serve as a
catalyst to boost economic activities and a better quality
of life.

8. Export Promotions
●Exportation of AFF products is a conjoined effort of different
agencies of the government relevant to production, marketing,
improving, and transporting raw materials and processed
goods to other countries.
Bananas and Coconuts
●According to the website of the DA, the Philippines only has
two agricultural products earning $1 billion per year, and
mostly in oil form: bananas and coconuts, compared to
Thailand having 13 types, Indonesia having five, and Vietnam
having seven products, earning the same amount in a year.

9. Exportation of AFF products
●The main goals in the exportation of AFF products are in the
quality and quantity generating high quality goods in large
amounts that would suffice the need of the international trading
partners. The price of a good that is exported really shows how
borders take so much factorization from the source to the
receiving country in terms of price.

10. INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
●Infrastructure is beneficial to agriculture and rural development as it serves as the backbone of the
AFF industry and stabilizes the movement of products within and outside the rural areas.
●The program farm-to-market-roads, bringing the farmers' produce in the most efficient way, and
attempting to reduce middlemen to ensure cost, is minimized, and revenue is optimized.
●Another infrastructure that needs to be continuously developed is the irrigation for land farmers-
projects such as small and large irrigation-to meet the needs even of the small or backyard farmers.
HigherGDP
percapita
Domestic
Production
Savings
Investment
Surplus

11. GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
●Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms in which the genetic
material is altered using modern biotechnology, typically a recombination of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to create new genes.
●The top value GMOs in the USA are cotton, soy, and corn, followed by rice
and other crops.
●Many scientists claim that there is no serious negative impact on health in
its consumption and that it does not destroy the environment.
●High yielding GMOs are actually less of a burden to the declining supply of
arable land.

12. GREEN REVOLUTION
•The term "green revolution" is attached to a Nobel Peace
Prize winner, Norman Borlaug, in his attempt to improve
crop yield in South America and later brought to Asia
through Pakistan and India. Essentially, it is the
combination of more modern mechanized vehicles, better
crops and hybrids, larger farmlands, and the application
of large-scale business management skills to growing
food. In the early 1960s, India and Pakistan adopted crops
from Mexico, particularly wheat and hybrid rice.

13. •Micronutrients are another product of green revolution. It
is the idea of infusing more nutrients into the produced
crops. This is the solution to the ever-growing problem of
malnutrition that greatly causes more deaths and
productivity, hence, market inefficiency. The identified
nutrients that were earlier given focus on are iodine,
vitamin A and iron, folate which is also known as vitamin
B9, and zinc. In the Copenhagen Consensus, priority in
improving life is given to developing countries, which
identified that adding micronutrients in food largely
improves the health of the people.

14. •The Philippines determined the high value crops and
created a roadmap to develop these industries. They are
the abaca, banana, cacao, coffee, mango, and rubber
industries, having a clear strategic plan for the years 2018
to 2022. Buyers in urban and rural areas and sellers
(usually in the rural areas) may use the platform that is
launched by the Philippine Department of Agriculture (RP-
DA) to assist the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector
offer and sell their products, initially to major urban areas
nationwide.

15. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
●The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-
DESA) released the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
adopted by all member countries of the UN, one of them, SDG 2, "end
hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture.
●Before the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, the world was already
suffering from food insecurity, classified as moderate to severe from
23.2% of the population to 26.4% from 2014 to 2018. The pandemic
adversely affected food producers, comprising 40% to 85% of all
food producers in developing regions. Apart from this, risks such as
climate shocks, locust crises, and conflicts greatly affect agriculture.

16. By 2030 the SDG 2 aims to solve this global problem. The UN targets the following:
●End hunger and ensure access by all people
●End all forms of malnutrition
●Double the agricultural productivity and income of small-scale food producers
●Ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural
practices.
●Maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, and farmed and
domesticated animals and their related wild species, through soundly managed
and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional, and international
levels, and promote access to fair and equitable sharing of benefit. arising from the
utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as
internationally agreed

17. OCEAN, SEAS, AND MARINE
RESOURCES
●The ocean, seas, and marine resources are considered vital agricultural
aspects that are given much attention, especially in countries that have huge
coastal area and archipelagic nature.
●However, the marine ecosystem icontinually threatened by industrialization
and the exploitation of its resources, not to mention the effects of global
warming, pollution by toxic waste thrown into the waters, and negligence to
protect them. In effect, a 100-150% rise in ocean acidity is estimated by 2100,
which may adversely affect half of the global marine life.
●The pandemic of 2020 may have a positive effect on our seas and oceans as
humans were forced to stay at home and industries were shut down or
required to slow down with their operations. This allowed the restoration of
the ecosystem.

18. UN-DESA SDG 14: Oceanand Sea
Conservation
✓By 2025, reduce marine pollution, especially from land-based activities.
✓By 2020, manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems sustainably.
✓Minimize ocean acidification impacts through enhanced scientific cooperation.
✓By 2020, regulate harvesting, end overfishing, and implement science-based
management plans to restore fish stocks.
✓Conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas by 2020, consistent with national
and international law and scientific evidence.
✓By 2020, there will be restrictions on fisheries subsidies that lead to overfishing and
illegal fishing, with special consideration for developing countries.
✓By 2030, small island developing states and least developed countries will see
increased economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources, including
fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism.

19. ECOTOURISM
Tourism is often described as the world's largest industry, while a small
component of the overall industry, ecotourism, is believed to be one of the
fastest-growing sub-sectors.
There are multiple definitions of ecotourism, having these characteristics:
1. ecotourism occurs "in nature";
2. considered to be "low impact," with minimal disturbance to the environment;
3. portion of profit should be in conservation efforts;
4. there is education to both tourists and local people about nature and its
value; and lastly
5. ecotourism development should be undertaken, ideally with local
participation in planning and management

20. BENEFITS
oConservation of the
ecosystem
oAllowing environmental
recuperation
oEnvironmental awareness
oPromotion of culture and
indigenous people
oFinancial and economic
benefits
COSTS
oDisturbance to wild
species of flora and fauna
oMay lead to
overproduction of species
oMay cause pollutants by
tourists
oBudget of more significant.
purpose may be diverted
to ecotourism
oNegative externalities