BTGE-361-Lecture 3.pdf hshshhsjsnsnsnana

About genetic eng

1. Ensembl Genome
Browser
BTGE -361

2. Introduction
Ensemblisagenomebrowserfor
vertebrategenomesthatsupportsresearch
incomparativegenomics,evolution,
sequencevariationandtranscriptional
regulation.
Ensemblannotategenes,computes
multiplealignments,predictsregulatory
functionandcollectsdiseasedata.
Thisisadatabaseandgenomebrowser
thatcomparegenomesofdifferent
organisms.

3. Human Genome
TostudyhumangenomeclickonHUMAN.
ThenclickonMOREINFORMATIONAND
STATISTICS.

4. Human Genome
AfterclickingonMOREINFORMATIONAND
STATISTICS,youwillbeabletoseethisbelow
table:

5. Human Genome Karyotype
Tostudyhumangenomekaryotypeclickonkaryotype.
Thenclickyouwillseethisbelow:
Inaboveimage,itshowsthathumanschromosomes
have22autosomes,1pairofsexchromosomes(X,Y)
andMitochondrialgenome(MT).

6. Knowing about the specific gene
Toknowaboutaspecifictypeofgene,weneed
itssymbol.
Forexample,thesymbolforINSULINisINS.
PutthissymbolinsearchbarandGO.
NowclickonthefirstlinkINS(HUMANGENE)
andyouwillknowaboutalltheinformation
aboutthatgene.

7. Knowing about the specific gene
NowyouwillseedifferentTranscriptsofthegeneINSULIN.
Thereare5TranscriptsforINSULIN.Clickonanytranscript.

8. Knowing about the specific gene
Afterclickingonthefirsttranscriptandyouwill
seethisinterfaceonleftsideofscreen:
Itshowthreeoptions:
Exons,cDNA,Protein
ClickonEXONSandyouwillseethisinterface
below:

9. Knowing about the specific gene
Inthisbelowinterface,
thedottedlinesarenon-codingsegmentsorINTERONS.
thelettersinblueandbrowncolorarecodingregionsorEXONS.

10. Alternate Splicing
Amechanismwhichisalsocalledposttranscriptionalmodification(splicing,RNA
editing,5’cappingand3’polyAdenylation).
Thejoiningofcodingfragmentsandremovalofnoncodingfragmentsiscalled
SPLICING.
ThesamemRNAcanbeprocessedindifferentwaysproducedifferent
transcripts,itiscalledalternatesplicing.

11. What is ORF?
ORFstandsforOPENREADINGFRAMES.
ItisalcocalledcDNA.
ItisacontinuoussequenceofDNAthatcomprisesofstartcodonandastop
codon.
Itisasequencewithoutanynon-codingcodons.
Itistheactualsequenceofnucleotidesthatperformsfunction.
Forexample,ORFofINSULIN,wearegoingtolocateitnow:

12. Locating the ORF
InthetranscriptinterfaceyouwillseeCCDS
column.
Clickonfirstofit.

13. Locating the ORF
AfterclickingonfirstCCDS,youwillseethis
INTERFACE:
Inthisabovecolumn,thisshowstheactualORF
whichcontains333basepairsnucleotide
sequenceandsizeof110aminoacidPROTEIN.
ThisnucleotidecontainsthestartcodonATG
andstopcodonTAG. Note:wearelocatingORFforDNA,so
startcodonhereisATG.Startcodonfor
RNAisAUG.

14. About the lines of cDNA sequence
Afterclickingonthetranscriptandyouwillsee
thisinterfaceonleftsideofscreen:
Itshowthreeoptions:
Exons,cDNA,Protein
ClickoncDNAandyouwillseethisinterface
below:

15. About the lines of cDNA sequence
AfterclickingoncDNAandyouwillseethisinterface
below:
1
st
lineisanucleotideline(codingregion).
2
nd
lineisalsoanucleotidelinenutitisnon-coding.
3
rd
lineisaAminoacids.

16. Thank You