Buffer system

this is all about buffer system and human physiology

1. Buffer Systems By Team B.N.Y.S S-VYASA And there relation with nutrition

2. Contents…... INTRODUCTION ACIDS & BASES TYPES OF ACIDS & BASES pH BUFFERS TYPES OF BUFFER (MECHANISM) DISORDERS ROLE OF NUTRITION

3. Introduction Acid-base regulation Regulation of hydrogen ion Buffer system Respiratory regulation Renal regulation

4. Why To Regulate To maintain homeostasis Regulates enzymatic functions

5. Acids And Bases Acids Release protons (H) ; Eg -H 2 CO 3 , HCL Bases Accept protons (H) ; Eg-HCO 3

6. Types of acids and bases Strong acids Release large amount of Hydrogen ions Weak acids Release small amount of Hydrogen ions Strong bases Accept large amount of Hydrogen ions Weak bases Accept small amount of Hydrogen ions

7. pH Hydrogen ion conc. Determines pH

8. What Is Buffer ??? A buffer is a solution (or a substance) that has the ability to maintain pH and bring it back to its optimal value by addition or removal of hydrogen ions Buffer + H H buffer

9. Contd …. When Hydrogen ion conc. Increases Reaction shifts towards right When Hydrogen ion conc. Decreases Reaction shifts towards left In this way hydrogen ion concentration is maintained

10. Types of chemical buffer Carbonic acid-bicarbonate – Buffering changes caused by organic and fixed acids Protein buffer system- Amino acids Minor buffering system- Phosphate – Buffer pH in the ICF

11. Buffer Systems in Body Fluids Figure 27.7

12. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system Weak acid – H 2 CO 3 Bicarbonate salt ( NaHCO 3 ) Strong acid is added When HCL is added Hydrogen conc. increases CO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3  H + HCO 3 Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffering System

13. Contd … Strong base is added H+ conc. Reduces NaOH + H 2 CO 3 NaHCO 3 + H 2 O In this way CO 2 conc. d ecreases This inhibits respiration .

14. Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

15. Bicarbonate buffer- Has the following limitations: Cannot protect the ECF from pH changes due to increased or depressed CO 2 levels Only functions when respiratory system and control centers are working normally It is limited by availability of bicarbonate ions (bicarbonate reserve).

16. Phosphate buffer system- Main elements of phosphate buffer system- - H 2 PO 4, and HPO 4 Phosphoric acid changes pretty quickly into dihydrogen phosphate, or H 2 PO 4 - .   This dihydrogen phosphate is an efficient buffer.

17. Contd …

18. Contd …. Phosphate buffer system in the ECF is low compared to the bicarbonate buffer. Its buffering power is less compared to the bicarbonate buffer. It has its importance in the renal tubules of kidneys for two reasons. .

19. Contd 1.Conc. of phosphate is more in tubules. 2. Tubular fluid has lower pH. Conc. of phosphate is more in ICF compared to ECF.

20. Proteins are made up of amino acids Amino acids have a central carbon with four groups off of it: 1.a carboxyl group (COOH) 2.an amino group (NH2) 3.a hydrogen atom 4.an R group .   Protein buffer system

21. Structure of amino acids

22. Contd … The carboxyl and amino groups are what enable proteins to act as buffers . Carboxyl group is attached to the amino acid central carbon:   C -  COOH C arboxyl group consists of a double bond to one of the oxygens and a single bond to the hydroxyl group. 

23. Contd ... At neutral pH the carboxyl ion is present as COO instead of COOH. Acidic medium – becomes COOH Basic medium – becomes COO.

24. Contd … A mino group is attached to the amino acid central carbon:   C - NH 2 . Neutral pH, the amino group is actually- NH 3 +  rather than just NH 2 . Acidic medium – becomes NH 3 + Basic medium- becomes NH 2

25. Contd..

26. Respiratory regulation When alveolar ventilation increases CO 2 conc. In ECF decreases H+ conc. decreases Or vice versa.......

27. Respiratory regulation Contd … Pulmonary expiration of CO 2 balances metabolic formation of CO 2 1.2 mol/L of dissolved CO 2 is present in the ECF corresponding to pCO 2 of 40 mm/hg Rate of pulmonary ventilation is inversely proportional to CO 2 & pCO 2 So either pulmonary ventilation rate of CO 2 or its formation by tissues can change pCO 2 in ECF.

28. Contd … Increasing alveolar ventilation decreases ECF hydrogen ion conc. And raises pH If alveolar ventilation increases the pCO 2 decreases. If alveolar ventilation decreases the pCO 2 increases. Twice rise of AV--rises pH of ECF by about 0.23 Decrease of AV to ¼ -- decreases pH by 0.45

29. Contd … Increased Hydrogen ion conc. Stimulates alveolar ventilation Change in alveolar ventilation rate is much greater in reduced levels of pH than in increased levels of pH

30. Reason Alveolar ventilation rate decreases Increases pH O 2 added in blood reduces Demand of O 2 in blood increases p O 2 also decreases Stimulates ventilation

31. Feedback control of Hydrogen ion conc. By RS H conc. Falls below normal Respiration is depressed Alveolar ventilation decreases H increases back to normal

32. Bufffering power of RS The kidneys work in elimination of hydrogen ion conc. a nd control imbalance. Its capacity is 1-2 times as much as other chemical buffers.

33. Impairment of lungs function: Impairment of lung function leads to emphysema and respiratory disorders. Kidneys play a major physiologic mechanism for returning pH to normal

34. Renal mechanism of acid-base regulation Kidneys regulate the blood pH by 1. maintaining alkali reserves 2. excreting / reabsorbing acid/base. Urine pH is lower than blood pH Kidneys- Acidification of urine.

35. Contd … Excretion of hydrogen ions Reabsorption of bicarbonate ion Excretion of ammonium ions

36. What if these buffer systems do not function properly…..???????????

37. Disorders of acid-base regulation MAY LEAD TO--------- ALKALOSIS-- OR ACIDOSIS--

38. Disorders of acid-base regulation cont … Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis

39. Contd … Respiratory acid-base disorders are initiated by an increase or decrease in partial pressure of carbondioxide whereas metabolic disorders are initiated by an increase or decrease in bicarbonate ion .

40. Contd … Alkalosis - Partial pressure of oxygen increases. Acidosis – Partial pressure of carbondioxide increases.

41. Contd … Respiratory acidosis- Decrease in rate of pulmonary ventilation- Increased pCO 2 of ECF. Respiratory alkalosis- Increased rate of ventilation- Decrease the pCO 2

42. Respiratory acidosis Figure 27.12a

43. Respiratory alkalosis Figure 27.12b

44. Contd … Metabolic acidosis- Decreased ECF bicarbonate ion conc. Metabolic alkalosis- Increased ECF bicarbonate ion conc.

45. Contd … DISTURBANCE pH PRIMARY CHANGE RATIO SECONDARY CHANGE Metabolic Acidosis Decreased Deficit of bi- carbonate <20 Decrease in PaCO2 Metabolic Alkalosis Increased Excess of bicarbonate >20 Increase in PaCO2 Respiratory acidosis Decreased Excess of carbonic acid <20 Increase in bicarbonate Respiratory alkalosis Increased Deficit of carbonic acid >20 Decrease in bicarbonate

46. Contd … Causes - Metabolic acidosis 1. Renal tubular acidosis 2. Diarrhea 3. Vomiting of intestinal contents 4. Diabetes Mellitus 5. Ingestion of acids 6. Chronic renal failure

47. Contd … Causes- Metabolic alkalosis 1. Vomiting of gastric contents 2. Ingestion of alkaline drugs etc.

48. Correction by renal for… Acidosis- Increased excretion of hydrogen ions and addition of bicarbonate ions to the ECF. Alkalosis- Decreased tubular secretion of hydrogen ions and increased excretion of HCO3_

49. How can we enhance the buffer systems of our body and balance pH through nutrition?????

50. Acid\Alkaline food chart Highly Alkaline Moderately Alkaline Mildly Alkaline Neutral/ Mildly Acidic Moderately Acidic Highly Acidic pH 9.5 alkaline water Himalayan salt Grasses Cucumber Kale Kelp Spinach Parsley Broccoli Sprouts(soy, alfalfa etc ) Sea Vegetables (Kelp) Green drinks All Sprouted Beans/ Sprouts   Avocado Beetroot Capsicum/Pepper Cabbage Celery Collard/Spring Greens Endive Garlic Ginger Green Beans Lettuce Mustard Greens Okra Onion Radish Red Onion Rocket/Arugula Tomato Lemon Lime Butter Beans Soy Beans White Haricot Beans Chia/ Salba Quinoa   Artichokes Asparagus Brussels Sprouts Cauliflower Carrot Chives Courgette/Zucchini Leeks New Baby Potatoes Peas Rhubarb Swede Watercress Grapefruit Coconut Buckwheat Spelt Lentils Tofu Other Beans & Legumes Goat & Almond Milk Most Herbs & Spices Avocado Oil Olive Oil Coconut Oil Flax Oil/ Udo’s Oi l   Black Beans Chickpeas/Garbanzos Kidney Beans Seitan Cantaloupe Currants Fresh Dates Nectarine Plum Sweet Cherry Watermelon Amaranth Millet Oats/Oatmeal Spelt Soybeans Rice/Soy/Hemp Protein Freshwater Wild Fish Rice & Soy Milk Brazil Nuts Pecan Nuts Hazel Nuts Sunflower Oil Grapeseed Oil   ` Fresh, Natural Juice Ketchup Mayonnaise Butter Apple Apricot Banana Blackberry Blueberry Cranberry Grapes Mango Mangosteen Orange Peach Papaya Pineapple Strawberry Brown Rice Oats Rye Bread Wheat Wholemeal Bread Wild Rice Wholemeal Pasta Ocean Fish Alcohol Coffee & Black Tea Fruit Juice (Sweetened) Cocoa Honey Jam Jelly Mustard Miso Rice Syrup Soy Sauce Vinegar Yeast Dried Fruit Beef Chicken Eggs Farmed Fish Pork Shellfish Cheese Dairy Artificial Sweeteners Syrup Mushroom   EAT MORE -- Alkaline (80%) EAT LESS -- Acidic (20%)

51. SO WHY NOT CONTROL THE ACID BASE BALANCE WITH FOOD…???

52. References Guyton's medical physiology,(Buffer System) Ionic changes By Rudolf J ensen

53. Thank you…

54. Figure 27.11a The Central Role of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in the Regulation of Plasma pH

55. Figure 27.11b The Central Role of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in the Regulation of Plasma pH

56. Respiratory acid base disorders Result when abnormal respiratory function causes rise or fall in CO 2 in ECF Metabolic acid-base disorders Generation of organic or fixed acids Anything affecting concentration of bicarbonate ions in ECF Acid-Base Disorders

57. Results from excessive levels of CO 2 in body fluids Respiratory acidosis

58. Relatively rare condition Associated with hyperventilation Respiratory alkalosis

59. Major causes are: Depletion of bicarbonate reserve Inability to excrete hydrogen ions at kidneys Production of large numbers of fixed / organic acids Bicarbonate loss due to chronic diarrhea Metabolic acidosis

60. Figure 27.13 Figure 27.13 The Response to Metabolic Acidosis

61. Figure 27.14 Figure 27.14 Metabolic Alkalosis

62. Diagnostic blood tests Blood pH P CO2 Bicarbonate levels Distinguish between respiratory and metabolic Detection of acidosis and alkalosis Animation: Acid-Base Homeostasis

63. Reduced total body water content Impaired ability to perform renal compensation Increased water demands Reduced ability to concentrate urine Reduced sensitivity to ADH/ aldosterone Net loss of minerals Inability to perform respiratory compensation Secondary conditions that affect fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance Changes with age include

64. What is meant by “fluid balance,” “electrolyte balance,” and “acid-base balance” The compositions of intracellular and extracellular fluids The hormones that play important roles in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance The movement of fluid that takes place within the ECF, between the ECF and the ICF, and between the ECF and the environment You should now be familiar with:

65. How sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride ions are regulated to maintain electrolyte balance The buffering systems that balance the pH of the intracellular and extracellular fluids The compensatory mechanisms involved in acid-base balance You should now be familiar with:

66. Thank you…