BUILDING TECHNOLOGY_ARC216_LESSON-3_METALS.pdf

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1. AGUSTIN, CERICO, DECENA
PLACERO, & SALVADOR
GROUP 3

2. Characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity
as well as by malleability, ductility, and high reflectivity of
light
In chemistry, it is defined as an element that can easily form
positive ions called cations and tends to make metallic
bonds.
Approximately three-quarters of all known chemical
elements are metals. The most abundant varieties in the
Earth’s crust are aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium,
and magnesium.
METAL IS...METAL IS...

3. PROPERTIES OF METALSPROPERTIES OF METALSPROPERTIES OF METALS
PHYSICALPHYSICAL CHEMICALCHEMICAL
Ductile (can be drawn to wires)
Good conductor of heat and
electricity
Lustrous (shiny appearance)
High tensile strength (hold
heavyweights)
Reaction with Oxygen - forming
metallic oxides (Ex: Mg reacts
with O turns into 2MgO)
Reaction with Water - metal
hydroxide and hydrogen gas
are formed (Ex: Na reacts with
H2O turns into NaOH)

5. A metal in which iron is the
principal element.
Containing no, or very little
iron

6. TYPES OF METALSTYPES OF METALSTYPES OF METALS
FERROUSFERROUS NON-FERROUSNON-FERROUS
Durable with great tensile
strength
Generally magnetic
Has low resistance to corrosion
Recyclable
Excellent conductors of
electricity
Lightweight
Non-magnetic
Corrosion-resistant
Good conductivity

7. FERROUS METALSFERROUS METALSFERROUS METALS

8. Most cost-effective metal choice
for structural applications.
Iron that contains no trace of
carbon is soft, ductile, and easily
worked.
Iron rusts in a relatively short
time and is prone to corrosion.

9. IRON ALLOYSIRON ALLOYSIRON ALLOYS
Easily worked, tough, and
malleable.
Used for roofing sheets,
wire, and metal ornaments.
All cast have high compressive
strengths, but tensile and yield
strengths vary widely depending on
basic type.
Relatively corrosion-resistant but
cannot be hammered or beaten into
shapes.

10. Is the most widely used reinforcing
material in most constructions
Strongest low-cost material
available.
A malleable alloy of iron and carbon
produced by melting and refining pig
iron and/or scrap steel, graded
according to the carbon content.

11. TYPES OF STEELTYPES OF STEELTYPES OF STEEL
Any increase in carbon content
increases the strength and
hardness of steel but reduces
its ductility and weldability.
Made by combining other
elements with a molten steel.
Various elements have been
added in asufficient amount to
obtain a particular physical or
chemical properties.

12. ALLOY STEELSALLOY STEELSALLOY STEELS
Has high resistance to corrosion.
Used for making sheet steel and metal lath
Recently developed grade of steel.
It forms its own protection against atmospheric corrosion
and thus requires no painting.
This is mostly used on bridges, buildings, etc.

13. ALLOY STEELSALLOY STEELSALLOY STEELS
Offers great
resistance to abrasion.
Stronger than carbon steel and is used
to make structural members for
buildings.

14. 1.
2.
3.
THREE BASIC RAWTHREE BASIC RAWTHREE BASIC RAW
MATERIALS TOMATERIALS TOMATERIALS TO
PRODUCE STEELPRODUCE STEELPRODUCE STEEL

15. NON-FERROUSNON-FERROUSNON-FERROUS
METALSMETALSMETALS

16. Is a lustrous, silver-white, non-
magnetic, lightweight metal which is
very malleable.
Has good thermal and electrical
conductivity, and a good reflector of
both heat and light.
lt has good forming and casting
characteristics and offers good-
corrosion resistance.

17. Good thermal and electrical
conductivity, corrosion resistance,
and easy forming.

18. An extremely dense metal,
corrosion resistant, and easily
worked.
A heavy, soft, malleable, bluish-
gray metallic element.
Used for waterproofing, flashing,
sound isolation, and radiation
shielding.

19. Corrosion-resistant in water and
air but also brittle and low in
strength.
Used for roofing, flashing, plumbing
hardware, structural parts, and
decorative shapes.

20. A lustrous white, soft and
malleable metal having a low
melting point.
Unaffected by exposure to air.
Used for making alloys, solder,
and a coating for steel

21. Polishes well and does not
tarnish.
Used for plating other metals
or as a base for chromium
plating.

22. Hard, steel gray metal.
Does not rust

23. Lightest of all metals used in
construction.
Pure magnesium is not strong
enough for general structural
functions.
Used in making ladders, furniture,
hospital equipments, and wheels
when combined with other metals.

25. METAL CORROSIONS
Which is caused by galvanic action, occurs between
dissimilar metals or between metals and other
material when sufficient moisture is present to carry
an electrical current.
METAL DETERIORATION
also occurs when metals come in contact with chemically
active materials, particularly when moisture is present. For
example, aluminum corrodes when in direct contact with
concrete or mortar, and steel corrodes when in contact with
certain treated woods

26. PITTING AND CONCENTRATION
CELL CORROSION
are other types of metal deterioration.
Pitting takes place when particles or
bubbles of gas are deposited on a metal
surface.

27. SHAPING AND FABRICATION
OF METALS

28. CASTING

Is a process in which molten metal is poured into molds or forced
into dies and allowed to solidify in the shape of the mold or die.
The casting process is used with virtually all metals; however,
surface quality and physical characteristics are greatly
affected by the metal alloy and casting process selected.
FORGING
Forging is hammering hot metal or pressing cold
metal to a desired shape in dies of a harder
metal.

29. MACHINING
is used to finish areas of castings or forgings requiring highly
precise fits or contours. Shapes can also be machined from heavy
plate or solid blocks of metal
EMBOSSING AND COINING
are stamped metal with textured or raised patterns.

30. BLANKING
is shearing, sawing, or cutting metal sheets with a
punch press to achieve a desired configurationsee

31. PIERCING
punches holes through metal without removing
any of the metal.
FUSION WELDING
is used to join metal pieces by melting filler metal
(welding rod) and the adjacent edges briefly with a
torch and then allowing the molten metal to
solidify.

32. is also known as oxyacetylene welding because it
uses a mixture of oxygen and acetylene to fuel the
flames produced by the bloMorch.
GAS WELDING

33. SOLDERING
Is a metal joining process that uses either hard or soft solder.
The metal pieces being joined together do not melt as they do
in the welding process because soldiers melt at much lower
temperatures
BRAZING
sometimes called hard soldering, also joins two
pieces of metal together by torch melting a filler
rod material between them.

35. IT IS A TYPE OF METAL THAT IS EXTREMELY
DENSE METAL, CORROSION RESISTANT, AND
EASILY WORKED.
E

36. IT IS A TYPE OF METAL THAT IS EXTREMELY
DENSE METAL, CORROSION RESISTANT, AND
EASILY WORKED.
LEAD

37. IT IS A TYPE OF STEEL STRONGER THAN
CARBON STEEL AND IS USED TO MAKE
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS FOR BUILDINGS.
C L

38. IT IS A TYPE OF STEEL STRONGER THAN
CARBON STEEL AND IS USED TO MAKE
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS FOR BUILDINGS.
NICKEL

40. Are the result of physically changing the surface of the
metal through mechanical means.
Are achieved by means of chemicals, which may or may
not have a physical effect on the surface of the metal.
Are applied as finishes. either to the metal stock
or the fabricated product.

41. MECHANICAL FINISHES
Are the texture and surface
appearance given to a metal by
the fabrication process.
Are produced by successive polishing
and buffing operations using fire
abrasives, lubricants, and soft fabric
wheels.

42. MECHANICAL FINISHES
Available in various textures and
designs.
Produced by making tiny parallel scratches
on the metal surface using a belt or wheel
and fine abrasive, or by hand rubbing with
steel wool.

43. MECHANICAL FINISHES
Achieved by firing a stream of
small steel shot at a metal
surface at high velocity.

44. CHEMICAL FINISHES
Cleans the metal surface without
affecting it in any other way.
Produce a matte, frosted surface
with varying degrees ol roughness
by treating the metal with an acid
or alkali solution.

45. CHEMICAL FINISHES
Not used widely, involves chemical or
electrolytic brightening of a metal
surface, typically aluminum.
Typically categorized as a chemical
finish, but since a layer or coating is
produced by a chemical reaction, n, it
could be considered a coating as well.

46. COATINGS
Provide protection only or
serve both protective and
decorative functions. The
former category includes
primers or undercoats,
pigmented topcoats in
hidden areas, and clear
finishes.

47. COATINGS
An increasingly popular alternative to
spraying, is similar to electroplating,
except that organic resins are d€posited
instead of metal.
Perhaps the best known environmentally
acceptable painting process. Because the
paints are solventless, they are safer and
"greener."

48. COATINGS
THERMOPLASTIC -
include vinyl,
polyethylene, and certain
polyesters, are melted by
heat during application
THERMOSETTING -
undergo a chemical
change; they cannot be
remelted by heat. The
thermosets do not require
a primer.

49. COATINGS
Widely used to protect
aluminum and many of its
alloys from corrosion. When
the metal is anodized in one
of a variety of acids, a
protective oxide is formed on
the surface.

50. COATINGS
Composed of Inorganic
glossy materials
(glass). Although one
of the hardest and
most durable finishes,
they are brittle.
Deformation of metal
surfaces can cause
cracking and splitting.

51. COATINGS
Consists of immersIng clean
parts Into a molten bath of
the desired coating metal.
In general, molten
aluminum, lead, zinc, and
some alloys can be applied
as hot-dip coatings to irons.

52. COATINGS
ELECTRODEPOSITION
- an electrical current
is carried across an
electrolyte and an
organic resin
substance deposited
on an electrode
ELECTROPLATING -
the “substance" is a
metal, such as
chromium, in an
electrolyte.

54. IT IS A TYPE OF MECHANICAL FINISHES THAT
ARE PRODUCED BY SUCCESSIVE POLISHING
AND BUFFING OPERATIONS USING FIRE
ABRASIVES, LUBRICANTS, AND SOFT FABRIC
WHEELS.
B D

55. IT IS A TYPE OF MECHANICAL FINISHES THAT
ARE PRODUCED BY SUCCESSIVE POLISHING
AND BUFFING OPERATIONS USING FIRE
ABRASIVES, LUBRICANTS, AND SOFT FABRIC
WHEELS.
BUFFED

56. IT IS A TYPE OF COATING WIDELY USED TO
PROTECT ALUMINUM AND MANY OF ITS
ALLOYS FROM CORROSION. WHEN THE
METAL IS ANODIZED IN ONE OF A VARIETY
OF ACIDS, A PROTECTIVE OXIDE IS FORMED
ON THE SURFACE.
N I

57. IT IS A TYPE OF COATING WIDELY USED TO
PROTECT ALUMINUM AND MANY OF ITS
ALLOYS FROM CORROSION. WHEN THE
METAL IS ANODIZED IN ONE OF A VARIETY
OF ACIDS, A PROTECTIVE OXIDE IS FORMED
ON THE SURFACE.
ANODIC

59. WELDINGWELDINGWELDING
Welding is a manufacturing process where two or more
parts are fused using heat, pressure, or both to form a
joint while the components cool.
Welding is mostly used on metals and thermoplastics,
but it can also be used on wood.
source: Types of Welding (2023): What are they used for, and which is the best? (weldingzilla.com)

60. PROPERTIES OF WELDINGPROPERTIES OF WELDINGPROPERTIES OF WELDING
Strength in welding refers to the ability of the welded joint or
material to withstand applied loads without breaking or deforming.
It is a crucial property, as welds are often used in structural
applications where strength is essential.
Hardness measures the resistance of a material to indentation or
scratching.
In welding, the hardness of the welded area can affect its durability
and resistance to wear and abrasion.

61. PROPERTIES OF WELDINGPROPERTIES OF WELDINGPROPERTIES OF WELDING
Ductility is the ability of a material to deform plastically without
breaking.
It is important in welding because materials that are too brittle can
lead to weld cracking and failure.
Fracture toughness is a measure of a material's ability to resist
crack propagation.
Welded joints need good fracture toughness to prevent the growth
of defects and to ensure the integrity of the weld under stress.
source: Welding-properties and experience: learning from failures to reach success. (welding-advisers.com)

62. PROPERTIES OF WELDINGPROPERTIES OF WELDINGPROPERTIES OF WELDING
Ductility is the ability of a material to deform plastically without
breaking.
It is important in welding because materials that are too brittle can
lead to weld cracking and failure.
Fracture toughness is a measure of a material's ability to resist
crack propagation.
Welded joints need good fracture toughness to prevent the growth
of defects and to ensure the integrity of the weld under stress.
source: Welding-properties and experience: learning from failures to reach success. (welding-advisers.com)

65. PROPERTIES OF WELDINGPROPERTIES OF WELDING

67. SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDINGSHIELDED METAL ARC WELDINGSHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING

The simplest, least expensive, and mostly widely used arc welding process.
A welding process in which coalescence of metals is produced by heat from an
electric arc maintained between the tip of a consumable electrode and the
surface of the base material in the joint being welded.

68. GAS METAL ARC WELDING (MIG)GAS METAL ARC WELDING (MIG)GAS METAL ARC WELDING (MIG)
A welding process which joins metals by
heating the metals to their melting point
with an electric arc and the arc is struck
between a continuous, consumable bare
(not covered) electrode wire and the
workpiece; whereas the arc is shielded
from atmospheric contaminants by a
shielding gas.
This process uses a thin wire as an
electrode. The wire heats up when it is fed
through the welding machine to the
welding point. This method is widely used
for machining metals such as stainless
steel, copper, nickel, carbon steel,
aluminum, and more. Of all welding
processes, this is the most popular in the
construction and automotive industry.

69. TUNGSTEN INERT GAS(TIG)WELDINGTUNGSTEN INERT GAS(TIG)WELDINGTUNGSTEN INERT GAS(TIG)WELDING

TIG is one of the best types of welding
techniques.
often used to weld together thin and
non-ferrous materials such as
aluminum, copper, lead, or nickel.
It is widely used in the manufacture of
bicycles or airplanes.
In contrast to other types of welding
processes, TIG welding uses a non-
consumable tungsten electrode to
produce the weld seam. It would be
best if you still had an external gas
supply, usually argon or a mixture of
argon and helium.

71. REFERENCES:REFERENCES:REFERENCES:

Ramsey and Sleeper. Architectural Graphic Standards. 1988..
Salvan, George S., Architectural Building Materials, C1999
Ching, Francis D.K. Building Construction Illustrated, C1975.
Fajardo, Max B., Simplified Methods on Building Construction, 2nd Ed., C1993
https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/properties-of-metals-and-nonmetals
Welding-properties and experience: learning from failures to reach success.
(welding-advisers.com)
Types of Welding (2023): What are they used for, and which is the best?
(weldingzilla.com)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/gas-metal-arc-
welding#:~:text=Gas%20metal%20arc%20welding%20(GMAW,%2For%20heliu
m%20%5B5%5D.

75. QUESTION NO. 1
Characterized by high electrical and thermal
conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility,
and high reflectivity of light.
a. Ferrous Metals
b. Non-Ferrous Metals
c. Metals
d. Non-Metals

76. QUESTION NO. 2
The lightest of all metals used in construction. Used
in making ladders, furniture, hospital equipments,
and wheels when combined with other metals.
a. Copper
b. Magnesium
c. Zinc
d. Tin

77. QUESTION NO. 3
Etched Finishes, under Mechanical Finishes, produce
a matte, frosted surface with varying degrees ol
roughness by treating the metal with an acid or
alkali solution.
a. True
b. False

78. QUESTION NO. 4
It is the metal wires baked on chemical coatings. The rod is used to
sustain the welding arc and to provide the filler metal required for the
joint to be welded.
?

79. QUESTION NO. 5
Welded joints need a good hardness to prevent
the growth of defects and to ensure the integrity
of the weld under stress.
a. True
b. false

80. QUESTION NO. 6
Ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity,
lustrous, and high tensile strength are what type
of properties of metals?

81. QUESTION NO. 7
Enumerate 3 types of coatings

82. QUESTION NO. 8
d. Carbon Steel
All have high compressive strengths, but tensile
and yield strengths vary widely depending on
basic type. Relatively corrosion-resistant but
cannot be hammered or beaten into shapes.
a. Cast Iron
b. Wrought Iron
c. Alloy Steel

83. QUESTION NO. 9
Piercing is punching or drilling holes through flat
plate or sheet metal.
A. True
B. False

84. QUESTION NO. 10
Metal deterioration also occurs when metals come in contact
with chemically active materials, particularly when moisture
is present. For example, aluminum corrodes when in direct
contact with concrete or mortar, and steel corrodes when in
contact with certain treated woods
A.True
B.False

86. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 1
Characterized by high electrical and thermal
conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility,
and high reflectivity of light.
a. Ferrous Metals
b. Non-Ferrous Metals
c. Metals
d. Non-Metals

87. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 2
The lightest of all metals used in construction. Used
in making ladders, furniture, hospital equipments,
and wheels when combined with other metals.
a. Copper
b. Magnesium
c. Zinc
d. Tin

88. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 3
Etched Finishes, under Mechanical Finishes, produce
a matte, frosted surface with varying degrees ol
roughness by treating the metal with an acid or
alkali solution.
a. True
b. False

89. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 4
It is the metal wires baked on chemical coatings. The rod is used to
sustain the welding arc and to provide the filler metal required for the
joint to be welded.
?

90. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 5
a. True
b. False
Welded joints need a good hardness to prevent the
growth of defects and to ensure the integrity of the
weld under stress

91. QUESTION NO. 6
Ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity,
lustrous, and high tensile strength are what type
of properties of metals?

92. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 7
1. Organic Coatings
2. Electrodeposition
3. Powder Coating
4. Anodic Coating
5. Vitreous Coatings
6. Hot dipping
7. Metallic plating
Enumerate 1 Type of Coatings

93. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 8
d. Carbon Steel
All have high compressive strengths, but tensile
and yield strengths vary widely depending on
basic type. Relatively corrosion-resistant but
cannot be hammered or beaten into shapes.
a. Cast Iron
b. Wrought Iron
c. Alloy Steel

94. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 9
Piercing is punching or drilling holes through flat
plate or sheet metal.
a. True
b. False

95. ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 10
Metal deterioration also occurs when metals come in
contact with chemically active materials, particularly when
moisture is present. For example, aluminum corrodes when
in direct contact with concrete or mortar, and steel
corrodes when in contact with certain treated woods
a. True
b. False

96. THANK YOU!