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1. Personality, 9e
Jerry M. Burger
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

2. Chapter 5
The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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3. Chapter Outline
Limits and liabilities of Freudian theory
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
Erik Erikson
Karen Horney
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4. Chapter Outline
Application: Psychoanalytic theory and
religion
Assessment: Personal narratives
Strengths and criticisms of Neo-Freudian
theories
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5. Limits and Liabilities of
Freudian Theory
Theorists rejected the idea that personality
is formed by experiences in the initial years
of life
Neo-Freudians argued that later experiences are
important in shaping personality
Freud failed to recognize the importance of
social and cultural forces in shaping
individual personality
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6. Limits and Liabilities of
Freudian Theory
Freudian theories have negative tone and
painted a pessimistic and in some ways
degrading picture of human nature
Propagated that humans are largely controlled
by instincts and unconscious forces
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7. Alfred Adler
Developed the approach of individual
psychology
Contributions to understanding of
personality
Notion of striving for superiority
Role of parental influence on personality
development
Effects of birth order
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8. Striving for Superiority
Single motivating force that can subsume all
other motives
Individual’s begin life with feelings of inferiority
All individual actions aim to establish a sense of
superiority over life’s obstacles
Excessive feelings of inferiority lead to inferiority
complex
Social interest combined with superiority striving
indicates mental health of a person
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9. Parental Influence on
Personality Development
Parental behaviors that lead to problems in
children’s life
Pampering
Robs the child of independence and adds to feelings
of inferiority
Neglect - Children who receive little attention
from their parents:
 Grow up cold and suspicious
Are incapable of warm personal relationships
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10. Birth Order
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11. Carl Jung
First president of the International
Psychoanalytic Association
Disagreement with Freud’s theory, resulted
in resignation from the association in 1914
Established analytic psychology
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12. Collective Unconscious
Part of unconscious mind
Constitutes of t houghts, images, and psychic
characteristics that are difficult to bring into
awareness
Never repressed out of consciousness
People inherit unconscious psychic characteristics
Made up of primordial images
Referred as archetypes
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13. Archetypes
Anima - Feminine side of the male
Animus - Masculine side of the female
Anima and animus guide the selection of a
romantic partner and the course of the
subsequent relationship
Shadow - Negative side of personality
Located partly in both personal and collective
unconscious
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14. Evidence for the Collective
Unconscious
Does not consist of hard data from rigorous
laboratory experiments
Is based on examination of mythology,
cultural symbols, dreams, and the
statements of schizophrenics
It is argued that collective unconscious is
same for everyone
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15. Erik Erikson
Believed that ego is a relatively powerful,
independent part of personality
Ego psychology - Erikson’s approach to
personality
Principal function of the ego is to establish and
maintain a sense of identity
Identity crisis - Confusion and despair we feel
when we lack a strong sense of who we are
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16. Personality Development
Throughout the Life Cycle
Erikson’s stages of personality development
continue from infancy to old age
Crises - Turning points encountered by
people in personality development
Provides two directions in which to proceed
How a person resolves a crisis determines the
direction of his/her personality development
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17. Figure 5.1 - Erikson’s Eight
Stages of Development
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18. Basic Trust Versus Mistrust
Child whose needs are met develops a sense
of basic trust
Infants who never receive the loving care
they need develops a sense of basic mistrust
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19. Autonomy Versus Shame and
Doubt
Autonomy - Allowing children to
manipulate and control what they encounter
People with a sense of autonomy are confident
Over protection of children hinders
development and lead to shame and doubt
Children become dependent on others
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20. Initiative Versus Guilt
Children who:
Organize and participate in social activities
develop a sense of initiative
Lack initiative feel guilt and resignation
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21. Industry Versus Inferiority
Industry - Belief in one’s strengths and
abilities
Develops when children experience success
Inferiority - Lack of appreciation for one’s
talents and skills
Develops when children encounter failure
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22. Identity Versus Role
Confusion
People with a sense of identity make
decisions about personal values and
religious questions
Failing to develop a strong sense of identity
leads to role confusion
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23. Intimacy Versus Isolation
Young people search for special relationship
to develop intimacy and grow emotionally
People who fail to develop intimacy face
emotional isolation
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24. Generativity Versus
Stagnation
Middle aged individuals develop a concern
for guiding the next generation
Parents raise their children
Adults without children play an active role in
raising nieces and nephews
Adults who fail to develop sense of
generativity suffer from a sense of
stagnation
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25. Ego Integrity Versus Despair
People who:
Look back on their lives with satisfaction
develop a sense of integrity
Fail to develop a sense of integrity fall into
despair and express contempt for others
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26. Karen Horney
Studied Freud’s work and taught
psychoanalysis
Founded American Institute for
Psychoanalysis
Important contributions
Neurosis and feminine psychology
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27. Neurosis
Neurotic - People who are trapped in a self-
defeating interpersonal style
Prevents people from developing the social
contact they unconsciously crave
Destructive interpersonal style is a defense
mechanism to ward off feelings of anxiety
Arises due to disturbed interpersonal
relationships during childhood
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28. Neurosis
Interaction styles adopted by neurotics to
avoid anxiety-provoking experiences
Moving toward people
Moving against people
Moving away from people
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29. Feminine Psychology
Introduced the concept of womb envy
Men envy women’s ability to bear and nurse
children
Men compensate their inability to have children
through achievement in other domains
In a society where men and women are free
to become whatever they desire girls would
not want to be boys, or vice versa
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30. Application: Psychoanalytic
Theory and Religion
Freud’s perspective
Religious behavior represents a form of
neurosis
Religion is a type of collective wish fulfilment
God is an unconscious father figure generated
to provide feelings of security
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31. Application: Psychoanalytic
Theory and Religion
Jung’s perspective
Religion provides sense of purpose and security
People across cultures inherit a God archetype in
collective unconscious
People seek psychotherapy when religion fails to
provide reassurance
Modern religions have developed practices to
provide assurance
Confession, absolution, and forgiveness
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32. Application: Psychoanalytic
Theory and Religion
Erich Fromm’s perspective
People turn to the powerful authority of church
to escape a sense of powerlessness and loneliness
Authoritarian religions - People are under the
control of a powerful God
Deny people their personal identity
Humanistic religions - God is a symbol of our
own power
Provide an opportunity for personal growth
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33. Personality Assessment
Personal narratives: Narration of one’s
own life story, that requires describing
turning point scenes from one’s life
Interviews are recorded and transcribed
Judges code stories according to preset criteria
Scores tend to be consistent over time
Accuracy of the story and selective remembering
of scenes by participants draws criticism
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34. Personality Assessment
Generativity and life stories
Personal narratives are useful for studying Erik
Erikson’s stages of personality development
Research indicates that number of stories
reflecting generativity theme increased during
the midlife decades
Stories from highly generative adults contain:
Increased themes about friendship, sharing,
affiliation, and nurturance
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35. Strengths and Criticisms of
Neo-Freudian Theories
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