Business Ethics and morality and other etc

the presentation is about business ethics

1. Course Code: PHIL 3108 Course Name: Business Ethics 1 Diploma II Level

2. Chapter One INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS AND VALUES 1 . Define the concept of values Outcomes Covered 2. Define how values develop

3. Learning Objectives - Chapter One : This chapter will help the student to understand what is ethics, how it is defined, its origin, theories and development. The student will be able to understand the concept of values, its classification and development. It also includes a brief about different ethical systems .

4. Topics Covered- Chapter One 4. Development of Values 1. Introduction to Ethics 2. Origin and source of Ethics and Values 3. Concept of Values, Classification Of Values

5. Activity 1         Roger is a recent graduate from a reputed university. He has got a new job and he is very happy with it. He is very honest in his work and always reaches office on time. He is very good at his work. He cares about his colleagues and helps them whenever they need him. But everyone knows that he takes drugs and is an alcoholic. He is always short of cash and keeps asking money, but returns it on time. Answer the following questions: a. Identify what is good and bad about Roger? b. Is he a good person or a bad person?

6. Activity 2 b. Is she a good person or a bad person? Fionna is a student studying in her first year of graduation. She is a very good student and always scores A grades. She is quite regular and comes to class on time. She is also very active in all the college activities. She knows that she is the best in the college and is very proud about it. She is not very helpful to her friends and the classmates because she thinks that everyone has to do their work on their own. In the college she would buy a lot of food but will not eat it all and throws it away. Answer the following questions: a. Identify what is good and bad about Fionna ?

7. Introduction to Ethics Ethics أخلاق ) ) is branch of philosophy فلسفة ) ) which deals with the concept of right and wrong conduct. Ethics is commonly defined as a set of principles prescribing a behavior code, explains what is good and bad or what is right and wrong. It gives outlines to moral duties and obligations. In other words ethics is a system of moral principles.

8. Origin of the word ‘Ethics’ The root of the word (Ethics) comes from the Greek word Ethos meaning “Character” ( شخصية ). Oxford Dictionary defines Ethics as “the science of morals in human conduct”. It is also defined as “a set of moral principles or values that govern behavior ”. In general; Ethics is the science of morality of conduct- deals with proper and improper actions of human being. .

9. Dimensions covered in ‘Ethics ’ It is the moral bases of what is good and bad It determines the rights and responsibilities of individuals, organizations etc . It guides how to live a good life by individual and society

10. Nature of Ethics 1. Ethics is not an exact science like physics and chemistry or like other natural sciences, but it is a normative ( معياري ) science. It is normative in nature. 2.The concept of ethics is applied to human beings only as they have freedom of choice and means of free will. 3. Deals with human conduct which is voluntary and not forced by circumstances or humans. The action of slaves, children, and insane people cannot be evaluated. 4. Ethics is a field of social science because in ethics we study a set of systematic knowledge about moral behavior and human conduct at individual as well as social level

11. Why Ethics is a Normative Science? 1. Ethics is based on the norms ( المعايير ) of the society . We decide something as right or wrong on the basis of the norms or standards of our own particular society. 2. Norms of the society are always changing from one society to another society, depending on culture and tradition unique to that society 3. That is the reason that ethical standards are not fixed but always changing

12. Examples of Norms

13. Source of Ethics and Values Every society has its own concept of right and wrong. These concepts have been originated and developed mainly from different sources which may be summarized as below: Philosophies . Traditions Cultures Religions Religion plays a very important role. Every religion has its own code of ethics and values which are practiced by its followers For e.g. the bases of ethics in Islam are the Holy Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet (Sunnah ). Ethics in Islam addresses every aspect of a Muslim’s life, from greetings to international relations. Similarly different traditions, cultures and philosophies in different parts of the world also play their role in shaping ethics and values in the society

14. Test your understanding-MCQ 1 d . Ethical standards are fixed 1. Ethics is a normative science because a. It is based on norms b. It is like a physical science c. Norms are same across all cultures Answer : Option ( a)

15. Test your understanding-MCQ 2 d . All the above 1. Which of the following defines the term ‘Ethics’ a. A set of moral principles or values that govern behavior b. The science of morals in human conduct c . A set of principles prescribing a behavior code, explains what is good and bad or what is right and wrong Answer : Option ( d)

16. Values Values are the important principles shared by the members of a society about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a person's behavior and attitude and guide the individuals in all situations. Some common values are honesty, justice and equality. Values can be viewed as Positive N egative N eutral

17. Positive Values Anything which is good for the individual or society is called positive value. Examples : Mercy, justice, being truthful, being fair with others etc.

18. Negative Values Anything which is bad for the individual or society is called negative value . Example : Cheating, lying, stealing and greed etc.

19. Neutral Values Neutral values deal with what we like or desire . Example : Money, fame and status .

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21. Test your understanding-MCQ 4 d . Negative value Omar wants to become rich . He wants to help poor people in his community when he is rich. How do you view the values of Omar? a. Neutral value b. Positive Value c. Both Neutral and Positive values Answer : Option ( c)

22. Types of Values 1.Personal Values Personal values are those values which are possessed by individuals . These values and belief leads to action. It reflects in individual’s behavior, attitude and nature . Personal values can be positive, negative or neutral . Example : Mr . Salem reports to his duty five minutes early everyday (Punctuality in his job)

23. Types of Values 2.Social Values Social values are those beliefs which are based on the welfare and wellbeing of the society . This may include equality, justice, liberty, freedom etc. Example : Helping your friend, neighbor and others.

24. Types of Values 3.Economic Values Values related to earning and spending money . Like spending money in a correct way and charging correct price for the product etc. Example : Mrs. Muna keeps accounts of all her monthly income and expense regularly.

25. Types of Values 4.Spiritual Values Values associated with the relationship of an individual with his God . In specific terms, it includes the mode of worship, beliefs etc. It depends on what God had revealed . Example : Mrs . Fatma gives away her Zakat every year on time If a person is very much strong in spiritual value his/her action will be more ethical.

26. 5.Technical Values Values associated with the use of science and technology . Example ; using nuclear science and other technologies for the benefit of human being and not for harming anyone. Types of Values Example : Mr. Mazin uses internet only for good purposes and he avoids misuse of it.

27. 6.Legal Values Values associated with adhering to the laws of a country. Types of Values Example : Mrs. Aziza takes all care to follow traffic rules while driving

28. 7. Aesthetic Values These are based on beauty and neatness. Example: not to destroy a colorful flower and keeping the class room and office neat and clean. Types of Values Example : Ms . Shima always keeps her house clean

29. 8. Ecological values Based on living system and environment. It means not to pollute water, space or the environment Types of Values Example : Sohar Aluminum Co. uses advanced technologies to minimize air pollution

30. 9. Psychological values Based on the personal satisfaction of an individual. It is a state of happiness with the available resources. Types of Values Example : Mr. Abdul Rahman is satisfied with his low income.

31. Test your understanding Column A Personal Social Psychological Economic Spiritual Technical Legal Aesthetic Ecological Column B Science and technology Follow Laws of the country Possessed by the individual Beauty and neatness Environment Spend money correctly Relationship with God Welfare of society Satisfaction and happiness Personal- c Social- h Psychological - i Economic- f Spiritual - g Technical- a Legal - b Aesthetic - d Ecological- e Answers Match Column A with Column B

32. Identify the type of values Roy is using a fake passport in coming to Oman. Hamed makes a budget of his expenses for one month. Azim cleans his car everyday. John is using solar energy in his house. In Oman, all citizens should have a national ID Khamis always drive with a seatbelt on. Mariam is using Arabic translation app in her phone to study. Mahdi donates money to the poor. Asif does not want to cheat so he studies hard for exams.

33. Identify the type of values Ali is using the latest version of Microsoft Word and Excel in his office Hatim is not throwing rubbish in the sea. Donald helps his friend cheat in the exams. Alex is not using his mobile phone while driving his car. All workers should have a noon break. Khalid tells all his staff to keep the office clean. Bank Muscat offers online and mobile banking. Mahdi always come to class on time and he is never late. Asif always do good because he loves God.

34. Short Case on Values Fatima is a student of Mechanical Engineering. She attends the classes on time , studies well and always scores high grades. She runs an online business selling fashion accessories using an online e commerce application. She is satisfied with her income and keeps a record of her expenses. Her friends and classmates like her very much as she is always helpful. What are the values present in the case? Explain those values

35. Home work Write one example each on the 9 types of values

36. Find the types of values in the following Mr . Ahmed the cashier of super market every day shows the correct record of all money. …………………….. Ms. Sara a manager in Bank Muscat believes in hard work……………………………… Mr. John a servant of Mr. Aabid is very loyal to his owner…………………………….. Mr. Marwan always like freedom in society…………………………………. Mr. Munawar , the manager of Lulu Super market always works for the welfare of his organization’s staff………………………………………. Mr. Khalfan treats all his workers equally. ……………………………… There is importance to justice in Omani society …………………………………. The leader of the country develops new methods to make all people happy………………

37. 9.Pay taxes properly to the government ………………………………. 10.Mr . Ramesh cheats people in his business always …………… 11.Mr . Ishaq behaves very well with the people …………………… 12.Ms . Clients always dreams to become the president of her country …… 13.Mr . Gate wishes to become the richest person of the world ……………………………… 14. Yosuf uses internet services for making her subjects easy for the students………… 15.Mr . Aamir follows the rules and regulation of the traffic while driving………………… 16.Mr.Qasim working as supervisor in the shopping mall happy with his income……………… Find the types of values in the following

38. Mr . Azeez prays five times every day …………………………….. Ms . Zahra keeps her house clean ………………………………….. Ms . Zuwaina cleans the tables of her office every day ………… Mr . Nasar wears very clean cloths …………………………… 21.Mr . Amjad running a company always put his company’s’ waste in the garbage ……………… Mr . Saeed doesn’t smoke in public place ………………………….. Mr . Raja works hard to fulfill the expectation his employer ………………………… 24. Mr. Basha discriminates people always…………………………………… Find the types of values in the following

39. How values develop? Sociologist Morris Massey has described three major periods during which values are developed. 1. The Imprint Period (Role of FAMILY) Up to the age of seven , we are like sponges, absorbing everything around us and accepting much of it as true , especially when it comes from our parents. This is the reason why when a family is having good experiences and live in good ways the children also learn those things .  

40. 2.The Modeling Period (Role of EDUCATION) Between the ages of eight and thirteen , we copy people, often our parents, but also other people. Rather than blind acceptance, we are trying on things like suit of clothes, to see how they feel. We may be much impressed with religion or our teachers . You may remember being particularly influenced by junior school teachers who seemed so knowledgeable may be even more so than your parents . How values develop?

41. How values develop? 3. The Socialization Period (Role of SOCIETY) Between 13 and 21, we are very largely influenced by our friends and teachers. As we develop as individuals and look for ways to get away from the earlier programming, we naturally turn to people who seem more like us . Other influences at these ages include the films and the books you read .

42. Short Case on Values Development ‘ Muna learnt from her mother, when she was less than 7 years old, to keep her house clean and neat’. She learnt recites Quran regularly which she learnt from school. Muna is active in social media. She uses Instagram for developing her language skills. She learnt to use social media from her friend in the college What are the values present in the case? Explain in which period these values were developed

43. CHANGES IN VALUES VALUES are not stable for all the stages of life. It will change and this change is a never ending process. The change in values is due to change in the life style of the individual changes in his work atmosphere , change in the social system and the influence of the change on him/her.

44. W ays of developing values. There are various ways of developing values. We develop values throughout our lives . Values also change with time . Some values are easy to change while others are difficult to change. According to Ryan (2000), the six methods of imparting value are Example ( أمثلة ) Explanation ( شرح ) Exhortation (praise) ( مدح ) Ethos ( شخصية ) Experience ( تجربة ) Expectation of Excellence ( تفوق )

45. Methods of imparting value Human beings aren't born civilized we have to learn almost everything important by example. Children like heroes and they want to be like their heroes. Their heroes include people they know, people they see on television, and people they read about or hear about. Children learn from their heroes which results in development of positive values. 1.Examples : Teaching values through Examples and models

46. Methods of imparting value Just telling rules to children is not enough. The rules have to be explained in a language suitable for their age then children will learn quickly. The rules tell them what is right, what is wrong , what is good, what to admire, and so on . Values are also taught very directly when certain behaviors are expected in children. 2.Explanation : Teaching values through Explaining rules

47. Methods of imparting value A story is told with a lesson in it. The stories show how to behave or how not to obey in situations where a decision has to be made. Often in these stories right behaviors and actions are rewarded and wrong behaviors bring negative result. 3.Exhortation : Teaching values through stories with morals or lessons

48. Methods of imparting value A very important aspect of teaching values to anybody is to create an environment of positive values . For example if parents tell their children not to lie but parents themselves lie than it is not possible for the child to learn positive values. An environment of positive value has to be created by doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong so that it is easy for the others to follow. If everybody is doing right, it becomes difficult to do wrong . 4. Ethos : Teaching values through Ethos by creating a positive environment

49. Methods of imparting value One of the ways that teachers can help children to develop their values is to give them experiences . The students may be given situations where they may be asked to take ethical decisions. Examples of what others have done in such situations can also help in developing values. 5.Experience : Teaching values through Experience or Situations

50. Methods of imparting value One of the most important methods of teaching values is through creating expectation of excellence. Such expectation will lead the child to perform better initially it can start from academic excellence and later on can be tied up to character excellence. 6. Expectation of Excellence : Teaching values through Expectation of excellence: Grade : A Excellent

51. Find the method of imparting values Mr . Ali tells short stories to his children to teach them the right behavior. …………………….. Ms. Laila teaches her students to be punctual to the class by being present in the class at least 5 minutes before and starting the class ontime ……………………………… Mr. Younus encourages his son to get high scores and be topper in the class. …………………………….. Mr. Hatem creates a positive environment at home for his children to learn good values.………………………………. Mr. Ahmed diciplines his students by explaining the rules to be followed in the classroom ………………………………………. Mr. Khalid’s uncle is sick and hospitalized due to unhealthy eating habits.He learnt from his uncle that eating fast food regularly is very bad for health.-------

52. KEY TAKEAWAY Ethics is set of moral principles or values that govern behavior Ethics is a normative science applicable only to human being Religion is the most important source of Ethics Values are viewed as positive negative and neutral There are 9 types of values Values are not fixed they keep changing Values are developed in 3 periods. Imprint period, Modelling period and socializing period There are 6 methods for imparing values

53. References Ahmad Khaliq & M. Sadiq AbulHassan (2001) Ethics in Business and Management: Islamic and mainstream approaches (Eds.), London: ASEAN Academic Press. Beekun , R.I. (2004) Islamic Business Ethics, New Delhi: Goodword Books Pvt. Ltd. Ryan K. & T. Lickona (1992) Character development in schools and beyond (Eds.), Washington: The council for research in values and philosophy. Joseph DesJardins,second Edition, Business ethics, Mc Graw hills Internationals Crane,Andrew and Matten,Dirt (2007) Business Ethics, Oxford University Press, New York dsef.org/ wp -content/uploads/2012/07/EthicalTheories.pdf braungardt.trialectics.com/philosophy/topics/ethical-systems/

54. Thank you