C 2 -METHODS-OF-PHILOSOPHIZING-PPT1112-Ic-2-1.pptx

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1. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

2. Learners are expected to distinguish opinion from truth; Learning Competency/Objective

3. Learning Competency/Objective Learners are expected to Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth

4. Learning Competency/Objective Learners are expected to evaluate opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing;

5. What are the three discipline in philosophy? State the difference of the three disciplines of philosophy?

6. Let’s Play

7. You are taller in the morning than in the evening. FACT BLUFF

8. You are approximately one half inch taller when you wake in the morning, thanks to excess fluid replenish. During the day, your body has to deal with the stress of standing, so the disc become compressed and the fluid seeps out. This result in you losing a small amount of extra height. FACT

9. Alcohol doesn’t make you forget anything. When you get blackout drunk, the brain temporarily loses the ability to create memories FACT BLUFF

10. FACT

11. In ancient Greece, throwing an apple at someone was done to declare one’s love FACT BLUFF

12. FACT

13. What were the kind of questions raised in the course of guessing the answer? Is there any question raised which you consider as evidence-based? Cite examples. Is there any question which you think is opinion-based?

14. Allegory of the Cave

15. Why do we ask questions? Why do we ask follow-up questions? What kind of answers are we seeking? What do we get from finding the truth? Let’s Start

16. Why do we have to avoid giving unsolicited opinions to people who are not too familiar to us?

17. How can we arrive at the truth? What are the essential elements of philosophizing?

18. Opinion, Fact, and Truth An opinion  is an expression of one’s feelings based on facts, emotions, beliefs, or views. It is not based on evidence. Examples: Filipinos are the most resilient and hospitable people in the world. Manny Pacquiao is the best boxer in the world.

19. A  fact  is a statement that can be checked and backed up with evidence. It is often used in conjunction with research and study. Example: According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the country's total population is 92,337,852. It is based on the recent May 2010 census.

20. A  truth  is something that has actual and proven existence scientifically and spiritually regardless of one’s opinion and beliefs. It is undisputed, objective, universal, constant, exact, and factual. Examples: All things that can be seen are temporal. (undisputed) Two plus two equals four (2 + 2 = 4). (exact)

21. Fairness- Is the argument fair and balanced, or does it contain bias? Is the argument overly emotional and filled with loaded language? Is the argument one-sided? Are there alternative points of view not addressed? Evidence- Are the given premises reliable and relevant?

22. Logic- Are the arguments thoroughly explained? Do they contain gaps in reasoning or logical fallacies? Tone- Is the attitude of the writer appropriate for the content?

23. Why is evaluating an opinion significant in your daily dealings with your classmates/friends? teachers? siblings? parents? community?

24. What are the qualities of a good argument?

25. 4 Methods of Philosophizing Socratic Dialectic Scientific Historical

26. Socratic The  Socratic method,  also known by the Greek term  elenchus  that means "to inquire or to cross-examine", is an exchange of ideas using Socratic questioning. It was developed by  Socrates , a Greek philosopher and teacher, who laid the groundwork for Western systems of philosophy and logic.

27. In this process, statements are deconstructed or questioned to come up with the actual truth that is believed to rest on the roots of the argument. Conflicting ideas are seen as invalid sources of the truth, and probing questions are immediately derived from the given statements.

28. In a classroom setting, this method is used not to intimidate students, but to produce a deeper understanding of thoughts and ideas through further questioning statements or claims There is no particular end goal aside from reaching an absolute truth from probing statements and, in the process, eliminating ideas that are questionable or contradicting.

29. Examples: A psychologist is trying to dig deeper into the story of his patient who only mentions vague and general ideas. A lawyer is asking further questions about the suspect’s whereabouts during the crime because she is not entirely convinced by his alibi. A mother is questioning her son’s real reason for his excessive absences from school.

30. Dialectic The term 'dialectic' comes from the Greek word  dialektike  which means 'the art of conversation.' It is the act of talking back and forth, disagreeing with one another, and arguing about contentious issues. In philosophy, it is a method of coming up with a conclusion from an exchange of contradicting logical arguments.

31. The aim of dialectics, as a process of the dialogue, is the clarification of controversial notions and arguments with other people. In this process, personal and shared conceptions should be considered and corrected. Many philosophers, such as Hegel, Aristotle, and Socrates, had their own beliefs and explanations about this approach; however, the basic concept remains to be the same.

32. Examples: discussing the pros and cons of a variety of human resource strategies as forms of managing employees in the workplace, then choosing the best option evaluating two physical activities regarding their ability to increase work performance

33. Scientific The term "science" is derived from the Latin word  scientia  that means “to produce knowledge.” The  scientific method , also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.

34. The scientific method could trace its history from the Classical period with  Aristotle  giving the earliest structured theory on the scientific approach. The process begins with an idea about any given topic. Hypothesis testing is done to prove the validity of this idea.

35. In a philosophical view, the means of hypothesis testing and its results are considered the most important feature of the method. The scientific method also values observation as an important aspect because it contributes to further understanding the results of the hypothesis testing.

36. Examples: exposing one plant to sunlight while limiting the exposure of another is done to test which setting promotes better plant growth testing and quantifying morality, love, mercy, justice, or compassion which are all realities that do not dwell in the realm of materialism

37. Historical The term "history" is from the Greek word  iotopia  which means “to investigate" or "to find out.” The  historical method  is the process of gathering evidences, examining them, and formulating ideas about the past to come up with present truths.

38. In this approach, it is believed that history has a “divine order” or a large “cyclical or progressive” pattern that enables events to repeat themselves and record information through historical accounts or archaeological findings. The process of learning the truth is simply through looking at past records to validate the present hypothesis.

39. If viewed in a more general perspective, the historical approach would include only a historical account to differentiate truth from opinion. History is seen as more important than logic and a more valid source of the truth.

40. Using the historical approach is much like researching for an answer to a particular question. Reviewing what has been done in the past is the primary method of looking at a solution for a problem at present.

41. Examples: You are going to Baguio for the first time with your family. You have the option to use one of two routes. You look for reviews published in the internet to determine which of the two routes is better.

42. An entrepreneur wants to open a café in a middle class residential area in the city. Before buying the property, she looked first at previous business ventures that were established within the area to determine the feasibility of her plan.

43. What are the four methods of philosophizing? How does the four methods of philosophizing leads to wisdom and truth?

44. 1. This refers to something that has actual and proven existence scientifically and spiritually regardless of one’s opinion and beliefs. It is undisputed, objective, universal, constant, exact, and factual. This is known as ___________. Fact C. Impossible Opinion D. Truth Let’s Evaluate

45. 2. An entrepreneur wants to open a café in a middle class residential area in the city. Before buying the property, she looked first at previous business ventures that were established within the area to determine the feasibility of her plan. What Methods of Philosophizing will the entrepreneur should apply? Dialectic C. Historical Socratic D. Scientific

46. 3. Mr. Zamora is asking further questions about the suspect’s whereabouts during the crime because he is not entirely convinced by his alibi. Mr. Zamora is using what methods of philosophizing? Dialectic C. Historical Socratic D. Scientific

47. 4. The  Socratic method,  also known by the Greek term ______ that means "to inquire or to cross-examine", is an exchange of ideas using Socratic questioning. A. elenchus  C. elenquest B. elenches D . elengeneris

48. 5. Which of the following statement below do you think is telling opinion? A. According to the PSA, the country's total population is 92,337,852 (May 2010 census) B. All things that can be seen are temporal C. Filipinos are the most resilient and hospitable people in the world D. Two plus two equals four (2 + 2 = 4)

49. Thank You So Much for Listening  God Bless us all!