C+for+beginners (2).pdf hsudiksbdjdidkdnjd

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C for Beginners

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Agenda
•Introduction to C
•Variables in C
•Datatypes in C
•Input / Output in C
•Operators in C
•C Control Statements
•Arrays in C
•Functions in C
•Strings in C
•Structures and Union
•Pointers in C

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Introduction to C

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Introduction to C
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•CwasfirstintroducedbyDennisRitchie.
•Cisaprocedure-orientedlanguage.
•Cisawidelyusedandpopularprogramminglanguagefordevelopingsystemapplicationsoftware.
•Itcanbecalledasamid-levelprogramminglanguage.

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Introduction to C
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Features:
Some of the features of C Programming are:-
•Easy to learn
•Structured Programming language
•Machine Independent or Portable
•Powerful
•Used in low-level as well as high level applications

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Basic block of a C Program
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Preproccesor directives
Global declarations;
void main()
{
local declarations;
statement 1;
statement 2;
:
statement n;
}
User defined functions

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Comments
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/* This is my First C Program
Author name: */
# include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
printf(“C Programming”); // Single line Comment
getch();
}

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C Tokens
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Ctokensaresmallestindividualunitsinaprogram.
●Identifiers-userdefinednames/abbreviations
●Keywords-wordswhicharespecifictoClanguage
●Constants-valueswhichdon'tchange
●Strings-sequenceofcharacters
●Operators-actonoperandsandgeneratesoutput
●SpecialSymbols-usedforpreprocessordirectives(#)

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Variables in C

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Variables in C
WhatisaVariable?
•It’sanamegiventoamemorylocationwherethevalueisnotfixed,itcanchangewiththecourseof
time.Ex:intnum;
Syntax:
datatypevariable_name;
Assignment:
variable_name=value

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ScopeofaVariable
•Scopegenerallyspeaksaboutthevisibilityofvariables.
-localvariableandglobalvariable
Local Global
Variables in C
void main ()
{
introllno= 10;
}
inty = 50;
void main ()
{
intx = 100;
}

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Data Types in C

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Data Types in C
Data Types
Primitive Data type Derived Data type User Defined type
Boolean
Character
Integer
Float
Double
Void
Array
Pointer
References
Structure
Union
Enum

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Typecasting
•C allows for conversions between the basic data types
-Implicit and Explicit
Data Types in C
intnum= 5 + 13.75; // num= 18
float a = 5.25;
intb = (int) a; // b = 5
Implicit conversion Explicit conversion

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Input / Output in C

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Input / Output in C
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InputandOutputfunctionsinCare:-
•printf()andscanf()
•gets()andputs()
•getchar()andputchar()

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Input / Output in C
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FormatSpecifiers:-
Theformatspecifierswillinformthescanf()function,whatkindofinputisbeingfedthroughinput
device.Italsotellsprintf()functionwhattypeofdatahastobeprintedontheoutputdevice.
•%d –Integer
•%c –Character
•%s –String
•%f -Float

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Operators in C

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Operators in C
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•Cprimarilysupports5typesofoperators
Arithmetic Relational Bitwise
Logical Assignment

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Operators in C
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ArithmeticOperators:-
•Usedformathematicaloperations
•Wehaveunaryandbinaryoperators
•Unary–(++,--)
•Binary–(+,-,*,/,%)
RelationalOperators:-
•Usedtocomparethevaluesoftwooperands
•Someofthemare(<,<=,>=,==)
•Wecanalsocheckforequalityofoperands,whetheranoperandisgreaterorsmallerthanthe
other.

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Operators in C
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LogicalOperators:
•TocombineoneormultipleconditionswecanuseLogicaloperators.
•LogicaloperatorsalwaysgiveusaBooleanvalue,i.e.trueorfalse
•Someofthemare(&&-AND,||-OR,!–NOT)
BitwiseOperators:-
•Wecanperformbit-leveloperationsontheoperands.
•Someofthemare(&-bitwiseAND,|-bitwiseOR)
•Itconvertsthemtobit-levelfirstandthenperformstheoperations.

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Operators in C
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AssignmentOperator:-
•Itisusedtoassignavaluetoagivenvariable.
•Thevalueontherightsideoftheassignmentoperatorisassignedtooperandatleftside.
•Wealsohavesomeshorthandassignmentoperators(+=,-=,/=).
.

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C Control Statements

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C Control Statements
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ConditionalStatements:-
•Alsoknownasselectionstatements.
•Basedontheconditionsspecifiedwecanmakesomedecisions.
•AnytimeweexecuteconditionalstatementswegetaBooleanvalueinreturn.
•Iftheconditionexecutedreturnsatruevalue,asetofstatementsareexecutedelseanothersetof
statementsareexecuted.

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C Control Statements
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Theifstatement:-
•Selectionandexecutionofstatementsbasedonagivenconditionisdonebytheifstatement.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
statement1;
statement2;
}

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C Control Statements
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Theif-elsestatement:-
•Dependingontheresultofthecondition,theif-elsestatementexecutesoneofthetwopotential
statements.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
statement1; //ifblock
statement2;
}
else
{
statement3: //elseblock
}

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C Control Statements
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TheNestedif-elsestatement:-
•Anestedif-elsecontainsoneormoreif-elsestatements.
if(condition1)
{
statement1;
if(condition2)
statement2;
else
statement3;
}
else
{
statement3:
}

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C Control Statements
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Loops:-
•Loopsareusedtore-executeapartofacodeagivennumberoftimes,dependinguponthe
conditionspecified.
Entrycontrolled:-
•Theconditionischeckedeach-timebeforeenteringtheloop.Iftheconditionissatisfiedthenonly
theloopbodygetsexecuted.Theloopbodydoesnotgetexecutediftheconditionisfalseinthe
firstiteration.

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C Control Statements
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Entrycontrolledloopsare:-
1)Forloop
Syntax:
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
//dosomething
}
2)WhileLoop
Syntax:
while(conditionisTrue){
//dosomething
}

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C Control Statements
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Switchcase:-
●Theswitchstatementworksasamultiwaybranchstatement.
●It’samodifiedformofif-else.
●It’sacommonalternativetotheifstatementwhenyouwanttogetmultipleresults.
●Defaultconditiongetsexecutedwhennoconditionsaremet.

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C Control Statements
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Switchcase:-
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(){
intn= 1;
switch (n)
{
case 1: Statement 1;
break;
case 2: Statement 2;
break;
default: Statement;
}

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Arrays in C

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Arrays in C
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●Anarrayisacollectionofelementswherethedatatypesofalltheelementsaresame.
●Anarraystoresalltheelementsincontiguousmemorylocations.
●Everyelementinanarrayhasaspecifiedindex.
●SizeofanarrayinCisfixedatthetimeofdefinition
WehavetwotypesinArrays:
Singledimensional
Multi-dimensional
1 x 3 Array
2x 3 Array

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Arrays in C
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Definition:
AnarraycanbedefinedinthefollowingmannerinC:
Data_typename_of_array>[<size_of_array>]
Note:Sizeofanarrayshouldalwaysbeanintegeritcannotbearealvalue.
Example:
inta[10]; //singledimensionalarray
floatb[3][3];//float-dimensionalarray

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Arrays in C
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Arrayinitialization:
1)StaticInitialization
inta[10]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
charc[5]={‘h’,’e’,’l’,’l’,’o’}
2)DynamicInitialization
inta[10]; //arrayiscreatedwithgarbagevalue
for(inti=0;i<10;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);

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Functions in C

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Functions in C
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●Functionsareblocksofcodewhichareusedtoperformspecifictasks.
●InCafunctionneedstobedeclaredbeforeit’sused.
●Functionshaveafunctiondefinition,functionbodyandareturntype.
●Functionswithreturntypeexceptvoidneedstoreturnavalueattheend.
●Functionswithreturntypevoiddonotreturnanyvalue.
●Arecursivefunctioncancallitselfduringthecourseofexecutionofaprogram.

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Functions in C
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AFunctionexample:
intsum(inta,intb)
{
returna+b;
}
voidmain()
{
printf(“%d”,sum(5,10));
}

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Strings in C

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Strings in C
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●Stringsareusedtostoresequenceofcharactersasinformation.
●string.hheaderfileprovidessomebuilt-instringmanipulationfunctions.
Stringscanbeinitializedinfollowingways:-
chara[5]={‘H’,’o’,’l’,’a’};
chara[]=“Hola”;

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Strings in C
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Stringfunctionsareaccessiblebyimporting<string.h>.
●strlen()Findlengthofstring
●strcpy()Copyonestringtoother
●strcat()Jointwostrings
●strcmp()Comparetwostrings
●strlwr()Convertsstringtolowercase
●strupr()Convertsstringtouppercase

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Structures and Union

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Structures and Union
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●Structuresprovidesawayforustocreateourowndatatypecalled“user-defineddatatype”
●Assumethatwehavetostorethedetailsofastudent,sowecanusestructuretostoreitasbelow:
structstudent
{
charname[10];
introllno;
floatcgpa;
};
name
rollno
cgpa
student
Structure
allocates space
for each variable
separately

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Structures and Union
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●Unionalsoprovidesawayforustocreateourowndatatypecalled“user-defineddatatype”.
●Hereeachvariablesharesthememorycollectively.
unionstudent
{
charname[10];
introllno;
floatcgpa;
};
name
rollno
cgpa
student
Union shares the
memory
allocated for
variables
Memory

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Pointers in C

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Pointers in C
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●Pointersarevariableswhichstoretheaddressofavariable.
●Theyhavedatatypejustlikevariables,forexampleanintegertypepointercanholdtheaddressof
anintegervariableandancharactertypepointercanholdtheaddressofcharvariable.
Example:
inta=20;
int*p=&a; 1001 2063
20 1001
a *p

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Pointers in C
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ExampleofPointer:
#include<stdio.h>
voidmain()
{
inty=5;
int*p;
p=&y;
printf("Addressofy:%x\n",&y);
printf("Contentofp:%x\n",p);
printf("Contentof*p:%d\n",*p);
}

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Summary
•WesawanintroductiontoC,featuresavailableinCandtokensavailableinC.
•Then,westartedwithvariables,howtodeclareandusethem.
•Next,wecameacross,whatarethedatatypeswhichwecanusehereinClanguage.
•Thenwewentthroughtheinputandoutputfunctions,howcanweprocesstheinputanddisplay
results.
•OperatorsavailableinCthroughwhichwecanperformvariousoperationsonourdata.
•Variouscontrolsstatementssuchasif,if..else,loopsandswitchcase.
•Next,weintroducedarraysinC,howtodeclareandusethemwithexamples.
•Nextup,wesawwhatfunctionsare,howtousethemintheprogramandrecursion.
•LaterwecameacrossStrings,howtodeclareandbuilt-infunctionsavailableinstring.h.
•WeintroducedStructuresandUnionwithanexampleforeach.
•Abriefintroductiontopointers,howtodeclareandusethemwithexample.