CAE Result Student's Book

Cambridge Certificate in English -

1. CAE Result

Student's Book

Kathy Gude & Mary Stephens

2. CAE Result

Student’s Book

Kathy Gude & Mary Stephens

OXFORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS

3. 1 What are you like?
pes

Poe Multiple choice
Finding he eal yu

Character adjectives Review of tenses

2 Customs and traditions
paez

Pat 2 Capped txt nly cose wor’) Gerunds and iris
Festal inthe desert Rola nes

À Looking ahead Fan Themed tos Phra vers wth Future forms
page 33 up and dows
Into the wild Patt 2 copped tet Fagen with arial Posters
me Serum ofthe seas
5 Health matters: Part 3 Multiple chance altar Finess Direct and indies
mer An unheatny obsesion ech
6 Would you believe it? Part 4 Multiple matching. Vert of moving and Modas.
poe Super. looking

Traces ol the past Par themed ts Pras ers with off Pariple clauses
pare et ane in
8 The big issues Part Aigle choice Big sues Conditionals
ope ean machines
5 wsa crime Part tiple matching Crime ne puntera Pases
age 105 ‘ig crime Fon

19 buying and seing

Part? Gepped txt present business, bed conditions
page 177 The appel of ebay and words comes and wishes
wah shopping

{| Entertainment or ar? Part Viti teats Artandenleränment Comporaies and
page 729 supetatives
12 A changing world Pat Hupe matching press with cath, Emp.
pope angine places eed and pred

Lead in Review Exam Overview

atthe tant al every Unit attheend ef every Unit pe

4. Speaking Use of English Vocabulary Writing

Pert For 3 Wo formato Espresso with ck Pana

olle matching Fan 4 Gapped sentences ‘eer eter

tert A Par 2 Open de Pane

or eins Por 5 Key word A popes
trans

Pan Part 2 ron Expressions conecto Pana

utile choice up choice deve age ‘Meera ter

paz pana ranz ran

Ste completion Open de A contitatcn

mn Pants rans ‘oat Roman) fan

Son earns ‘Wor formation ‘eter

rag rana Pant 1ituligleche doze Bpressieswihnghtandift Patt 2

"ae mating, Par 5 Key weed an es
onsfermatons

nz pana Pata ‘ior formation (2) pat

Sence completion ad formation À competition enty

Bas Passant Pan pres with end ean

Mate che utile choice dene A magazine arte

my) Paz Paz Phrasal ver with cut and my]

Jones Open deve or Aron

Fans Paris Jand4 Far 3 Werd formation sy confused mors (2) Pat

ike cece A Gapped sentence Area
Pan rana Pan 2 pen clone “Tea phrasal verts, Pana
Sentence completion Par 5 key word Arce

rares
pars Fans Port Muliplechoice daze Adverbs and tei meanings Fartı
adie mating an 4 Gapped senterces open

depends Writing Guide Grammar Reference
pa 153 ese 135 ape 16

5. = | u
Exam Overview

Introduction

“The Cetiicat of Advanced English corresponds to Level Four In the Cambridge
ESOL five-level system. I also conesponds to the Association of Language
“Teachers in Europe (ALTE) Level Four (Competent User), and Council of Europe
eve CI (Esteve Fratetency)

“There are five papers in the examination, each worth 20% ofthe total marks. To
Achieve à passing grade (A,B or C) candidates must gain appreximately CO

‘of the total marks avalable,e above. Candidates” grades re based on the tota
Score rom all ive papers and there i no pass or fal grade for individual papers.

Paper 1 Reading (1 hour 15 minutes)
This paper hs four pars witha range of text types anid comprehension
Gentoo on each one, There ae 34 quttlons a ota

‘The texts may cooss of several short pieces, and the length of texts in each part
ia between 860-860 werde.

‘The exis are taken fom newspapers, magazines, journals, fiction and non fiction
Books, leaflets, brochures, et

Part Taskiype Number What you do What it tests How to doit
of items
1 Tomi 6 Choose the best answer from Understanding of a tent and. pape 34
Four multistechoice pinks or eta creed
ques
2 wo Decide where paragraphs Understanding of ox <trudure page 22
being in a tent and development
3 Multiple ce 7 Cheese the best answer from Undersinidirgdlatoxand pape 10
iman or ets pressed
4 lip mating 15 Walch prompt from to Undertancing specie pare 106
scies in a teat information, opinion and
aide

aks
= Two marks foreach cortet answer in Parts 1,2 and 3.
= One mark foreach correct answer in Par 4

HEN ton denies

6. per 2 Writing (1 hour 30 minutes)
pape has two parts The Pat 1 question à compulsory and i based on
Infermaton. I ar 2, ou eboese one question frm (ive.

Armes fr Pat should be 180-220 words in lens an! answers fr Part 2

À sé be 220-260 words In lreth

“The task type for ars and 2 include the following article, contributions to

at and brochures, keer, reports, proposal, reviews, essay, competion

“ens, et lets, memos.

samples ol Paper 2 questions types cam be found in the Wing Guide on pages
15165.

Tape Aime Maid is How todoit

‘re compulsny Reed he input Abiay1to eshte ard page
information and slcimmaton. express pape 150

complete the ask cp bypass and

sien. persuade

Selec one question Abily tolle instructions pape 18.
dark Mamacheiceoffse and wien the caret style, pape #3
and complete the lnk lout ad register in ender — pape 1
sien. toto he ton
Mercader

+ Pots 1 and 2 have equal marks.

7. Paper 3 Use of English (1 hour)
“This paper has five pats, aná 3 total of 0 questions

“The esting focus is on understanding and euntroling ements of language, eg.
sonas, lexis, word formation, lexical and grammatical transformations, and

paling.
Part Taskiype Number What you do hatt tests How todoit
of items.
1 Muliptectoice 12 lapin a ox dl cut 200 Phrases, collect ions, page 40
de werds for multblechoke phrasalvers.Inkrs used
options o complet on
the core meaning and
amaia contes.
2 Opendoe 15 Fil ppsina ten of ateut 200 Awareness and centoo! page 28
‘woth with ene ward pet gap gramatical rá levi
Borat ters
3 Wort formation 10 Farr appropriate word om the Abily olor pansot po 16
ster cf words to fll gapsin a speech comely
test of about HO words
4 Gomes 5 Complete sain a set fee Awareness nd breadth ch pape 17
‘sentences ge same werd esca krowedge
ineach gp
5 Keyword 8 Tier inormaton rn ne Awareness and contol of page 2
rersesrations tere arche ning hee to grammatical structures ad

“Stweedsiduding he word piven loser

Marks
One mask foreach comet answer in Pats L, 2 and 3
no marks fr each Cort answer In Par 4

+ Upto nwo marks for each comect answer In Part.

+ Ail speings must be correct

8. Paper 4 Listening (approx. 40 minutes)
“This paper hs fur pars and 30 questions

‘The records texts tay include the following:

monologues: announcements, radio broadcasts, telephone messages, speeches,
Talks, lecture, anecdotes.

+ conversations between two or more speakers Interviews, discussions, rado
broadcasts

‘The testing focuses on understanding specific information, ws, aile, opinion,

‘content, main points and detal.

ach Pact Is beard wie,

‘The speaker will havea variety of access, There may be some Lckground

sounds, before the speaking begins, to give contextual information. There may also

‘be seme subdued reaction Irom audience to talks, speeehes, ete.

Part Task type Number What you do What it tests How todoit
of items
1 Senators 6 house the test answer tom Ally to understand poge26

ruliplecheleequestonsen apis, opinions and
three unreted short eirach — specicinlonnatien

with interacting speakers

2 Sentence completion 8 "regida shor phrase Understanding ol pei page 50
a in the monde to. inlrmaion and stated
Complete gain sentences. gion

3 Mipkechike 6 Cheese the best answer om Alliytoundersand page 122
‘mulilechace questions on attitude and ain)
camerahiors with two e more
sien

4 Mike matching 10 Selec mec arse om à Ay o understand js pape 14

Ts let ptr a ve short are, main ports and
Themerelated monologue Como

Marks

One mark for ach coreet answer

+ An por 2, speling must be correct for common words and those considered
sy to spall,

9. Paper 5 Speaking (15 minutes)
“Tis paper has fur par.
‘The standard format wo cdas and two earners ne acting as

interlocutor and assessr, the other ac
‘urbe of candidate, the ca

ing as assessor ont. If her is an od
ates si the test togeer al the end ofthe

‘arcing session,

Part Task type Length What you do What it tests
1 Twowaycemersation minutes Askandanswer'prsenaf Aly to use generat
between caro uti detona ae social
and intentos language
2 individual eeg irs minus Talkabouttwo auto Ability to describ, specubte,
and bil repens thee pictures sed cn compre and Com.
‘sia and wen prompts dung longer and aan
foc ore mime Ge
3 ivovayintedion minutes Discuss prblemsching Abii tointeract and
between candies ask as an wal and change ideas press
ten prompt piles, are or disagree
late ad reach à echo
bey egoiation
a star A minutes Discuss issues elated to Ala to alk abe wider
the Fon 3 task su and expres and just
pines on thers
Marks,

Candidates are assessed en their performance hroughou tl
following areas:

+ Grammar Resource range and control

© Vocabulary Resource = range and cont

ment abi to expre ideas in coherent. connected

destin the

‘+ Proouneiation - individual sounds, stress and

+ Interactive Communication - nit
interaction

The asesor marks according 10 detaled Analytical Sales, and the

Antesloatorglves a mark on a Global Seal, which ls less deta

toation.
responding and developing the

DD tm ose

How todoit
page 15

paez
age 39

pope ©
vote

men

10. | = 11] a
m What are you like? a

Lead in

ersonalty quiz below, then ook at page
1 Whats your deal job? Make a ist of useful 2 Ds perenaly qu ar, et ae
qualities for that job, eg. imaginaron, sensitivity. 15810 acer the est cre lor you. Do
do you possess? think the quiz s accurate? Why/Why

Extrovert or Introvert?

| Head or Heart? 4 When ou with a group of your friends, how

sen are ire rch ofthe ling do ou
nenne 3 hardy any
sepa aay Dear
oe © ant
iaa 5 a oe tno wen ou mete
es Pope oily?
wre wah Mes ar 2° te whe people you know
2 er bre adoos 1 vere abc noe he conenaton
mer Sena
tt ting
| Keine ae of te POD © mingle with a6 many new people as possible
rise 6 Which pir of words best er ou?
uam 2 caus ard teu
nome © raie an mdpendene
Ha © ob ar en

Facts or Ideas?
7 Youbuy à piece of friture which you hoe
to assemble youre Do you ..?
a follow the instructions
scan the instructions then se them aside
espín only refering tothe instructions if
you get stuck
8 When giving directions ro your home, do you...?
8 provide 2 stepby step st of insrucins
D dtaw arough map
© st gv general directions
9 Which air of words best describes you?
a. practical and efficient
6. relie and erduasasic
inventive end imaginative

ini EN

11. Reading par à suttipte choice

howiocoit
(Rent at uid fr ge mesi
hs the qo er ster me

Find the prt of he to tat lates othe
a remember the gestes ar

LEE 55

pe

Choo the option that answers Remember that these

e meee Se
me exam.

1 Read the text opposite and note down
te main idea of each paragraph.

2 Choose the comet answer (A, B,C oF D} to
questions 1-5, and say why the ether options are
‘wrong. Question 1 as been done as an example
ample
1 Whar roses giver in the fist poragrapt for

the increased use of persmally testing?

‘Aes used by SOS ofmanagers x
50% of managers are selected en the
these test,

B has boon ccupted by eduentional bodies. =.
Personality tests ray be used by niet
‘nthe future

Research has justified its use, Y
‘See lines 4-7

D The tests are now available en the inemet. x
This ste but noe the reason gue fer te
crease use of personaly ests

2 What does the weiter imply about the tes she
red our hese?

A id come up.

5 1 was poycholapie

© teas a tedious way to spend her ti,

1 was 100 persona for ber Ming

3 The Myers Bis Type Indicator is used on the
belief that

Character als ave largely ined

certain personality traits are univers

“character is lage decided from br

some personal types are beter than others,

asi of

a
E

‘What ie the problem with personality tot

according to Dr Gilt

A They’ can have a negative effet on takers

B People can easly te about their true abi

© Te results could be counter productive for
employers.

D Employee often find ther results to be
unreliable

‘What final conclusion Go the ter reach
about the vale of petsorality tests?

A They are net really wert dein.

B They may encourage grater reals

© They ae of doubful valve to employer.
ID They can senal our slimags

3
sync eng for ect
“ses personal tasas an mdctor
(A pelommance 2 cena rele hos
rrustroomed as shes
sw thee rests te
ie ties me
cure predicting
sourjob perixmance |
than all your previous
10 work perience
‘combined. These nests
rei indude in

15 Selection ef more than 2 pe cer el
manage. Sr ets ey be used in fur as
far of urmerstyappicators, dating agencies sacar
oy tt and they have been used fo rach pets ©
¡ner Merle aline personality tess rake the

20 Top 3 of Intern hs fing in the age he
perscnaliy tes So oes yeu personal meet the grade?
Would yu rather have a rer wil or strong meins?
‘Ait you had dices ht being shared or
Jost inthe ge, which woul! yon pur

25 For the purposes fresco, 1 decided to ry ut ne ot
these ss At ore particu Se was informe cy
¡aser penalty nd the number one jb ha matches
“ais, This à by pt ef the appel ef oline sts
the premise there a Pre job, a perce mat, and

a a perfect you and all you ave o o is nlx your
Subconscious inner sl and they wil roer. These
tess are so the perfect sl dacevery vehicle for cur
eat Mec ge nina but noyer Hs
merci compute, when you pt head on a est,

12. Have you ever taken atest tke this? How useful or
neiges I

e real

ove there or hours And there sr sp
ide co mundane Mado 0 at lo
fe 40 minus Sigel exogamy
reaction ta series fink ot (the
ood of his put sa
sal happy, silent or 4
cata Gan you fi! the
hich in this picture?
Cam you find your
bands rather}
scored am rar
etat by pos, might
ave been more corned
bou this had jst had à
ing iy porta ry Fu ee).
‘Mae ets were ony mint ode acount se
forthe rave popu. dc, large ber
re ceed uu, nd schen wäh proses cl
ie esi Tis re ofthe most popular personality
{eatin he word: the jrs Bis Tp Ihr, which,
Spars tte pull between to cult persoraly testing and 3
ssp. sed in mar corporations around the
nl, based cm Ihn that we ae bo A a
rotin oor personaly type which ins more or
es Fs theca ie. You ase question ad ae
then given yout Typ rer or xro, Mining
Feel, Sern ct Irvune, and Juin or Percc
ove reverted, ravie, Fel and Percept, ya
Ebaby find it harder to do werk where ye required to
vote. or persuade los people, sch sb in sales
publ cations. 6
Gis of testing utes day stout the sodl engineering
see ol personaly est, which len seer be looking

Be pe men 1-6 ing ev bo you

a ice 02) 1 argument
motion (1.22) 2 dsadvansage
row (1.49) 3 sign
ne (15) 4 teeing

© dowrsie (173) 5 typical behaviour
E tendency (199) 6 understanding

2€
you

the same kind of person, De lin GA, a psycho
ia in personal eig, agrees at eo mary
a organisations abs want people wth the same tra
‘otroert,ageeabe orsckntous and open to new
(aperiene Bu, he warns, ihese popular personaly rats
have ther side. extreme et tend to bea
‘elf er! type, who may valk or others. Ov
7 conscetins people ae prone to bur out ad people who
ic exter open to ne esperen: an be buts,
sing om oe bg coto the next witout master ay
of hem: A the sae, the scheme ess here 1 ty
‘whch may be uly a wie Sub rdusty on eating,
personal tess us sprung up. W's possible o cheat
is expert aid array, but wht the poi Why try
to pretend out en arios extrovert
Hyoute amore thought rer
Having fle the person you are at werk
wi be extant and
miserable and
prota
Sent ted?
Our obsession wth
2 personality now ikades every
‘spect ol res yon ask an
‘apt or ac on your arte othe set of det
ou shoul! goon, ou probably e quiza about your
Personal. But x all scented rane gazing. I
1% personality ets have ary vale 10 u ther than
filers} perhaps tis bis: o date us ofthe sion
that lof are ul pote, and ser us of what we
‘ae hat happens to bean avcagey abit intro
ih contig erences as my et results shoe, then
1 50 be As they say in ene test when they ak or yout ee:
fick the one you ae ot he ore you wih You were

13. Vocabulary carecer adjectives

1. Match character adjectives a- with rseanings 1-10.

a tauro 1 curous
bo decisive 2 urging

© motivated 3 adult

a à ig igh

€ 5 keen

E ambitious 6 wählraen

# independent 7 wanting to do things wel
Th conscientious 8 self-reliant

i introverted 9 Arm

1 extrovert 10, aware of peoples fectings

2 Which of the adjetives in 1 are generally positive
and which neyative? Give examples.

3 Read the dictionary emt fe wen similar in
‘meaning to ones Use tis informacion o complete
sentences € bel,

See
en
Seren
eee ane
eee
Sen
en
Sen

a. Thope you don't nd me Being «Da
that dress really est sit you

1b Some journalists ate dcr. they
don't care whe they upset, they ust want a good
story

Yeu should ack Nick's opinion. You ean trot
i Des so

4 cuss quests a ab,
5 Which ve character actives you think à
(end would se 10 describe you?
à Do you think we are born wth tan character
(ta, or our character fond a we gon up?

Ea

Grammar
Review of tenses cr pie-1

1. Match the set forms in the sentences below wlth
these tenses.

Present Simple Present Perfect Continuous
Present Contirous Past Simple
Future Simple Past Contiovous

Future Continuous Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous

1 Castas playing the guitar very wll
Carla plays the guitar very well
© N starid raining when Tet tbe house,
nd stored raining when Ue the house,
be get the dies ready when you arrive
get the dimer realy when you ative,
© When we pot to her house, she ced,
‘When we fot to her house, she'd been erin.
{Ny brote cos tes me what todo.
My brother's cs fling me what 0 e,
8 We wr hautng a party when my sister
announced her engapemen.
We had a party when ny sister announced her
ogame

2. Explain tve difference in meaning between the
pulls of sentences in 1.

3 Complete sentences ai using the correct form of
the verbs in brackets,

is back was aching Because de... (gin
the garden all iy.

(our father/ ork) abroad at present?
ia let college early today because she
(have) à dental appointment an hour

so.

As soon as i stops raining, WE ake)
the dog for a walk.

e. My neighbour couldn't stop because his bus

eave) and be didn't want 10 miss

For the past sb werke, Do (have) Singing
lessons,

2 ant phone you at hat time because.
travel) on the under

The photocopy machine... (break down)
twice already and it's net even lunch

TAs a tk, ru (sp) part of each

Summer at in parents hows

14. 4 Correct any verbs in a-h which are not normal
sed

à These loves arent mine = are they belonging to
your

bb My grind doesn't ke perfumes that are
smelling of flowers ~ she prefers something more

© Our teacher said we were all deserving a great
deal of praise for our exam resus.

à Are you thinking what Fm thinking
new outfit just doesn't suit me?

© Ese always been hating geting up early in the
morning, even in the summer.

{This manual is containing al he information
you need fo run your new computer software.
Ate moment eel that you really rent puting

in as much effort as you could with your studies.
Ih The hockey cub were belonging 10 is always on
lookout for new players.

5 say which of these verbs are) never used in a
continuons form, orb) can be usd ina continuous
form but witha change in meaning.

like believe know remind
detest hear understand belong
contain taste prefer on ME

5 Match a-j with a suitable en
«explain how the verb tense changes

a. My favourite actor is appearing
Fm ara the video appears

The manager is having

Celine has

b
a
© Everyone thinks
1
E

She's thinking
Working a a wilde guide really appeals
‘Our local schoo! is appealing
Tam seeing
see

1 à career adviser tomorow to get advice on
working in TT

2 à lot of experience in working with children.

3a meting to discuss the new proposal

44 or funds fora new building,

SL in a new musical in London's West End,

6 Jose wil get the job.

7

5

‘of buying a car in the near future
tobe broke,
10 nothing but ils when 1 Yok out of my
cdrom window.

7. Complete sentences a-e with the correct form of
the ver.

2 16908 (ee) that I'm being unreasonable,
please sy £0
bb Sandia (mel) the blossom on her

cherry ice when she was stung by a bee.
© Even though you've explained i three timos

now, sl. (Nt see) what you mea.
4 Since was 3 young boy, nn. ave) a ear
of eights

© eeu: (JOu/think) you could give mea hand
ling this equipment?

8 Read this extract from an email which was sent to
an online penfriend agency, and correct any errors

i my name's Michele. was bom in Geneva, but
lived Rome for the pas ton yas 0 1 owed ere
Because | was wating 10 be nearer my prandparers
Tse tained sa ue alter 1 oc schol But
Y hase cual found a ob in nursing yet At the
‘moment do temporary work in an ofc but think
of taking year out net year o rave and se the
‘rd. eng uLdoo sport nd dancing, and
love all sors of music but especialy jazz and ese.
Fe played ina band when masa student ad sil
perform in pubi when | et the chance. A regards my
personality think im quite easy 1 get on wih. Im
tid ac, and in Raving get sense of humour

9. Write your own email introducing yourself to a
penfriend, using the corected version in 8 as a
model

viet E

15. Listening rana Multiple matching

1 why might someone decide to take up the hobbies and pastimes shout

2 m3 you will hear five people talking about their hobbies Fast, listen
and match the phrases they use (1-7) with the meanings (0-8)

1 3 Weall had diferent interests.
2 à Lame ely ned by
3 € twas comply aten ak
4 à Falo fh.
5 À 1 vas ing aay about how buy vos
é À Fa ad some ficas with ny jo.
> 1 Vid have much to occupy mye with
er 3 Read the hood box, then sten wie and do the exam task.
A For 1-5, chore he people's mascns for taking up hir new inet (AI
ae À to recover fan accent pester! CT]
Amen creo Bd poa a lave
MRS sete © to be more independent Speskerz | [2]
E a mr 2
MR D 0 broaden di hrs Spates
= nis E toil intine sers CB
Loteria totakesome cie sors CTA]
osc mens mise. 6 to opus th is :
I 10 rev the presse of work stes: LIE]
For 6-10, chow the outcome of the peer new Interes (A.
A ts enabled me to win an award. speaker. CIE]
B iind eto be moe competi, —
© As turned out to be quite profitable speaker? [TZ]
D és become a kind ol obeion nies
Ws restore my fath in human nature. Sees; [Ta]

G Ws revealed a new aspect of my personality. = Oa)
ne eng see CE

4 alta partner about your hobbies and interests and why you enjoy them,

E vi

16. Speaking par 1

1 In pairs, take in turns to answer questions af
“Try to use some of he phrases below.
a. Where were you born?
1 How long have you been studying Englich?
© Have you always been interested in languages?
What your favourite ime of the year?
© How would you describe your character?
{What are your plans forthe future?

MM Aoswering personal questions
Wat, actually
‘Mata lu question ut
Ive nsc given it much thought but.
sa mater laa.

2 © Listen to ive students answering an examiners
‘questions, What different mistakes with tenses do
they make?

3 In prs, ask each ether about the subjects in a-e.
Use the phrases below to help you.
a. your favourite TV programme
À. your ideal job
© a day out you have enjoyed
{Subjects you enjoyed learning at school
© the Kind of muste you ste to

A ‘sting for personal information

Sa tel me what
Gui you tell me about.

ie to know what. sad be.
what would you say. would be?
eu you describe. 7

4G tise tothe next exam task and how two.
candidates answeree it. Suggest three ways in
which they could improve their performance.

how do it

M tnspealíngrar you maybe asked o
gatos ey of nes ee our
ps ovine pce csr
re es wen tale

M Srey sete pipe cs

5. tn pairs, answer questions 2-d giving reasons. Use

the phrases below t help you.

3 Would you lke o spend some time working in
another country?

Do you think that having a lot of fee time is à
00d or a bad thing?

© How necessary is 0 have good friends?

4 Which is more important money or health?

ossi personal views

ln my opinion,
hinkt eset
strongly blew that

Astaras Yin concerns

6. Listen toa candidate expressing a personal view

and decide if her attempt is successful. Explain
why:

17. Use of English pan 3 word formation

1 Look at the tite of the test below. Do you think it is
possible 0 be “born lucky? Why/Why not?

2 Read the text and the how to doit box. Decide which pat of
speech belongs in gaps 1-10 in the text.

3 Complete the text using the words in CAPITALS in the
correct form. Use the lp box to help y

Born Lucky?

sr sions some te diferencesin the
tudo and beavout of lcky and unlucky
people gene alec ones 2 and behaviour as
‘hey no doubt do, then you cn be bon lucky

uy people tend o creat opportunities or god fortune by being,
‘atrovent, sociable and using open body language that gts people
to espond 1 hem. Theyre rene and 3. and,
therefore ey maybe more receptive to new opportunites. They
ao like change and 4 They might, or instance ter
{hei rotine by thinking a colour en ther way 0 party and then
Spain pele va a oa. Ts igs bot new

and the prospect of newfie

‘ck people abo have poste 6 fie. A famous
‘experiment lustrates this, Psycho ed American high school
teachers certain chien in thee dass were especialy 7.

Infact, there was nating about ther, The teacher,
‘ever, showered them with pra and 9 apd he
irn responded by producing better schoolwork than others
The study shows the power of polie thinking.

‘tthe comers is ao tu. Fish researchers divided 2000 men

into negative, ‘neta and postie groups, depending on ther

‘outlook on He. Over a ixyear period, those in he negate’ soup
tones and scents.

a

0

how todoit

18 Decide what prs of peach you ned

You may reed fxm wads with ete
AS

ou may neto male mex han ove
y tare tenet po

eck your geting ty
nr competed tt roel ses.

nonce
paar
PERSONAL

=,

perros

ver

art
BiCEPTION
ENCOURAGE

18. Part 4 Gapped sentences

4 Read the dictionary entry fr rate below and
match exch definition (1-3) with sentences 3-0.

eaten nr
Seah Be wear en nee
ee
Sd ds PL dus nw degra

deal work 3 ge a ore |
Rae eme |

Creer

a This soft lighting really helps to create a
romantic atmosphere.

b The counel have decided to create a new
position for a deputy mayor

© We need 10 create an educational system which
sives equal opportunities to al

5 Read questions a and b below and think of one
‘word only which can be used appropriately in all
tree sentences. The ho doit box wil help you.

how todoit

(Read ete sentence cantly ad make quick
| stot words at cut complete nd e u

He word dost ed srt, ter weds

I TS
Remember hatte word mus be athe sae or

| moe serene

| a There 10... whatsoever in my mind that

this I the only course of ation to take.
Ain always go for the easy option.

“The evidence showed beyond any a
the accused was innocent

b The holiday may much les relaxing
than we antiipate.
Sally's determined 0... she bas been right
in her judgement,
“The trouble with this job is hat yu feel you
ave 0 «+ Yourself al the te

| —.

2 wi

Vocabulary

Expressions with luck

1 Discuss the mening ofthese expressions and match
‘hem with 1-8, then use them to complete a-h.

E with any ck Deginers luck
the luck of the draw push your luck
take potluck 0 such luck
be out of luck, ‘a stroke of ck I

rely on continuing good luck
fortunately and unexpectedly
success at your fist attempt
Fisk the outcome

decided by chance
unfortunately not

4 hings tum out wel

ot be lucky this tine

“Did you manage to fx your eat + sa

complete wr:

bb You shouldnt You haven't been caught
speeding yet but you might et

© You may win te lottery = you may not. Is
uit simply

& The only problem with this cheap package
oliday Ive arranged e you can't choose your
accommodation; you just have to

e You An afraid Fee just sold the last
copy ofthat particular book.

ve just realised I've forgotten my house key,
Dut anne my wife might be at home.

18 Jane missed the lst bus DU un a rend was
passing and gave her a lit

Ih. Robert won his Art professional tenis match
un modestly sid WAS ft nn!

was the las time you were very lucky or
‘unlucky? What happened?

Unit

19. Writing rar A format letter we piss

1 Read the writing tsk below and answer questions a and b.

a. Who ae you ging to write wo? For what purpose?
1 What ae the three things you must include?

‘Make notes on questions ac.
5 What sort of things might a buy representative have to dot
'b What hills might be needed?

© Which personal quals night be needed forthe job?

‘The two references past, A and D, were weten y two diffrent people.
Read ther and decide which person did not make à plan before starting to
re, Give examples ofthe effect thls has had en the organkaion of the
reference.

Read the references again and do tasks a-c

5 Lis the linking words in A and B (so, decom, el). Which writer makes
beter use of them?

bo dently the purpose of each paragraplı in I

© Aden any useful phrase for references in rer.

Read the question below then write your reference. The ho Lo
and sl help you.

20. A

Dear Se cr Mado,

Lam vet 10 yen be of San Frade,

howe can Sian for re yore Were nthe ame ea gp lee
fey poplar a lege ad ceri ren hw o ero ie

‘ion very aná aly. Uca gpd at prt

‘an der ue Y ter vey fin He be gd at dal wth ict
catre and ther compl

“Kari. lt ern. oe bing the cere ef tener’ ej otra pele in yur reset
loi ee te, ian Ins to weep. Ne pe dom re gym mo enge ad be ere aná plo fol
es pt ts frends e went Ie a relier gti on má bi ets.

“an peat eeh Engi, He all leaky th fee raters in ely dination H's que à
dc peso and he dorar pri ial sas. Yeu ean rel en ie o say el, ce sd eee

an vert na lea br en Sets and tos ho o del wt fica pol, edo ee is pr.
ie prepared toler, bet canbe: aterm whens rece, te

1 am ae Tuan wil bea goed lida epee ave heen in recomentar fre pot
Years ily,
Sih Gores

|

To whens may concern

Rofrence fer Fada Cam.

have Lan Fle fer primate at years. Sa 1 4 very Welly let
charter arc gets tn all wth poeple ef al ages, so she weal bo very pepe
eth hlday reaps. Paca hs run the kcal galo lb on au are se ae very
ca o dating wth ng pete, The ergancaterl ar ondary skills de ds
lear tr werk seul sont bar wel a heat reprecetatae, In es of
crues, Palas an encart persen te have arc cece hs operable a

ret mél to pane er se her tapar. Plica nvr soy, de ca take Crt
2 dat llano natal pectin ayers. Fer tas rats, 1 lalo ah ee
finely be ale te cope tongo wert rg hey alte.

When comes lo ertrtamng poole, aol = very teeta, whch mg cone m
ery seul m er rule a tly repesetatve. As wall ts sage and durcag,
a plage th guter a often tes part m prfermarces at he yt ch

Tn tan te gr fermng, Pale an aconplotad pertanenen She = a sony
er ark gus Ifegurd. er famonte serte weh cub dato,
tearing and waterskung, at uc che has reached competen lr, WR hr
erthusasté. comercerceappreach, she veu eco Valais bave safe
cease te à full ung of Mach actu

Ines pen Pala wand make an excl lly epresertatve. The re
haaten a reinmendang her to ur pars

Vars fatifily
Artene Calsdce,

LÉ nica EE]

21. Review

1. Match character adjectives a-h with thelr opposite
meanings 1-8,

introvert 1
decisive 2

© sensitive 3

à ingisitive à thickskinned
© mature 5 unmotivated
independent 5 chi

$. conscientious 7 helpless

fh ambitious 8 vague

2 Complete the adjectives defined in a-h.
diplomatie about what you say
rational and reasonable
concemod or interested in others
hpi and considerate

hesitant about your actions
‘excited or passionate

sensible and relist

‘creative and imaginative

3. For questions a-c, think of one word only which can
be used appropriately in all thre sentences
Everyone wished her the best of

university and hoped she would enjoÿ
Jenny won the competition at her fist.
= perhaps it was beginner's

“There is no such thing as we are capable
of creating aur evn good fort
bb Ifyou ask Colin fr advice, he wil always give you

i Opinion.
«thought Susan's advice was.

think Brian's ever done an. day
‘work in his entre tie
€ The waxwork looked so 2 that hou

was an actual person.

With so much strong competition, we have 10 be
about our company’s long-term chances of
‘survival,

Do you think, in terms, we really can
afford to go travelling next year!

Ema

4 Complete the expressions with luck in a-h.

a. 1 broke my grandmothers favourite vase but
by à ef luck, 1 found an identical
one ina shop down the road,

1 Same things in ie you have no choice about
it's just the luck of the »

© Sony, you're of ck! We sold the
las newspaper five minutes ago.

Vi aim 10 set out early and, …
Tuck, we should arrive before dark.

‘© Thought might get the job but
such luck. They gave it to someone else.

{Lets just pot luck and see where
‘we can book a last minute holiday 1.

{8 Helen managed to eta fm part after
er first audition but she said was just

ck

hh know everyting seems 10 be going
sing at dhe moment bu jus remember
you shouldnt ets your Huck!

ay

5. Flin missing words 1-14 in Uni job reference.

Fam wing to you on.

is an exellent person to around.
because she dos pani. Men

22. Lead in

1 Discuss the following questions
à What annual festivals or celebrations take place
in your country?
1. When do they happen and what do they
Involve?
© What do you know about their origins?

2 What do you imagine happens at the festivals
shown in the photos?

3G Listen to two people taking about the two
ls shown and choose the best answer to

1 Katenwoensdog festival dates back to à

tine when

a. local people began to breed cas in the town’s
Cl Ha

1 local eas had been unsuccessful in ridding
the town of rodents.

© local people decided that the town eats had
lived thei usefulness.

at happened when the speaker visited the
enwoensdog festival?
a Everyone taking part in the parade was
dresse as acat
bb The bad weather failed to spell he carnival
atmosphere
© Spectators rushed o buy a toy eat from the
jester,
3 What is one of the rules of La Tomaina?
a. You must he a member of a team 10 joi in,
b The tomatoes must be crushed before you
Tourists ar not allowed to hit locas

4 What happens atthe end of La Tomatina?
a Trucks ative 10 clear away all the mess
bb Free tomato jue is given away:
+ You can wash in special provided showers.

ls that you have

we EN

23. festival in the dese

There beyond the remote Malian toumaf present. most of whom fc y to e witnessing
Timtoucou but a as expanse of desert Mast Something authenti: Bond the od sof aris
people consider It the nd ofthe Earth andeven Rs sal thre ites ofthe ponoship rte pl
Fesdents are venture north tothe Shara ut mote that underpin most Word Msi estas

or one dy inant of musicns 4
points and technics gather the
Fes markt pocepepatingtohendmorthinte Amuscfsthal ay sem an odd mechanism fo
A cia |
card poca Roma, tenen the je of Nae Ba, als miser

ane seep upinthcecciement ind oftourim and handlers Malian ii ready
“antcpation ofthe remotes musefesthalon Earth, 200 counts main draws making the sta

5 tota place to start shes conned tat the
«serte enough potent to supporter

The Tuareg nomade goup who habit the ‘ound outa In fact most people are that
Sahara have a more aprepiteferm of apor, outs growths the only way forward forthe
ang on white canes rom every dico. Ina Tıareg The north of Malis he pret part of the

15 there ate 1200 0f them atthe festa rt courte, Bah explains, ere are few opportunites
sung, becouse te event grew out ofan onmuel__ forthe ag. Tey need peopl to come andy

Tuareg get together anda and stayin locate to bing

2 employment and development othe ron

ee a een
A
EE occ eee
A ee
men re
red ed
o
al unes
Pam Mean pea e oh «© Te Tine dine ns, Di on nd
ca anyone poden ee Y]
calar yal Ue Mes, Suey obese inicial má
ER Tanya pe res A el
a M cage pene a

Dick, who've gen up the nomad este tone
A tourist traction, the festa sin ts in towns such 9 Tnboucto, that the esta gh
infang There are no mee than so foreigners the retest pese

Reading rart2 capped text

1. Whar must festivals ate therein your country? Look lr grammar realy ks re
Who goes? What happens? se ae each pant pasa

2. Read the article about a musle festival in the feos
Sahara, and mate E = a
Sahara, and match paragraphs A-C with gaps 1-6 Ten tthe ota rg in cad op gain
There Is one extra paragraph. Find links in the ext rd the complet ts ain or arma and
and use the words fn italics to help you. rel scree

Uit2

24. A in suc obvious populnty, Knows what the
fur may ld forthe Tinbouctou festival But or now at

lest sl tains I rijnal purpose as à get together or
tears people themes

B Bu site this ack o commercial, ers no doubt
‘Hat the beefs leu ar there fr oc people

7 Tere trol between the tents sting out pures,
compases and swore for tourist to buy o offering came
re iho my young aeg fiend espais hat cash
"pet tots ters back not Sahara The Tar,
ste ing wi them elle and handerafts made by

ln ppc inthe iger. They el thew at the festival and
the money toy ma, gar and mitin
Tinbouctouvich ey the back tothe ige.

info. asthe events organiser Manny sar expli,

Treg how been meeting ot hs eas for centuries ths
ss wot hy Pose rational aranged mariage, sapped

eva cd cameh and made musi They decided t open

the music estival to enable thor musicians to

thers ard because they ft was time for thet

‘enmity et nth withthe outside wer

wth

sa D come the sstainabity ofthe festa self hos
teen calle into question Westermers say tht ifthe fsa

bo —

3 Complete the phrases in a-h with 1-8, then ep

gets to big it wl os its authentic fel. And ayy
appears to Fe reached eapaety already — tempers got >
ya at Dal woman who was ening for one ofthe

1 two sal fees struck a diver er jumping the quee.

E get a tr as inboutou pet tes dys ving
frm bas cap, ama and ur ars queung ora
smal try verte er Niger us the corey of fut
hel des Peed o he dune chung up cut end

became dar tat he al eth asthe thie pat
th ure. The ack wa conned wath jeeps wich iad
these ower suckin deep an One goup of touts
{old meta joe ad broke down win eat of
themes but they ha dae ete on fot no the

ws een peering sep in the vce The nxt ay they
found at he esha te wait te rns ay fom
ere ay bd been cing

E here are few concerns about the environmental impact
‘ofthe festival. Every single plastics taken away bythe

Tuareg for use inthe desert But coil Between Tune
coud be more of problem. An cet man compli that
the esta started ou asa moveable event witha diferent
ste each year binging benefits to fret parts ofthe
Sahara Bu for he past two years has been held in he

1 same place because ts casi build a permanent stage
Inthe dines hee Why cont we have a foto where come
frome he ast.

Gt wie roc aps ih rt produce te eed effect
cn rh tthe stn Tt ards al thy

u escort pen aan ete Ta Toe Es
ath um seo he ame Pete pana
far tose othe hdd of igo arts hat ae
Sanda tre forthe beara Ts ety Toe
‘Sent thee ses ing td shoe

1 and ote paso ery hare regis her
ee
ee

phase the sentences in your own words.

a The claim thatthe festival will remain authentic has been called into 1 draws
lo We sat atthe back of the crowd but jst within... ofthe musie 2 earshot
© There was along delay before the concert began and tempers ot ver) 3 impact
& As the bands began 10 play, we al got up in the excitement. 4 feayed
€ One old lady's reaction showed clearly that rock muse was not 0 her 5 question
ne festival only started afew years ago so i's sl n us 6 infancy
$ Tadilonal music is one of the country main 7 swert
Th There are few concerns about the enurorimentel 2; of the festiva, Suse

4 Wat positive and negative effects might tours

sn have on traditional festivals ike this?

tri EX

25. Grammar

Gerunds and infinitives «rpm

Vocabulary
Easily confused words (1)

1. cheese the correct verbs in choto complete the 1 Put these verbs ite three columns as shew be

«allocations.

a Lun enjoying myself so 1 an excise
ae Je (did/put/ mode]

d The directo promised my ser apar inthe i
and he betr... fs won, (halo)

€ We're planning to... party o celebrate
“Tina's good news. (make/thnew/do)

He ie when the police interviewed him
and now he's in Big rouble. (tol /ssidspcke)

© The fist chapter of a book usually... the
sere for what happens later. ays/pute/se),

1 Everyone se was furious when one man
the quo foe tickets. (ovetteak jumped isc)

That film vas so complicated - Th un a
le what as going on! (lle /get/ave)

Ws very ard 6 Heng a an acto
Ceani/get/gain)

Read the dictionary entiy below t find tbe adver
that ellocaes best with disappointed. Then choose
the most suitable woud in sentences a. Check.
your ideas in your dca:

2 Aranda’s (gli) competitive with her
mere successful elder sister

bb was (immediately) obvious that there
was no way we could reach the aiper in ime

She isan extremely strict teacher ane expects
hole) obedience from her pupils

Complete questions at, using your ansıses from
Y above, hn discuss each question

2. Do you generally queue in your county? What
happens if you... the quent

1 How would you rst like to... à Using?

© Mas anyone ever not sew het Word to Your
Wat happen?

Ed ine?

sant Me deny promise
enjoy expect farey hope tak
cl prefer deserve begin continue
practise threaten mange mise love
refuse

foliowed by ——tllewed by lb
gero ie 10 pd ce
E] ED

2 which ofthe verbs in 1 ean also be immediately
followed by a that clause?

3 Compicte ese sentences with an appropriate verb

in the corte form.

3 Our focal eam deserves
have tained so har.

1. One ofthe suspects has denied... art in
the robbery

My sister I hoping
with eur national airline

1 We lost the car keys but we managed e
a by turing a piece of wire in te ignition!

© Vin dsappeanted thet my favourite group have

beca they

a eb ae stewardess

eft the fest

1 Since my grandmother moved to anether town, 1
rally ss. hr every day.

16 What time isthe President expected a at
the separe

1 Armed police testers... the gunmen if

(hey di not release the hostages

4 Match each verb in both the gerund and infiniine
for) with definitions a.

se ty
de something 1 see what happens as aros
be sor for something you've done

‘tend todo something

ot forget that somthing must be done

stop something you've been doing

make or require something

be sony about something you're going to do
Stop one thing to do something ese

rot forge something which bas akeady happend
see Hs passe to do someting,

remember regret mean

26. Use the verb in brackets to complete a-e in two
sways frst with the gerund and then the infinitive.

a. 1 ido remember (invite) my neighbour to my
barbecue so

E wish for once you'd stop (think) about

€ ike our neighbours, but regret (say) that

My six mono nephew has just red (ea)

+. meant (get) my hair cut

Complete sentences a-h with one of the
pions below and an appropriate gerund.

mon a wo of im

à lim not very een ne 0
ough but IL come if you ins,

b Ave you looking forward.
iting a job?

+ In ping to take a shorteut across the Held, we
only succecded …… completely lost.

4 apologise profusely... You waiting in the
‘old for so long.

© My classmates insisted... me à Birthday
présent even though 1 sad ido want one,

A Ifyou carry about people behind their
buds, youl soon end up with no fiends

8 lve never been very ghod ....... letters but 1
regula telephone my grandparents in Australia.

hy brother is thinking... abroad, maybe as
tour guide

the sea is this

school and

‘ass out to Where ifs not needed with the
infnitves in these sentences.

4 don't think poiticlans should be allowed 10 get
away withthe es they te

bb Ifyou let that boy to do whatever he wants,
ou ealy live to reget it

Adults can rarely be made to do what they don't
‘want to, but you can often make someone lo do
something through persuasion.

That looks like a nasty cut - TA advise you to
get medical attention at once.

My parents helped me to buy a small fat in the
suburbs.

£ You had better not 1 tell anyone what we've
just been discussing,

15 HS jus cal that when someone's watching you
to do something, you make a right mess of

8 Complete these sentences with an object and an
infinitive with or without o as appropriate,

a When Las a child, my parents soul lt

bo The vater in the resort wasnt clean enough 10
¿drink o our holiday rep advised

€ 1 woke up suddenly and thought 1 heart

à Thnow A may sound unreasonable but Fd

e Tove st

ng bythe lake watching,

9 Complete 1-13 with an appropriate form ofthe
verb in hal

SELS
adentro when, ny fal ya tunen.
‘easinite 2 jim a ie opio othe
‘Amazon it sop nik. vt i Yes!
Hooked a 0... 4 por tores and
rat. didve species to
Seno. ao oped fm a jaguar atte
animal ae of special intro me The ip woul
trea 7 Sul heh ick jure ad
te we ted € be ile by se and
‘snakes Mr lien ass wore about me that
she teat

Unit2 25 |

27. Listening ran short extracts

1 ead ths quote and discuss how far you agree with these Ken.

Vie want to preserve our identity, history, lad, language and values
for our children. Our children, who are our future, must understand
our history so no one can say our culture is gone. If we do not
preserve this, our ives won't belong to us any more.

2. © ead questions 1-6 below before you listen Lo the three diferent extracts
Then listen and choose the best answer (A, B oF C) for eich question.
he how to doit and tip boxes will help you.

You hear part ofan interview with à tour operator discussing à
museum dedicated to Native Americans.

1) What crtitsm does the man make about the museum?
"ative Amerkans were not consulted enough wen setting It up
Some exhibits do not capture the impact of Native American
‘The museum project took far too long to conceive and set up

2 The museum aims to
A. ensure that twill attract large numbers of local visitors.
18 demonstrate the lifestyle of Native Americans to visitors.
(© Giepla object original in he possession of local communities

You hear two people talking about a town far

3 What did the two speakers learn about the town fir from
the newspaper?
‘A Attendance was down on last year
8 Ithad managed to attract a lot of outsiders
© There vias a lack of atmosphere,

4 The two speakers agree that
A the best thing about the town fair was the evening concert
1. he quality of the items on sale at the tov fair was excellent,
{© the town fer greatly benefits the local community

You hear part of an interview with a woman whois a curator
ina museum.

5 The woman disagrees withthe interviewer about
A what kinds of historical objects should be displayed in museums
B_ the role of historical objec in educating young people
whether historical objects should be returned to where they
‘came from.

6. How does the woman see her responsibilities as a museum curator?
She believes we shou be aware ofthe history of our
ancestors,

She is determined to preserve the past for future generations
She wants to encourage people to read more about history.

how wo doit

Fad the como a tot
WE tonte each estate
rita yout th he

Bitte answer bth queen
dee exact e rs
lens

Im iihesconteie de.

28. Speaking ran2

1 Answer questions a and b about photos 1-3.

à What ae the ceremonies shown?
1b What do ceremonies like these have in common?

2 Underline the key words in the task above the
photos opposite

3 ©) Read the how tit box below, then listen to

someone doing the task in 2 and answer these

4 Which adjectives does she use to describe the
people's flings?
bb Does she answer the whole task?

howto doit
Geese eo pis yu want ta about
ME vs 2 art of words to shove your ar local
Remember to compar, snp sb he pees.

A Fir ake gaps in ach with 1-8 below to form

sentences about the photos

a. Wlocks asf these people are ina
degree ceremony

» The in this ceremony appear to be

feeling very proud,

€ This ceremony is in a huge stadium,

4 Think the degree ceremeny would be
than the launching ofthe ship.
You would probably have lasting ofall
these occasions but for different reasons.

€ People ‘occasions lke these forthe rest
oftheir lives

8. Photos like these us of important events
in our lives

Some occasion in our ives ae simply

1 more memorable 5 remind
2 taking place 6 unforgetable
3 remember 7 taking pan

4 memories 8 pariipants

5 im pairs, do the task in 2. Student A compares
photos 1 and 2, and Student compares photos 2
And 3. The howiodo box and phases below will
help you

scie
It ooks ik lok its
Itscemsto be appears 0 be
They ight be era be
They probaby/perhaps/ maybe

Unit2 [E]

29. Use of English rar2 open oz
1 when do yung people ‘come of age in your county
Head the et ew gulch and answer these questo
à Who are the cr

and think ofthe word which best
ars 1-15. The howtodoit and tip boxes wil help
Do you think the Xess” trations will su
Why/Why note

UNUSUAL x

in their tradition
yung men ofthe ri tribe have
to prove their manhood and t gain
called warriors. senile climbing
ching a wasps’ nest wäh their bare hands
ofthe many tradtions help.
mark the coming of age of the young men and reflect the
fee's relationship + the natural environment
"nad been invited to witness this ceremony of my
pport forthe Indians over many years as they tried to
Lo terms with outside culture.
several days and nights, the vilgers ha

I

Le

customs and rien. !
id ceremony whieh
to endure in

the ight to

2 hoWrodoit
=

ead the tot nc or el mean ven
ai sentence sentence

Dont ays hase your ist ed constr
Sone ether options

HR jour comptes efor ses ond ganar

our wads to par of ape

forthe event daneing aná istening to muse which is
distincte and pulsating The young men, ©. are aged
141018, hd been string tothe mths and legends which
hunting nd sure kil they were ready for
‘he final tes, they were ed tothe sindy, tica
ladder which they to climb up tofu tele
objective The men nervous stood ther ground

ose tothe tree as they dared, wilt the women hi
themselves |. the undengrowt of the surrounding
forest The ordeal, which always

results in stings forthe young

men, proves bravery,

bly to withstand pain, end
willingness to face dangerous

‘tutions

30. Part 5 Key word transformations

5 Lock at the example key won! transformation
exercise below. Which part ofthe frst sentenee has
ee replaced by the hey word? Da ba sentences
ave a sar coming
ample
D yout thin cou dto jou for a moment?
WONDERING
Tas wondering f Y could distr you for a moment.

5 Road the answers given to a-e and say which ones
ane cornet Then Cannet Ihe eres ha ae weung,
‘The howto doe box wall help you.

how te¢oit
a OS

dur cep were ar ht as ar
oe Be.

rw thei ate the pare el esco

a The actor's autobiography was published lst week,
CAME
Tri ithe actor iw. cago canes out
laa week.

bo Fon so sore we have in endute this ceva
Journey:
pur
only we id el pt eis dread
journey.

© Pam wil never accept th
Deleved we
TERMS
at will newer € tes ic hat
‘What she Bleue was ie,

A Mexquit bites ate nowhere near as panf as
woop aies.
FAR
Musquit bites are lee. pi shen wasp sings

(© WAN the elections be a massive victory forthe

fact that what she

ceprosiion pay?
RESULT
Y wade ie ces

for the opposition part.

Grammar
Relative clauses capo

1 Complete semtences a- with clauses 1-10.

a. Yin may decide 10 emt! or our courses
online,
1 y grandaer, … het chiens inthe garden,

© Ps ia ey

A The house was fll of mous patins,

© we ventued further id 10 explore the remote,
uninhabited island,

4 eventual fished wring ray essay a
might,

E Tae popular foctils
vine

Ih Have yuu euer had one of those days...

|) nial, you wi be placed in a cass of ten
students,

‘were often cut oft

10 why you den

wih

1 by whieh time I had missed my favourite TV
programme

2 all of which were wont a sural fortune

3 none of whom has ever susie anccher
Language before

4 where we went elimbing in the summer

5. about which very ite is kon

6 when everthing seems to go wrong

7. whose love ofthe outdoor was bis pasion

8 whose at galeries are one of its biggest

9 in whieh ease, he flowing instructions must
be fllowed

nt fo go out tonight

vie El

31. Writing Part 2 A proposal we oe

1 took at the photos and answer questions a-c.

a. Which country is his
1. What diferent aspect of culture are shown?
© What else do you know about this countey’s culture?

2 Read this exam task and answer questions a-c
‘You are onthe planning committee representing your
‘county fran international cultural festival in London.
ea proesa for he fetal panier ugt what
‘should e included inthe festival to represent the culture
‘of your country and explaining why you think the aspects
You have chosen would be of special interes,

te your proposal in 220-260 words

a. Who is your target reader?
type of Let should you write?
© What two main points shoul! you include in your

32. 3 Read the model answer and decide if statements.
3-8 about proposals ae rue or false

They begin inthe same vay as a leer
They focus on a future event.
4

‘They ae informal in register.
‘They are divided ino sections with clear
headings

€ They aim to inform and persuade the target
reader.

{They do not need an Introduction or cunclusin.

8 They give suggestions and/or recommendations.

4 ast the different ways the weiter suggests for
showing his ideas, eg. a lve performance.

5 Which verb forms cannot be used in a-d? Read
the proposal to check your answers and find other
ways of making suggestions

3 suggest we shew/to show/show showing a lm
about our national history

bb It would be a good idea tach teaching to
nch/that we teach people one of our Local
dances

€ recommend nuie/o évite invite inte
one or two of our national celebrities to appear

Y propose puting on /put en/we put on us to
put on a special display for children.

6 Find phrases in the proposal which mean the same
as a-e below. Why ls each equivalent phrase in the
model more suitable?

a Nobody else has à culture ike theirs.
2 group of people from our past

‘make our past seem more real

Visitors would think the animals were great.

© Why don't we go for Kylie Minogue?

7 Write your proposal. Plan your answer fist by
doing a-e.

a Think of ll the aspects of your country that are
culturally significan

bb Choose the ones you could show at à festival,
and decide how you would show them.

© Decide on three main headings, and select the
Best items from your ideas in b). Remember to
include a separate introduction and conclusion.

Introduction

‘This proposal contains my suggestions for our countrys
contibaion tothe international eval in London

‘Our national history

‘Aboriginals were the onl inhaitants of Australia and
their culture completely unique. recommend a ive
performance of traditional dances and music Visitors
might abo enjoy a photographic display of aboriginal
‘ave and rock paintings and of Uluru, thr sacred red
rock We could follow that witha procession of stoic
‘characters in costume, which should bring ur history
alive

outdoor ite

suggest we show a videos visitors can appreciate
how ii tit sur and sie ol ur fabulous
baches. Scuba ing is very popular toa, so suggest
‘having display showing people diving at the Great
Barer Ret We coud alo have photos showing
prope treking inte rainforest Visitors would be

amazed ard captivated by the huge vail of wie
tobe found

Contemporary arts
‘The Sydney Opera House is wold fous and am
sure its would enjoy a lve performance by one
‘of our celebrated opera singer. propose we aso ask
Singes rom ur thriving rock scene to contribute. Kie
Minogue would be an obvious choice. Another aspect
of he ars scene that would deity interest vistors
is ur lm industry. so we could sow cis and sis
from fils, featuring ou most famous cor, suchas
Russel Crowe and Nicole Kian,

Conclusion

‘iy proposal would give vistors a eal taste of
Australian culture, past and present and 1 hope it
"meets with your approval

33. Review

1 Rearrange the words in bald so that they i the
correct definitions ace

2. Parades ate days of periods of celebration,

Traditions ane formal public occasions
‘elebeating a particular event.

«Ritual are public processions.

4 Ceremonies ae customs or beliefs handed down
to fre generations

© Festivals tea prescribe onde of performing res.

2 rei the second sentence in € hep the
‘renin the same. Une thereto or min
the word gem
3 There have been serous dots abot Sam's

Profesional ar hs een Dev

1 We dent want any criticism to he over by
the events organisers,
‘wrens
Be careful not 10 say anything,
the even’ organisers

© Everybody is affecte bythe excitement ofa
cama,
ur
I impossible not
in the exiernent of carnival.

3° complete the following sentences with à suitable
ob or adverb 10 match the meaning ofthe words
brackets The first ete ofthe werd! is given.
3 One of the main motivations in many people's
Ties 6 à vi (make mong).
1b you mead the programme, you wil ine a

paragraph at the bepining sich... dhe
scene (gives the background) brillan.
© A first lla cam often e... (Xona)

compet with younger siblings

Tes Pon (trong) interested in >
archacoleg He's been on hundreds of digs.

+ Tule be to say how da (ver) part
Tan forall that you have one.

{One thing politicians rarely adit 1 is.
(ging back on) thir werd,

8 We were a... (Completely) fuious to hear
that Paula ad missed the tain aga

1b Wout you De... ertby)eisappainted
ret 10 be oler the job?

EX uz

4. Use the vert in brackets in their correct form to
complete semences a 1

12 We Moule o thankyou for your invaluable
(Contribute) te the event

1b Ai th entrance tothe museum, there an
“pressive wonden sn (Evo) cl a bustle,

© Te u... (reveal that someone had robbed
hr of her mist tras! posession war
devastating.

4 You shoul ler the are know of any special
dietary (equim) in advance.

After the ii (form) ofthe company,
‘he busines rapidly went Lom strength 10

strength.
{Clearly contused, she oe at me with no sig
lc (ec) on her ace

5 Complete the sentences with a word connected with
remembering. The fst eter ofthe word is given.

do you thik more m.… a6 OU
ru older your childhood or yeur teenage

yeast

1 Souvenirs can bring back happy Mi... of
special events.

© The iran has asked 10 De... in good
time about the annual meeting,

& My first day at Wor was. fora mude

‘of very interesting reasons.
© Please dm’ Lu... phone your aun, W's
Ihr bia tomorrow

6 Nurmber semences 3-0 in the best order (1-5) to
{orm proposal suggesting what to include in an
international exibition about France.

a To accompany this, we could also have a small
gallery of photograpls showing the many islands
‘lf the French cout nn
‘Another aspect would of course, be an
‘exhibition outining te countrys story am
sure this would be popular wih vistors. .
‘swell as showing pesple the geography cf
France, it would be an excelent ies to have a
section devoted to tradtonal French cuisine, as

[My suggestions would alee visors a taste for
French culture and 1 hee they meet with your
approval.

34. Bun el
Pe

————-a
MAREAS Dt

Answer these questions a STOCKS sunt
2 Lok at the photos ad talk about fret \

situations in which people make predictions.

1. What kind of jobs involve pecple making
predictions?

«Who relies onthe information provide by their
predictions?

What can happen ifthe predictions tum out to be

What changes are you likely to se i the following
ares in your lifetime? The expressions inthe language
tex below will help you.

+ wore + transport

+ holidays 2 entertainment

BH Making predictions
Theres o kind of
unica at
Theres absolutely no way tt

ie as nt
There. a od chance that
The chances are that
seems inviable
is hound o
There no doubt nat

you could find out any the things about the
‘what would they bet

35. ‘Quickly rend the three extracts below and opposite, — 2. Rand the three extracts again and the two questions
which are all concemed in some way with the below each one. Then choose the best answer
future. Then think of a suitable tie for each one. (A.8, Corb). The box will help you

pace tourism is already grabbing the headlines
nd terrestrial travel has entered the space age So

what lies In store for tomorrows holidaymakers?

Plans to build a new fleet of ‘spaceliness are currently
s Underway so in the notso-dstant future we may al be
heading out into space a a matter ofcourse. According L
fesent estimates A won't be cheap and in fact You’ be
In true space for just tree minutes, But forthe Ihousan
of aspring as ho ate expected o sin up, non
ve of that matters

An jüt consider what may be on offer by 2020, when
it predicted that space hotels wil be open for bs
Holiday brochures already claim that their hotel are out
vs world These cxaggerated claims of excelence cou
income mere staterents of fact if plans for space hot
take shape! An American tycoon has reportedly comms
milions of dollars to developing an orbiting hotel, and
Present the sums are prohibitive, but investors hope cs
dl decrease in time

For those who preler holidaying nearer home, thee is
another possbilly. Futurologist lan Pearson claims ‘active
Skin‘ technology wil be widespread by the year 2
‘omputer chips smaller than skin cel will be hooked

up with nerve endings to make electronic records of

vons, which ean then be replayed. Tiny transmis
tached to your fingertips, toes, and face could enable
ou to enjoy the sensations of a holiday - walking on
each or enjoying a holiday romance, ays Pearson. Bu
vil à vito! holiday be as enjoyable a à rel one? And 1
thisis the future, de we realy want 2

1 The extract suggests that in the future hotels in space

Hea ot aha kt de À might be an impossible dream.
a two questions. B may be as good as ones on earth.
PELO pa da er © cul case environmental damage

A confused

B sceptical
€ optimistic

36. IF YOU'RE BORED WITH THIS BUSINESS WORLD,

1 SecondLife (SU san Internet-based virtual world
where you can interact and do business with 2
hole new community. You can create object, sl
them, and make real money. Our virtual weld has a
real economy, with its own curency - the Linde .

vs Rele businesses con fours in SL

‘And very soon retailers maybe able to place a "door
to a5 store from thelr weit, lin people to
np from two-dimensional browsing into three”
Smensora shop. For example, an avatar (a ital

“a person) with a customers measirements coló even
tay dethes on. The current Internet has forced us
into cramped two-dimensional space that doestt
capture the way humans window-snep. SL cn bing
back to the three dimensions where we belong,

se The news i traveling fast. Our members now
include senior representatives of some of the
best-known companies in the world, Several
er leading companies have but replicas
Of thei conference rooms in SL where distant

+ employees can meet and exchange Information.
Other Companies are looking at using SL for their
Corporate training. And it tas als become the
ptet way to get 10 krow colleagues after à
Stressful day inthe vital office.

3 Why might shopping in Second Lie (SL) be better
‘han curent ways of shopping on the web?

‘A There would be more retailers to choose from.
B Customers can do more than jst look a tems.
© A retailer could select and advise on products
DD It would be a quicker way to pay for clothes.

4 Business are using SL because it
A broadens people's socia ives.

Ballons them to adverse their buildings.
(© Is people work and socialise together
D offers new job opportunities.

Gesch ana panes ol ssenbing
molecu with toric preisen. ym tems,
means that we may have the ably to place one
mata time na spect place = Is mol

+. mania atthe very fest vel Ms a huge
advance techndogy and has enarmeus posits
for evry aspect of ou Ines. Herce sbstail
‘vermert funding in are andthe vast number
ranoteh compares ready n xtc.

There are are tat doubt be pasate to mante
mals ne Woy ander cas an Bla
chars am at son be poste to ake ry
(eves eat, vic re merce rob sal
vs enought wach or boodsreas, desty cancer
ca e ropa lay heart ae They hope atthe
tecindogy an abo be usd naher reas ur hs,
sas gnerate cheap decry and to puny wets

so Tere ar mers that tee cou be anges
Unintended coseguires sch as sebrepicangrts
estr the wo Probl are acy more ley,
te sink ose people assoc wh rear energy
end genetical mai foc Tas some ofthe ty

1 nts coud damage ces ad bean enormer ange
A hist tee gal request o lame abe
tis cal ao posts freredoogy were ofa io
the wrong had suchas ct organs arde
sed tom ocr people. Opemess on technol

2 Baus eseral regla ako Er.

EM =

Interest in the potential benefits of nanotechnology
is evident from

A financial investment from the state

E the suppor ol surgeons wide

© the design and manufacture o robots
widespread publi suppor.

‘What concerns does the writer voice about
nanotechnology?

A. Assessment ofits safety might be incorect.

15 "The usual est have not been earned out on i
© Dangerous groups may get hold ofi

DD It could be more dangerous than nuclear energy.

37. Grammar

Future forms ceso

Vocabulary cvs
Phrasal verbs with up and down

1 Complete a-e with phrasal verbs formed irom these À Name the verb forms used to express the future in

ver plus up or down,
Mor set pi ing tm

Mon haven't got enough room, we can
our relatives fr the right
b Hinten o use the inberkance o
ee his ve BUSINES.

© Protesters ae treating to ao the
‘government if their demands aran mic

6 Police ron the emonstraten by
fring tear gs into the crowd.

‘was the thought of commuting every day that

made me the jb oles,

© Use your dictionary to answer these questions.

2 fs wich prasad vers in 1 could you put he
bit between the verb abd the partic?

‘Tum he objects ofthe phrasal verbs In a-e into
ronouns, Then repase the sentences,

ample

(tf yeu have got enough ron, we ear pat thers
up for the ght

3 Replace the undertined verbs tn a-d with new

Phraal ver forme from she vers in 1 plus up
or don. Chock your answers in your dicionary.
Game

rs best if you dent union de subject of Mark's

sation, as it's rather serstive mo

bring up

44 The hey witness Jost contol and state crying

You shouldnt have made ir lok stud in
front of bis fiends - no wonder he was ups

© Cu you ics he sand on te cdi a Ut 2
ean Raul bear what the newsrcaders saying.

Students are expect te respect the cllego ales
as will down in the offical handbook

Bus

28 then match them with functions 1-7.

‘Our train eaves at 4 cock tomorrow morning.
rs having my har cut tomorow
By this ite pont year, already’ have let
school and found a joa

red. Fink II go o be.
le Ming on à eae: this tia next week,
‘Werte going to move house next yeas
By the end of this week, they’ have ben
travel for à yea.

an appeintment/deine arrangement
2 spontanen desir

3 timetable or ave! plan

an action completed before another future time
an action happening fra eontinuens period
before à future point

a personal plan

an action that wil be in progres at a certain
future time

‘cheese the corset vel forms to complete the
logue.

‘A: Have you heard? Anna and Mark (1) are u o
‘etn get mania.

1: Surely not! Anna (2) wll starts sag
university next week.

‘A: Wel she must have changed her mind, Her
rent (3) are going wei o erazy wen they
fad out

1: You're rot foking! Ar you absolutely certain?

A Quite certain. VU tll you what, (4) Fm ging
fof ing her wight new and she can wl you
herself. She (5) sl ais hain some fends
0x for dinner tonight so she should be at hore,

1: Good idea I hope is oot just a rumour. think
(6) they make/they re making a perfect coupe

+, €

38. Pat the verb in brackets into an appropriate future
form.

2 Do you think most office workers
for home by 20207

1... space tours become)
‘widesread within the ext ve yeas, in your
onion!

(© How likely si that ordinary people
{use robots 10 do domestic tasks in ther houses
inthe very near future?

à Do you think scientists
being by next year?

© Where do you think most people in your country

.. ve) in $0 years’ time; in rural or urban

a

(ork)

(done) a human

Discuss your opinions of the completed questions
ina,

{Unteline the time conjunctions in a-€ and match,
the vrb forms which fellow them with 1-3

{Well be going tothe beach as soon as he ain
Pas stopped

1. When space Nights become cheaper, wel all
want to ty them.

€ News reporters wil be taking photos while the
President is speaking

1 cmphasies the continuous nature ofthe action

2 emphasises that one action wil be finished
ore another begins

3 simply states a fact

Complete sentences a-e with your own ideas
and say which tenses coud follow the ine
conjunctions

a Make sure you phone me from the airport as
o Fin sure you wil be in a etter mood once

1 usually fel relly tied after 1
De you think you tl enjoy clubbing by the
© Ove of our assistants wil hep yo the minute

Correct the tense errors in a-d. There may be more
than one possible answer

My brother is planning to travel round Europe
‘with his grind next year, but now she's
hanged her mi.

1. The celebrity who is 10 open the new hospital,
has pulled out at the lst minute,

© She is about to take a mouthful of wine when
she noted the wasp in her glass.

& 1 hadırt realised my mother inlaw will say un
the end of the mont.

Complete he sentences in

appropriate way.
2 They were going to order desert …

bo Mie were about to leave the house

© fT had knoven my boss was going 10

à. Tknew that my decision would

‘Ask a partner or partners about ae.

3 What they're doing fora holiday this year.

b Whether they hope to be living in the same
place in five yeas” time.

© Whether they think that something significant will
have happened o them by this tne next yea,

& Which film they think hey see next.

© What the next big purchase theyre about to
make is

39. Listening part 3 multiple choice

| What can be done to preserve paces like the ones
inthe photos for future generations?

2.69 Read quickly through the questions, then listen
vice to two conservationists, Bob and Cari,
talking about plans for the future of ancient
monuments, and choose the best answer for 1-6.

1 What does Bob say about building tourist

centre near ancient monuments Uke Stonehenge?

À Facilites ike these
encouraging tourism

B It's lficul to find architects willing 10 tke
on projects ike these

© Finding the right design for centres like these
is problematic

D The cost of building projects ike these is
Incredibly high.

ye essential for

2 What suggestion does Carrie make regard

Stonehenge?

‘Existing visitor facilities should be updated

B The standing stones should be removed from
the sit

© There should be a maximum number of
visitor allowed,

The site should go back 10 how it looked in
the pst

3, Bob fees that Carrie's plan fr Stonehenge
À. would not be environmentally friendly
B would result in à huge los of income.
© might be popular with the authorities.
might lead to an increase

BD ws

3

4 What comment does Care make about the
planned redevelopment of Peta?
A lt will be designed 1 blend in withthe
landscape.
1B The new bailding work will destroy the
atmosphere of he place
© “The idea has been welcomed by many local
people.
It wil restrict the entrance of large groups of
5 in Bobs opinion, the Petra building project wit

A. prove 10 be too ambitious
Bo over budget.
€ be educational
D. make Petra even more beautiful
6. According to Carrie, many people believe places
like Stonehenge and peta should
A. be visited by as many people as possible.
B. provide a relaxing experience for tourists.
© receive more publicity in the future
D. be allowed to keep their air of mystery

Match ae with 1-5 to make phrases about th
future from the recording.

a onthe 1 fn store

b inthe 2 cards

€ what les 3 mn

4 you never know 4 pipeline

fe Inthe ong 5 what's around the comer

Use some ofthe phrases in 3 o talk about things
ou expect to happen in the future where you Ive.

40. Talk about your ambitions for the future using
some ofthe phrases below

out
e Suey

Put these expressions ino three groups "success",

“failure oF making an effort.
‘come up with something orginal

Tack the talent to do something

have the determination to do something

make ito the top
beat the competition

make your mark

put your heart and soul into it
make (alt of sacrifices

Tack the necessary ambition

{Look at the two pais of photos and he task above
them and make some notes about how you could
answer these questions.

Read the

listen to how
and say how

stable their answer is and why,

ie rang of ttre 7d vocablo

Now do the exam task in 3 with a partner

mu
partner's photos and answer
this follow-up question:

‘Which ofthese ambitions do
You think would be the most
“eut to achieve?

tn tums 10 look at your

rief
te peeled
ner longer
tan scene or
the question atout

+ at ambitions might the people have o the aur?
+ How tial ight tbe Uh aio?

41. Use of English rar 1 utipie-choice coze

maya has
What else gives you clues to how old people are? the tex quichy for general sense,
om
2 What do you think the difcrence is between your “calendar age DB es api thi ta
nd your "og age? Rad he tx lo 3 quickly to chek Se
3 aa the hon 1 ds ba tien complete gape’ 1-12 withthe bese oo ne gap oe your
‘sion (A,B, oF D. =

As old as you feel
pet pu a ya oe ery ld syste. AU Dg
Ac case the teat Bag ag per}. or er rte ct CH dee
Infomation on ey 2 fa tentes fess Mee a fy mé Pry i
za PI 8 comparo west cu whether they ate Oder ycunge tan ek aa age
noc

“heavy and crenata ess es à One eg ash grec 10
tr bloga age to be use detorare when wert shoud rete Mes... tht fan
“employees biological or reel age is shown, for example, 10 be 55 when he reaches his 650.
Ey, he roue» to worker MN Jade. Aer men moy any Lt
ir Pn 8 Door sender ya and he Lac may fe NY

Same cose repre to py aer uns cf money ft ne exaatns vi be ste to
Y VAR cy wäh rece sing al ar 2 ou et,
(ung em corto 1 cand rf hey were younger ret eng, escent
cer the cane we ie tess are re cae te purpose fase tes wi E to
renee peepee 9. er hes Te creep of Ye ae seo Bei 1. IM
the USA wa Ec and tte far people werk cu) er Bey ler cr Jour
‘than their years. Others firmly believe that locks wl always be the best 12... of age,

OA working up B workimgoll C camyingout Dar cg
LA based B decided € arranged D established
2 A postion B prospect € amitude D aspect

3 À supplied 5 fed € provided D planned

4 à preci. B proded € probe D prompt
5 À debates Bares © discusses Daule
6 A encourage! 8 supportal incited D promoted
2 À tere B deal € account D importance
$ À grounds B signs € demon D evidence
9 À progres B impor € pain D increase
10 A trade 3 pursuit € business D concern
UA whether B unless € incase D solar

12. noce E indicator € figure D token

42. 1 ty nese tests to tna your ROCA age. How accurate do you thnk they aer

A. Stand on your let eg, wth
au ight eg bet bind
345 grecs and hands on
your ips ie your ees
Time how longi before
use your balance. Take
Ae best See fe He.

mn nu no

JE Hold ruler out below your | > Getsomeone to bid

ce. Hold a business care ‘cm er above you open
at the end ofthe ruler ane orinant had, ach the
lo mee it eae yes rule: quie as posible
Luni urs Mesa he when dropped Measure

Gsancat which you can — | where you cath tend take
sill ed it. the average of re to.

dope 0% m mw | tapas mn sm se su

Vocabulary
Expressions connected with age

1 ten the expresso In als In a-h WH the meanings 1-8.

3 My 90 year-old grandfather has only recently begun to fot
is age

1b "The children shouldn't have acted so iresponsiby. They ae
it enough to know beter

© Some people soy thatthe secret of sting young 1 remain
yrung at Rear.

The you of today seem so lient from when was à
youngster

+ My att may be 60 but she certainly doesn’t Lok her ae.

1 Wien was a ld, anyone over 40 seemed as od as the Pls

8 Tim’ only 14 but very mature Me has an at head en young
shoulders

1h We should take every opportunity because we're nor geting
any younger.

1 be mature enough te ac in a more sensible way
2. young people

3 he moce mature than is expected for someone so young,
4 growing older

$ look as old as you really are

6 si Sealing and behaving as you did when you were younger
tech old
be physically aware of your rel age

cuss the following questions.

à. Do you hase similar expressions abeut age in your language?
ho Do you agree with the saying You're never too old to eam”?
Why/Why note

tons El

43. Writing rana A format letter

Rd the writing task and input texts and say
what the Principal is planning to do and why.
bb who you have o write to,

Your tudcet committe at an iterations col bas cent.
Mero fromthe Pina, announcing future cist the tarso
Facts You have been ashe to write ee to the Principal,
tel hr tat you wil be oppesns the cuts and ging reasons.
Use the Prinepals emo ith your coment, 0 re your leer
In 1220 ere,

To The Student Commitee
From Simpson, Principal

Review of transport facilities
Th co ha ite dtc ad hs ad eer various wins to soe
money tre
wrong = Ml iy cota and fus bem dicing the ny nope ies
fiers er Her 2 nour et hes are undead cor hat ely a sal nurberof
eae ico a wee dents use te tudes carpark and the fice bes halle — Ni vine!
We have therfore decided on sme inmediae changes. Fly, ere
sake hea ar all he gral plc during the ig and vo
res fee. Second, we wb crm rating the e bu save, Weve
ce sande wl be pened o courge ste te cl re cell
‘Nove ge comme wil super our decision, —— Dong cing in

Not enough psc

7 Spat
Principal

44. 2 Which of 2-4 would be appropriate for your Het
Whats wrong with the otherst
ome

Tate tom me, your den of cutng cur transport
Facts is rig ut of oder. (io informal ~ rather
agria)

à Yous sincerely

by yu let outsiders use dhe ca park, how on
amt ae we going I find spaces?

€ Lane to inform you that after caret
eawsieration we have decided to oppose these
rs sans

4 HEM Simpson

fe Fora tat, what you soy about students not
ting be fuses is just plan wrong.

{a writing om behalf ofthe student comuni
in reponse to your recent meme regard,
fica cutbacks tthe college.

8 czy expecting us to jee to college when
the ti so

Route a-e In a mare formal syle.

orale
the tases ere half em

à weve fst done a survey

Dot you say I wrong

€ the changes you an to tring in
de cant gc to this

© sso unter

5 Use some of these linking words to join y

Liat the points from the Principal memo to
Include in your answer to the exar task. Add
comments in your own words.

ample
college transpor faciles denied = we belie

from 4 nto senlenes

however
inspite of/despite

nevertheless although
cause (of)

6 ake a plan of four

py orl is tip
tisk Dec where ie Manieren
Sentences in? shuld go, tte seu
Date one PP

help you write your ter.

how
Bi rd the tk cet
eal he pet ti, an ted te
Lies
ate ptes lr a the pies yeu metre

Die a the eet nat ar eri yor
os core.

= Check that you have covert everihing in the
Pa

ic ann rom inte
D spec ene

>05:
Po
pop
0.00 a]

ere 2332

= = tm E ==

45. Review

Correct the mistakes withthe phrasal verbs In a-g.

3. On hearing the sad news, Saly broke up and wet.

1 tés am international organisation helping those in.
crisis, and was set off last century

© Ifyou get more guests than you bargained for, we
have plenty of space, so can easily put up some.

4 Who finally put up the subject of money during,
the negotiations?

© t's extremely unprofessional 10 turn someone
(down in from of their colleagues.

The rules and regulations forthe procedure are
sot up in this document

1. Only after several shops had been robbed did the
authorities break down the rot

“Write the missing words in the phrases in a-e

a. Following a spell of poor weather, forecasters say
that high temperatures are Jus... Comer.

b Although I've applied for a number of jobs, Y
have nothing definite... pipeline yet.

© Italy, this may seem an expensive investment,
ut... run, it wil prove good value for money.

(6 Heed known What ore TOF us at day,
we would never have gone on the excursion.

«e: Everyone hopes it won't happen, but it's
cards tha the factory wil else.

Correct any mistakes in the underlined expressions

‘© It seems that nowadays you need very little
talent to de your mark in if

4 Alter years without success John finally accepted
that he wanted the talent to become a tr.

+ Fer edebrtes realise the pressures involved in

sting ito the top.

4 You could see from the children’s faces that
they were puting ther head and soul into the
performance.

8 Atthe end of the day, | wasn't prepared to create
the sacrifices needed in my personal life forthe
sake of my job.

In To be a successful inventor, you've got to come.
up 10 something original at the right time.

LES

A. Choose the correct word to complete sentenas 3,

à Our marketing strategy is doided/based on a
Wied and tested system.

1 Many senior citizens have contacted us to
enguire/ discuss about the new tax.
We always take an inteest/acoun in à
prospective employee's ambitions,
In sum addition to government grants, private
finance has funded this projec.
(Campaigners against the international arms
tade/concern have presented a petition.
‘We can't help you unless/so that you are
prepared to confess to the robbery.

“le the correct word in sentences 2-8.
a. We should make the most af Me because none of
us are coming/going/getin any younger.
© Some people say young at c/c a
their ves.
For many people, st uni they hit retirement.
that they Dein 10 be/seem/fee thelr age.
‘Sam has always had an old head on young neck
‘shoulders/body.
What outrageous behaviour! You're old enough
‘know we bete best.
' amazing how some elderly famous people

‘dont een lcok/show ir age!
“Teenagers consider anyone over 3010 be as old

46. Lead in

1 For each pat of the body below, name two
xeatures which have them

mane sale. bak hide

fipper antenna hoof task
fin daw hm pa
wing she

2 Name a creature whic

3 is generally feared, as sinister associations.
might be found repulsive E isexot
© as human characterises, 8 isendangered

ie thought of as man's frend,

3 say which creatures are described in a-4 and explain
the werds in tales.

à Most members ofthis species are
very agile climbers and swing
{ough the tees a great speed
“They ate highly sociable and
spend hours grooming each other

D There intelligent, playful
rates with fins but no scales,

à favourite with sailors
extremely graceful
animals with long necks and very

‘sll hoes.

4 They re flere hunters with lange

paws. They stalk their prey and

an run faster than all the other

Digs

4 write brief descriptions of three
more wild animals and see if
partner can guess what they ar.

wi

47. Reading part2 capped text

1 yen know ay tr, oo til,
in ehh nas lp humans?

2 Qulckty rod the main text and summartse
what it says about the relationship
between humans and dpt,

3 Look at tines 1-8 and lines 9-12, Which of
‘ac below most key to summarise the
first missing paragraph? Match a-€ with
paragraphs from À-G.
othe simular meidents about delphine
bb a theory of animal behaviour
€ Wa ke up to this sitio

4 Compete the tet with the romains
frogs ing the Nght werde
Si the if bm ofp yon Bd its.
“ere soe ta ro

5. Say how the clues helped you match the
paragraphs
Example
Tre word ara in paragraph ©
‘summarises the events of ehe fst
pomaraph.

6 Do you agree that humans are purely
motivated by sentent? Can you
fof any examples of people acting
soni?

Lol ns, eg, mues
ard pronouns

time lens es.
ce Le

heer ais
tester

Lis ma

da
nee
See
Son
ee
Due

Bale the ang dpi was gg tram hm ran.

0 Dee, Hewes tured to Ps gi rta ct wher wa
BG 10 surface uta he umd, wt e sw te wate a
PA 2 cn bu set much verso a ret wie ak

So were the op realy tring to protec tne ruman
“tetas! ist the ret ue hese eestures have appre

13 ne hunars rom sas Grek my ell hw re
sia, was crió lod on he Backs dle o
ers had thas fe for ner eh. The fat ths: te rh
catre on dips dias tat, even ther amar bee
this ape to be brighter ond pos hacer tran ther bests
3

20 The near ia tas witnessed ty der Met Flee Ha an
is ren were anchored estoy when be saw the ls
‘eng grote hs camera ard Junped ile Ie ter,
png to get some pictures Butte Fst ag ho sw a te
surfaced es Pt dp but the vertical nora greet whee

2 ai been for hs boots underwater rescue team, oo
‘ht hee come under lack. |
‘u
Such questa are extremely det fr scents to answer
{ex icogits tne avec for vers ver net even umn
re capable of frum = mery eur the every apparent

20 hard act ha some sellers! Pet €
om
Borg to these sert ah appre beret ch
cn in ture — wohes shar ther hl wth the rest lt
pack adult rd ihr the lives to pret thar your apa.
rade Pak, an primates fen he cs of rs m

1 ther group ar eplamec ty the eu of kip Tor
‘Wat rans fered cry o elites ofthe sere specs who
ay mar ofthe same eres a the er ying the ts
suisse, the seem uel ger is meraung the chances
‘of is oF ner on nes san

48. dio humans; thousands are hile each yearby tuna AB roy olan altruism within species but why shoul dophins
rg nets And Howes 1 U unertam whether two help humans, as nthe Whangare niert? Were they flowing
nd severe by poocers rear Wenger harbour an ca nd? Or thy Say mistaken the human
Fortes the group hät saved hi. The thot eaves im summer or ther lis?
pt Ti show we repay then for ther el; he say. 10
pve men response» ate of th cu medicine

«Haves had ten std tse term prcatrs nthe course
is work bt his wa oe ofthe Digest h had er sen Had
Were fs ete has gis he 1915 the dl at interna ened the shark wth ts core, o
dard O Wise bok Sel na yar nent he wet mt vy have hen ach and hie
ffir Dons The fa Gore Wien bene
Ja imentenana tores ete cr ees E
es seed hon and anal suber rs Mob hat!heymistck he shape of human in he water
reeds re evry ctrl hy efi genen or oc gn. pin srr Str concret a tree
imensenl care ot ary ng ye nd theo sac,
internal eros. an ter human tre moy hv Ich ey
ccs heat esse y Reet prove the pins miro Mas o Gin
Je uo os tt dep aways rec 1 e a
mes tes? And hey ar one trust. 8
then ha wy? "cerro had stort some mints corte Hewes nte gris
> ere swing anger arar ew esos Norn
Ilo Mo htteen ng ro reis, o mere ung
ross open water when he Ga of lois opera
Started ering hm up. arg iy is very unas
era for dips which normal Sho are to
seus.

49. Grammar

Past tenses cx proc-167

Vocabulary
Expressions with animals

1 Complete sentences af with these words. Explain 1 Name the tenses in Mali in

‘he meanings of te expressions with animals.

water dune work lime grass bag

a Although we did think we'd enjoy cunelves,
‘we ended up having a wha of a …

bb Eat believe Cid my homework so badly
made real dos wes FH

© Next week's party was cant to be à surprise
Put Seras just lt the eat Out of he

à Tom had always lived
a fish ont of nthe city

Le My Last boss as mal snake in the
= you couldn’ trust a werd he sid.

When we decceated cur house, my busbar

Ihtped me choose the palet but let me to do the

BO eens

Complete sentences a-c appropriately to Mlustate
the meaning ofthe expression. Use your dictionary
te look up any expressions that are new to you.

a. 1 wish you'd stop rabiting on about foesball
you krow I

2 Tye got butterties in my stomach because Mis
time lomera,

© Brian usualy cats ikea horse but

Poor David's gping to bein the doghouse. He's
jst

© Jane’ having hen pony it must meat

Answer these questions.

2 When was the latte you were in the
oghease? What liad you done wrong

bb Com yuu remember the last time yo Felt ke a
{ich out of wate? How did you cope?

€ Do brides-to-be in your Country usualy have a
ben panty? What do they do?

& Ne you ever let the eat out ofthe bag about
something raportam What happened?

‘the cute and felt Ike

4 Alte he fotball mae, we went 10 a ba had
few urnks and celebrated our win,

By the time the fitness tainer finaly turned up
we fad been waiting for hal an hour.

© So you've been on che Akins diet? How was It

4 Inspector Lomas looked cut the window uns
snouing and the streets were becoming icy

(© Karen's put on alot of weight recently.

That's the best film Pay seen in along time:

5 As the skier wes racing downhill, hiss hit a
Stone and threw ie off lance.

Ih Heavy fog delayed us and by the tine we
reached the apor, our plane had taken of.

à Farmer have been campaigning fer moe
‘suppor rom the poseen! for Yeats.

2 Look ogain at the verbs in 1 and complete the
grammar descripticn below:

a RELE: fora series of separate past events

b for event in Une recent past, whic
fe net completed, or connect tothe present.

En or a ven hat fsb before
Another past event or tie

a for a continuous past action that
finshed! Deore nether past event or tie,

e 2 2 fo an Iterraptd pas event or
background event.

forte fir, second, ete
Something, and wi superlatives.

3 Pur the vers in brackets in a- nto the past
Simple of present perfect suple, dent any tine
expressions or ether cues that hep.

study) in Pais for sx years tt my parents
moved to Rome.

b

€ (acc) a sports.

@ Ouch (wis) my ankk.

© 1 as along ime before 1 (dare) tell my pore
Vind a tongue tud,

1 (rest) eating a Single piece of chocolate for
the past six werke,

18 Many ofthe plays tat Shakespeare (produce)
Ihave Been made io ns.

50. 4 rt the verbs in brackets
simple or continuo

à He (play) forthe national football team
nec ties o far this season.

to the present perfect

D 1 (work) on the computer since 8 a.m.
bt Fm going to have a break in a minute
© Sofa (phone) Jim five times this

orig but haven't managed o ct him yet.

& you cu. (read the Book ent you, can Y
(an have back now?

era singer Pavartt (travel) round the
Sunny all summer giving performances

5 Wrtetwo sentences about yourself for each of ae,
‘sing the present periet simple, present perfect
coniueus, o the past simple, as appropriate
à challenging things at work or school
ample
Te been working on a fascinating projet / gave
ar important presentation last wwek

1 diopyintng ering experiences

© ce tie activites

Explain how the sentences in each pair below
Afr in meaning,
1a Apoliceman arrested the motorist because he
vos breaking the lw
1 A paliceman stopped the motorist because he
ad been breaking the lw

2s Nos students were aking their exam when the
fetal rang,
1 Most students had taken their exam when the

fre bl rang.

7 Comet any eros with tenses in these sentences

Leu she had ried because her eyes were red
a put.

Last week they wore ling a great white shark
hich had been menacing swimmers for weeks.

as washing my car and my flatmate repaired
hs metortike when our landlord turned up.

a our plane had been landing, one ofthe
eines caught fre and we had to make an

‘eneency landing
{Wher I ast so il he at on the ver bank,
throwing stones into the water.

1 Thereason the DVD player wouldn't work was
cause you weren't plugging it in

8 Putthe vers in

les (1-17) into the core form.

est of us
People

1 see gorilas on TV but few
‘everobserve one in he wild.
3 te fascinated by these creatures since 1
4 be a child So imagine my delight
when, afew weeks ago, 5 ge the

‘chance to go to Rwanda to track wild mountain
‘gorillas, The tip was not without danger. An
6 accompany us o seare

armed soldier
‘off the bufalo which
group. Our guide .
the undergrowth and we .
€ 10 find what looked lke claw marks
in some tees, we realised that gorilas

1 feed thee recently Suddenly, we
12 each sight of them — a whole family
of gorilas The adults... 13 sin the sun
watching the youngsters, who
the trees, One of the adults
Mes un 16 sera his head, and
yun. For me, it was love a Fist sight

ory about the
ing a variety of

51. Listening
Part 2 Sentence completion

1 Discuss what willie photographers do and what
also trating they might ned

2 © You will hear Clare Martin talk about wildlife
iotgsay Rea the PO 1. Bo a crec
the tong answers ven for 18

operating ite el.

‘The bird photographer Arthur Morris va ciginaly a
nl y profession.

Care suggests working a travel ide or
pe

610 Stabi yourself

Se rcormendo sting. A 9
jan 0 home are petogrphee

BD ua

Speaking rans

1 Ree the examiner's question below, ther use the
Information o complete the exam prompts.

“imagine you are writng an ate about the
importance of animals in people Ive, ere are
seu pcs you are conser state
the arte. Talk to eachother about how important
{the animals ar othe people in these pitts,
then dose mo photos which you think wen best
Art the aie

> Wow VE en BODE TT
thee 47
ea Sois ould st cie

ake?

2 Talk about the photos by completing the gaps in ae
swith 1-5 and Finishing the sentences appropriately

1 companionship 4 emertainment

2 independence 5 resource

3 responsiblity

à. erst are à valuable... othe police. They
can be used

o ‘The ol couple probably like having a ea or
Lee they

© Having a pet tke a hamster when sou'te young
es You a sense 0€. The anal reis
on jou …

A Hyon blind or party sighted, à guide do,
‘an be vital foe your ‘Without one |

These fish are a fren of They
vistors because

3 Res the Howmet box, then listen to two.
students do the task in L and auswer these
questions.

a What ntat
maker

bb What does the mae stent do ght?

© What dues he do wrong?

ke does the female student

how io doit

yur pre to ge.
cap and sage oleh wi yur
sa

52. Do the task in 1 in pairs, using the tip box
and phrases below to help you

Dont you think this,

think. ont yo
Would) you

53. Use of English

Part 2 Open clore

1 took at these pictures of imaginary creatures
and discuss which real creatures they resemble

2 Read texts A-D, igno
them witht

g the gaps, and match
pictures and these names.

The Toraton
Snowsalker

The Ocean Fish
The Megosquid

A Vis fearsome remure willbe ene 1... the
most ferocious predators ofthe net oe Age
In order to adept tothe zer that wl bury
norte Europe 2 … several metres ofc,
vl hve uc cc, nd strc legs wi large
flat paws. wave les in pursuit of
its prey ~ sheep size rodents called shagrats

[By This amazing creature willbe Ike no other Heater
than an elephant and simost a large, wil push
its way 4 tenso forest on eight tree
trunks legs til walk... elongating each
oft legs in um, and then compressing them
again.

(This will be the largest enim ever to walk the
planet but will evohe 6... something a small
asthe humble tortoise. Grazng on more than halt
ton of vegetation every day, evi 7
ome n the huge swamps formed when the east

coast of hice Goes 8 the south coast of
Asi. These massive creatures won't hove many
predtors to ear.

dd Tese creatures, so called becouse they can y end
wi, will replace the rd which wl previously
have been wiped ©... They wil develop fom
ue creatures en grow elongated fis that
serve a wings, enabling them to make their
escape trom predators the ses 10 the
‘safety ofthe Birds sy

El oes

3 Read texts A-D again and complete gaps 1-10 with
these prepositions and particles

with for out into under
through by Of from at

54. 4 Read the text below to find out

2

ore about these
md complete gaps 1-15 with one wort
westions will help you with 1-10.

What does the verb be around mean here? What
tense should it be in?

Which word can collocate with to meaning in
their opinion?

Vich word is missing from this conditional
Which phrasal verb with finish means 0 destroy
orto end?

‘What collocates here to mean Helped by?

6 Which preposition is missing here?

7 What can collocate with as to mean tke or
similar to?

8 What can collocate with of to mean fom?

9 What can collocate here to mean plenty off

10. What collocates with lok to mean resernbe?

Use your imagination to think of ether ere
‘whieh might eval inthe future, aking

ao

leopard cage
Shark cha

out OF this World?

Vie humans pride ousehes on the masters of
the cart But modern man 1... only been around
{er 200,000 years ofthe planet four and hal tlion
tar history And 2... to many scent, the long.
term outlook for us it 08.3... our endency lo
get of cach other doe ih 1 4 en
Our propensity fr destroying the environment cou
So at might replace the human rac? Here 5

the ad ofthe atest computer graphic, are some

6... ie fantastic creatures that experts believe
ould emerge as urineritoss, Creates 7

these might lok like something 8... a
ence ton im, but esper aim hat there are
9. than enough lues to predic what future
Inhabitants of the earth might ook 1... We
know the continents are moving and that the Alan
is widening 1... about the ate our fingernails
¡ron So withthe right computer modeling. we

an calcula 12. the continents will end up
Ecologist an then predict what habitats might est,
and 13 pes Of animal that might ve in
them The good news is ta this specs upheaval

14. about thee milion years any; so there
15... eed for us to lose ep ner just yet!

td EJ

55. Name the animals in the pictures. Say which of
them live in the wild in your country and what else
you know about them, Talk about:

ti habitat
what they eat
their characteristics and behaviour

Underline the Key points inthis exam ask, Two,
have been done for you

publisher is bringing out a guide to wiki in your
‘country, You have en asked 1 wit contribution
‘of ore vil animal fod in our county that might
interest vistos You should ince deta aout the
animal and vic on how 10 observe in the wld.
Ute your answer in 220-260 words

Read the model contribution and answer 3-€

a. Why ls the contribution in wo sections?

What diferent kinds of information are given
about the or in the fist section, eg. size

© What does the second section Say about when
where and how to see an otter?

The Otter

GENERAL INFORMATION
One of the most appealing animals found in this,
country is the otter These attractive creatures live
‘near rivers or by the sea and are perfectly adapted
for life in the water, having waterproof fur and a

hey live on a det of sh and
are particularly fond of salmon, eels and shellfish
‘As wel as being skilful swimmers, they are
playful creatures and love rolling and tumbling
in the water. Their homes are made from piles of
Branches, often by the roots ofa tee. Oters are
söltary créatures and itis rare to See a male and
female together. However, cubs stay with their
mothers for about a year before they leave 10
fend for themselves.

OBSERVING OTTERS
Catching sight ofan otter in the wild is quite a
challenge a they are rather secretive animals.
‘Those that live by rivers are mostly nocturnal,
which makes it very dificult to see them. Those
tha live by the sea, on the other hand, often
venture out during daylight hours, and can be
Seen hunting in pools along the rocky shore. The
est place to see an otter in this country is on the
‘west coast Sct out early one moming and drive
slowly along the coastline until you find a key.
spot. Then sit quiety on the beach somewhere
where they cannot detect your scent. I You are
fortunate, you willbe rewarded with a sight of
these fascinating creatures,

56. 4 tow docs the writer rephrase the following
information 10 avoid starting each sentence in the

tractive creatures tat lve near
Oters ae skilful swimmers,

ters ve in piles of branches.

à Oters ae quite dificult 10 see

le Outes that lve by vers are nocturnal
À Ones in this country ae best sen 0

the west

Sentences

"ae 10 informal fr a contribution.
Rewrite them in a more formal style as show, then

2 Ortes ae realy at home in water
(ters ae pertelly

d They et fish
Tey lv... it of ish

The realy ike eels

for ile inthe wate.

They ate particulas OF ces

à They ke playing

& They like being by themselves.
They are... ematures

They don ike being watched
They ae ima

E Ty mainly
They are mostly

me out a night.

6 Rewrite sentences a to keep the same mean

Its extremely diff 0 find an eagle's nest
is extremely dif.
o Girls ae easily spotted because of thei
hight

gaffes because of ther eight
8 Ki let animals o your presence Hf you wear
bright colours

7. Choose an animal you could base the exam tak,

on. Make notes and use the information in this
section o help you write your contribution,
Remember to

include one paragraph about the animal
‘wate a separate paragraph on how o observe it
ep your language fairy formal

tip
Sucre
reed ot on
inden or

ott ES

57. Review

1 Math the pts ofthe body in 1-12 with creatures 4 Complete gaps 1-8 in these newspaper exacts

a sing suitable prepositions or particles
a fish 1 Mipper 7. scale

b bull 2 hide 8 hoot lts a widely held cor thatthe diosas
© ee 3 beak 9 fin were wiped byagiant meteor which
@ lion 4 shell 10 hom. ide... 2 the cath, es poste,
€ tort 5 wing 1 mane Heer that there isanolher eplaation for
© doi 6 daw 12 paw at finite 3 the dimen

2 Complete the dialogues in 1-5 with suitable
phrases based on these animals,

CRETE en
1A. Ases ing o om nc wh your | obec, Freaks he cet
girlfriends before the wedding? ‘can joumey 6 miles without water.
a cy eral pl nn
2 A cal neat ME
fanaa as =
ERS
thinking about itt ‘be more serious than we thought. It seems
3 A I can't believe forgot to go to that meeting ‘What the world is varmaing up, san
ioe Sore
» fet eal he mek il
Be 5 Rewrite this paragraph in a more formal style for
A eee ans en

called “celebrities... about themselves.

5A Do you think 've bought enough 00d o go
round atthe barbecue”
However much you buy it wil get caen
= everyone we Know eats.

3 Cirle the correct animals to complet the phrases

à The ageing presiden fl like a fshwhale out of
water when be atendod the music awards

1.1 don't mind doing all the goar/donkey work as
Jong as get pad for it

© We had a buttery/whale of 3 tne on the last
right ofthe sales conference lst year

once tried my hand at pining but the resul

was areal cat dog's inner

€ The controversial new trafic scheme was
supposed to be ket under wraps, but someone
Tet the r/c out of the bag

El us

58. | | |
À Health matters

Dich te TV remote onto
= geting up and changing

tte cartel many 10 ont sean electr

tins per ey wh eT no cris he wrist
mes Rom fa wil burn ave to work der
tl of 3650 calories per

eat enough Io burn ala

‘So ot bey fat

o
ae

‘Speed aci bur al i
lent our aloes pr inte,
ind regule wk om te

Wear ce shows, rt sip
‘rework the thumb and
ger muss. And en
ey nes rfastenin, e eg
esa ved

Lead in

1 head the ten simple ways to get fit, Which
Alc! Whi

ce do you think would be most
ree could you Build into your daily routine?

2 can ou ad any similar simple suggestions for geting it Think about
[El stoning housework getting ready fr schocl/work getting around
3 What advice would you ge ta teenage and an deny person for Keating a
heathy Msi Think about

ict sleep physical exercise

nits E

59. Reading rar multiple choice

1 what do you think i the best form of physical
exercise? What is the minimum and maximum.
amount of exercise you think you should do each
week? How much do you dot

2 Read the text opposite quickly to find out what
tunexpected thing happened to explorer Ranulph,
Fiennes and why it may have happened.

3 Read text again and use a
he clues o help you with tip

question 1. Ask yourself Makesor a
Similar questions for options I malen
A-D to help you choose the Baas

best answer to questions 2-6.

1 What does the writer say in the fist paragraph
about Fenes’ obsession with dict and health?
A rs unreasonable even for an explore.

Wat does the phrase “comes with the
territory’ in ine 10 tll us?
1 I had become more intense with tine.
How tong has Fiennes been “neta his
body?
© Weontributd o his collapse
Des the writer tate this in te fist paragraph?
D I makes subsequent events hard to believe.
What ‘came as something of a surprise’ tothe
writer?

2 On the question of who will ive

longest t seems that

À genetic make-up isthe main facto.

1 there is no clear explanation why.
some people outlive others.

© lifestyle choices play litle par.

D family history is not as significan:
as once thought

3 Acconding tothe teat, one of the
positive ects of taking rar
exercises that it
A speeds up the hear rate
13 strengthens blood vessels,
© quickens the pulse
D. educes hear ex

El wies

4. What does health expert Len Almond imply?
À Our bodies can cope with intense physical
8. We should allow a long period of recovery
alter any physical exercise

© There is more to learn about the effects of
physical stress

D Taking part in endurance sports 6 har a
the log tem,
5 Experts in sports medicine have
A studied the eects of alítude on various
types of athletes.

BB questioned the wisdom of taking part in
extreme sports

© found a common factor among competitor ta
extreme sports.

D discovered an enzyme which causes heat
attacks In eels

{6 What final conclusion about exercise does the
water reach?
A. makes life more enjoyable
1B It may not be worth the eff.
© should be done in moderation.
Dl uh to be a prion.

not how long life is, but how good tis, that
matters? How far do you agree?

60. “Pe Gress ok of Wed Rares
ts Farih Fiennes asthe wei
aa ig oporer. is evens
ot rt plo rcurmaueton of

Mn endtne fst unsuppertes
sag te Atari contient on
Tek He has ben up the nt We ina
rt. ná parechted ento turopes
put dace. An hersion wth Gi
ers comes wit te tertoy, nd
Fryar Fene rs foetuned rs body

vogetates on reduced lis o
‘alate fa hl present abesty end

5 stops (ty posts forming inthe
‘arteries and blocking them. Sra.
incierta, ha the oppose eect as
recive mereses the ar rat an
make the blod dot more easy

2 Brie sigh beneficial as reas
ath the pls ete and bleed pressure
orninsing stn onthe hart es
Harps blood rund the bey lso hs

cule have hd a effete here maybe

1 genetic preposition and an ever cout
have rade & worse! says Amon. We
hove one era research ths oca

This is changing cu Tere growing
Interest in ports medone, a el that

15 arguably began a ong aoa AC:
When the fst person to un tre
marathon ran th 2 res rom the tom
lf Marathon to thers with nes fe

an unhealthy obsession

‘cope mth te mest irbasptaie of
Daverners ond re most resta
tens of paar, So wren read
patois motel of pica! ss ac
rear sero a Peart attack nt
Dae pt ag in e romans ro,
tute boarding plane -i came as
Dauhne of surprise.

Fer wat happened, esse moras the
[pel meh be forgiven fr wondering
Merit bencls coin o

y eta ll here craked up
Jee hy beter cxering al ht for
Ven aurai turn ott be a
ben? Ot couse fines and it re
eh arte tory Some pele ve &
ey est an st succur to
ert reir. neath expert on
or oli Genetics and tamy

y lo ply a crucial role in
taria ho wl ave one 7
alle question nes, she
as then some peopie never have a
es of he seco cum the ter
era story wo eer to make tiem
netas

ar or et some people aro
= ota regreso ha a higher
Msn her co, there are sep
ana 1o reduce tetris À
Mi ie vt tent o rut ona

10 copo artery was more elastic

‘Whether sure ot a am history of
heart sens or nd, everybody shoud be
né a heathy este: Shaw sas We
uit want people to stop coin fr
theneehes”

0 Bu can ya lok tr yourset oo net?
Un the subj of encre e tendra
recommendations o tale five sein
(moderate exoris a week where
moderate aM more than risk

da Kali We edit be very Cra when
ere cong otreme sort or encurnce
vents, say heath expert Len mord.
Barom physical tress can impose
mas posse cemancs on the boy's

va ably to recover. The ran of rcurance
certs sch as exploran force
‘ochemical changes inthe human bc,
ne philo response to that an
of sey wi be rem … aná ow the

73 boy overcomes thats board to ee
‘some nd lego) So cout Fees
Ion or exportan and endurance cor
have contributed to fis condi? 1

victory te the Perses. The man, à

soldier cal Pepe, clase es
ston as he arre, an he cause fis
Sten dese not ana However.
ties are sing teste Pt
answer questions abot tre acts of

sn teme execs onthe heat One group.
atthe Unversity ol rsbrick sti.
‘Studied jets tai parti ace
(alte roean Outer Ramet,
à oe day event that cers 280 vith

an tie change «18500 May were
Interest in ere parte ne, gn
‘ongerratins aie are found in
those who have sf a hart attack
The scons found rat evel of hs

vs chemical nereased i 18 othe 38
reiste Mo completed the ace The
largest increases were sen inthe
‘youngest, fest elt who had trained
tho horde Siar res m tre

10 eric! he bon fund competitors
Inthe Hava rermentrathlon ann
cross rin sera

Most of us il nr put ur bodies to
sch severe eta Buf ten you ear

+ abt someone he Fees you ask
wether exis is worth ase yo
to order our on ponts
Personal, Susie 1 ths adage srt
in by reader 1 leal newspaper: an

> not to aca pers to your fe ut 00.
eto your years:

61. Vocabulary Grammar
Health and fitness Direct and indirect speech cepas!

1 Put the pars of the body in a-p under
appropriate headings

1 Rewrite statements ae a diet spec.
ample

amen eh à hip Scio Ele Mac sd bee pre ki
Saw ctin j om herp fer months 0 she wes fete.
€ shoulder g skul Ko palm Tue beer: preparing for this trip for months so Pm.
a mem Eva Der
een Fete im wuld tsk hole conta
8 D My doctor told me 1d feel much better if 1 id
a fot tome eure
E «The mana ld thers hy coulé play inte
face ae het fn bt hat they ad lo ae a the ace
=> seins the ex do.
toro bos od me at it nee wrk
ie cken
€ My phil as my holder I
2 wich ap no these pons serie? on vel meinen.
sum cage simi
es iene "52 te the sentences in 110 hp answer these
Queens about dia speech.
3 Rand the dinar entry Peor aos Of a Wa o you ray co 1 change hen
divas. Use this norton to complete sentences” tng eer sates et pee?

When do you not nee 0 change the ve tense
{© Which modal verbs change form. and which
stay the samer

3 choose the mest appropriate reporting vb 16
complete the sentences in a-h as shown.

admit boast complain explain
mention protest realise warn

tata Th heath isn't safe for swimming off today? |
Ela ER On ofthe Megas a
AS ral b "Oh no! Ive lef the ez an cate
John suddenly...
cc Lc Pn € De
2 There's a nasty conditer/bug going round in our motorbike and buying à ex
college. ad as week, but feng much My Brora that
beter ne & the reason | want ths Job so much is because
1 My sister has always been prone to st allow me 10 ave
nfeatonsfetimes and seems to catch them tbat.
ie ofen. Us wur. ve bee hing:
© Wil hen appears o be no eue or his heat “Te prime suspect nn Wal
coraidonfnfecion, he can si lad an ative Mle. {rm a milion times ber tha anyone ee in
à More conditions alimen ae reported during the the wears?
winter months than a ether ties ofthe yea Our b's top scort

BD wis

62. 8 “ls ridieulous - there's never anyone atthe
reception desk when you need them’
Some ofthe hotel guests. that

la ‘But honesty | realy didn't cause the accident”
“The driver un that

A core any mistakes in the reported questions in a-g.

à Reporters asked the climber ow long had he
een taining to climb Everest.

b Fans wanted to know whether Kyi is playing at
lastnight’ concert.

«Inthe interview Fiona was asked had she ever
worked abroad,

4 Our neighbours were keen to find out when
‘were we going on holiday.

Union leaders enquired whether the deal would
89 ahead or ot

{The tan river asked would 1 ke a hand with
ny ngage.

{8 Mum wanted to know did the postman deliver
the package she'd been expecting

“5 agir the word in abc which comet
cole the sentence

My boss suggestd/begget me 10 reconsider.

Health experts advise recommend ws 10 eat ve

portions of fresh fruit or vegetables dai

€ The celebrity model has denied/refused sling
her try to the press.

4 Haven your parents ever forbidder/wared you
no 10 do something?

€ Are you propesing/threniening ging to the
police about this?

{Your boss shouldn't as/promise you todo
something that's impossible!

Sergeant Smith ordered remind his soldiers
thal they had to polish thelr boots everyday.

eur the sentences in 5 using the word in lis
tt cil

T Complete a-e with your own ideas,

à Fares should always warn teenagers
by Recently, my tind foolishly suggested
€ Poticians always promise

à My dad once threatened
sully need 0 be reminded

8 Complete sentences 2-1, using one ofthe
prepositions below and an appropriate gerund

from of for

Staff are blaming one ofthe pupils
À. Maria accused her boyfriend
Bystanders praised the heroic freighter
“The accident wouldn't have happened if you
had’ insisted
An effective way of discouraging children
‘The milionaite footballer has apologised

9. Underline the correct structure i
pars in ilies.

2 My masher suggested my frends and I ging/thar
my fends and I should ge away forthe day

bb Enrico rang and asked if we were going/we are
goin o last nights birthday celebrations.

© E was shocked when the pliceman accused me
o Shop of shoplifting

Mark wanted to know what was J planning/
us planning after work

© His wife proposed they go out them to go out for
inner.

Terrorists threatened blowing up/to blow up
major government buildings

wits EY

63. Listening rar 1 short extracts

1 Discuss these questions whieh relate to the extracts:

inz.

a How can poor eyesight be improved?
How can you ensure a good night's seep?
© What techniques can help your mersory?

2 C3 Road questions 1-6 below before you sten 10
the three diferent entres, Then listen and choose
the best answer (A, Br €) for each question.

‘ou hear port of an interview with a health expert
1 What does the intersiewer say happens 10
people ater a bod nights sep?
‘A. They wake up fecting exhausted.

B They often sleep badly the next night es well

€. They lack ener later on in the day.
2. Some children fait sleep well because they
A. use their computer 100 much.
E. read for too long before going to sleep.
© have 100 many late nights
Era wo
You har two people talking about hos te Improve
ain power.

3 Vita do they disagree abou?

A. whether the size ofthe rain can be increased
1B bow easy itis for some people to forget things
© theuselulnessofdoirgaciviesliteersswords

4 What does the woman suggest the man can do
te improve his brain power?
À the some physical exercise once week
B ry to think more about what he's doing
take up a hobby Ike dancing
Extract thre
You hear a doctor and à
ye surgery
5m
A has had a very lve success rate lo dae.
EM works beter if your eyesight i very poor.
© thas dramatically changed the weatmeut of
oor eyes,
6. What searing dues the doctor give the patient?
A. Ben after surgery eyesight wil still gt
won with age
B He may never be able ro wear ordinary
laser again
© An expentenced eye sungeon could st make
‘mistakes.

E ws

talking about laser

does the doctr feel atout laser eye surgery?

Speaking rans 3 and 4

1 Imagine the photos opposite appear on 2
‘government leaflet Discuss with a partner:
what the leatet might be about
5 what the en task might be.

2 Cotton to the exam task and write the eo

3 Rand some of he ings to tents nk wen
ling then 2, and core any mista
à Tm hiking abs just about eig on her ie

esa heathy acy

bb How ato ths one n a ef in the No
Strong aca mse the message sein
den inthis one don't yo?

"Ts pito nib e eneurage students 1
Bea fed The food ocn ce tm,
sn

her thee img a sd
encourage people aking wre sere

© Tis pita of iia de ges an important
esse 10 yours jee

{She sem be dink mina wate Ws ta

nin mace when you en

4 So are we age tha his picture woul be he
test for he cover ofthe eae?

44 with a partes do the askin 2 then tell another
ir of students which photo you chose and why.

5 Answer these Pot ¢ questions using the prompts
‘snd how bx ep yo
2 How ese cam you hep 6 and belly? (Wet
di your fas r fam da?)
la srcking be Banned ina! publ pacest
(ow would you fe as e sake and a non
sumer?)
© Some pole say that fst fc restaurants
mote an unbeliy let Do yeu age
(De e afraid sy ou dot age, but
plan wy)
how w doit
iy cometary iss u en ur
towed wry

b

sve enced are. ry to él he
Mm ep

65. Use of English pan 3 word formation

1 Read the text quickly, ignoring the gaps, and choose the best heading (a, D, or),
a Lifethreatening illnesses

bb Looking after your hal
© A disease we can avoid,

2 Read the text again carefully and decide which par of speech é
belongs in each gap. Check your ideas with the Li box opposite,
then complete gaps 1-10 with words formed from those below.

ki

ising temperatures and a hotter climate? ne authorities were o occur The dicos breeds
Wel You are D ‘enough in counties with particular 6
to ve ina county with a1 rns Conditions, Nevertheless, there ae many pars of
imate, i sound grat, doesnt But the word where malaria would eit were it not
there is à dark side. This Cima might bring with for 7 by the autores o keep it
itvistors ofa particular 2 Kind in check and preven rom spreading, In spit
= anopheles mosquitoes, 3 of their warm climate laces such as tay and Spain
‘malaria. Despite the fact that no one has caught do ot have problems with malaria because they
malaria rom a Bish mosquito or several decades, ha & ‘managed thee medical
4 roves Blew that thi topical disease resources, Its important to remember that malaria
‘may become more widespread ot an 9. disease proving I
deat with prompt, So you should come back
lt seems that malaria in our modem world would from the topics feeling itis essential o receive
be much more endemic any 5 by medical 10 35 quickly as possible

El twits

66. Vocabulary word formation (1) o

1 change the form ofthe words in bold to complete the second
sentence in ad.
3 Janes work is always perfect,

Ine isa
1. dent realy believe in alerative medicine.
Fin not à ston ternative medicine.

© The college has o provide a
‘The college is responsible for the
You are required to attend the event
ur … al the event is compulsory

advice.

of career advice.

1 rain the missing pars of speech inthe table below. There may be more
lan one possible answer.

How does the word stress
ange wi the diferent parts of speech?

“Wit adjectives ending in able to match definitions a-h.
something you're unlikely to remember)
(something yeu can preven)
(something yeu can beat)
(something ststetory)
(something wanted)
— (something you are sure will happen)
(comething pleasant)
222" (something you can explain)

pres tothe words in 4 to give an opposite meaning, then use the
ads to ak about things that have recently happened o you.

67. Writing rana Atetter woorss

1. Read the writing task opposite and correct these statements
You must write a memo to the manager ol your fitness lb
You should only comment on the negative aspects of the visi
€ You should say how the brochure could be improved

Aie studying in New Zealand you recent vita a heat spa
with your local fitness dub, the vist as not as good as you
espect, Read the brochure for the spa on wich you have made
Some comments. then wre alter l 180 220 worst the
‘manager Sing what was succes aout the ist, and what
as, and including some suggestions or improvements

LH ELAIO SF

‘All rooms are ensuite,

cLotHine ano epuement
Peace bring evimwenr and appropiate dothing for
any ofthe actives you vash o do, Our shop has
arena of ching or sale
CORRE
cie include exercise sessions inthe gym and
pool erobcs and yoga cesses, Just sign un for
fe. the anupa on anal. We seo offer rango
of therapies.

— mos grep än

A range of talks on ways to improve your Mestyle

as wel DT beauty demonstrations.
ea - ey

Len

Bis

68. 2 Discuss which of ae in 1-4 gives the best advice
for werting the exam tsk

1 a Use the handwritten notes as examples but
include only your own ideas.
bo Include al the input information.
© Choose one or two ofthe handvriten notes,
then comment on ether parts ofthe brochure

a Never use any of the words from the input
information.
bo Copy long phrases from the input information,
{© Rephrase the information in your own words
where possible.
3a Write an informal letter
À Write a format letter
© Write either a formal or informal letter as you
reer

4 a. Puta the points ina buieted i.
À Stara new paragraph oc each separate paint.
© Group the points into suitable paragraph.

Read the brochure with your added comments
on page 66, then make notes on the positive and
negative aspects of your vit

ample

positive: mains nie, very big and clean

negative clothes very expensive, limited range of
sizes in stock

Next tothe negative aspects, weite notes suggesting
Improvements
ample

Clothes very expensive = lower your prices

Expand your notes from 3 and 4 into full sentences
using your own words.

amples

We were lens with our rooms whic were
extremely clean and spacious

Perhaps you should consider lowering the prices in
yeu shop and restocking more frequent

Decide which of 3-4 would not be suitable to
include in your introduction or conclusion and
wy

a Dear Spa Manager

1b Thank you for your letter regarding the visit we

© Don't worry, some aspects of your spa ae all
Fight

A These were the positive aspects of our stay, but
unfortunately there were some negatives 100

© The price of clothes and equipenent inthe shop
is ray

£ You must devise a better booking system.

8 hope this information wil be of assistance.

Organise your notes into four paragraphs as below
then write your ete.

+ introduction explaining why you are wet

2 hat was good about your vst

+ what was good and how things could be
improved

+ conclusion saying what you hope your letter wi
achieve

.

wis E

69. Review

1. Match pars the body ah with explanations
1.
at a al
b chin © cheek
€ wit E thumb

8 vaut
fh shin

1. the Bony casing tht protects the bain
2 the jou hat gives Rex o she hana

3 the narrovser mide par ofthe human Figure
à young children often suck this
5
6

sed asa ves with up? means “em quickly”
he fleshy par atthe front of the aw

parts of the face that blush if you are

embanassed

8 one ofthe curved bone that protect the hangs

2 Complete semences 9-1 with suitable words Inthe
‘corres form

As soon as intensive eae patients are
the mend, we transfer ther to the main hospital
ar.

Any ci found 10 be a high
temperature wail be sent home rom nursers!

€ These painkllers are recommended for rd
tooth. but the palos sever, you
ried (0 see dents

The team’s top srker will be out of action for
works becanse of his Jet,

© This tone is an excellent pldemeup if you are

fee u... Ihe weather
1 One of the Olympic gymnasts her
shoulder I a fall and had to have it put back

mo place

8 you dont heavy objects inthe correct way,
YOU Might nese à muscle in your Back,

Although the top tennis sees weit wasn't
broken ae so badly That she had to
withdraw from the championship.

3 Use words 1-8 below in the correct form to
complete sentences al

1 survive 4 prit 7 thea
2 mechanie 5 technology 8 prevent
3 mage 6 intervene

A RS tre 1 ay of most esse hal on Be
better than exe,

D In the ales of ors is seal
inadvisatle
Pim ara Fm pet. mind enough to
be able to fix the DVD player!
A Several supporters of the visiting football team,
were arrested for behaviour |
© Do you thik this amount of work Is
in such a short space of time?
Although the ship sank without trace, a recu
boat managed to pick up ll
18. Whot ae YOU (O the DON General
‘ection? Who would you say is goto wind
hh My motorbikes atthe garage as its recently
developed à serious au

Read this newspaper tract about à demonstration,
then place the wands brackets with adjectives
ending in oe,

Yesterday mass demonstration ws 1 (likely

to beremembered) u... for many

reasons. The large turnout was 2 (not a

surprise) …. ad the atmosphere could

De described as 3 (pleasant) at he

stat of the da, with the level of policing

4 (satisiacion). Unfortunately,

for some 5 (impossible to explain).

raw, events took a tum forthe worse.

Violence previously thought to have been

6 (possible 10 prevent) broke out

and several incidents of vandalism 100k place

‘which local residents found 7 (impossible
‘vas therefore

o bring the

to put up with)
considered $ (wanted) .
‘demonstration t a al before i reached its
intended destination.

70. | | a oO
® Would you believe it? =

Lead in

1 Discuss whether these statemer
‘The answers are on page 154.

are true or false. 3 Discuss the following

2 What things did you believe as child hat you

3 To see a fll ength reflection of yourself in a now Know aren't tue?
rior, it mst be at Teast hallas al as you bb Do you wish any of them were me?

The word "news is formed from the fist eters. € Are there any You're glad aren true?
of north, south, ast and west 4 Is it ight to et children believe things that arent

© Of any group of 23 people the
possibilty that two of them wi
bat.

4 Chewing gum takes seven years to pass
through the digestive system

© The number of people alive today is
seater than the number of people who
have previously lived and died

ing celery makes you lose weight

share a

2 Complete these sentences with tre or
false.

à 1 hope al your wishes come

7

The tourist brochure had given

à. impression ofthe
sor; our hotel was only hall
bu,

© Obtaining money under
pretences sa eriminal
cence.
à Fm sure something fshy’s
going on - Tim's explanation
Just doesn't ing
© The newspaper was sued for
making accusations that werent
Y an
Buying à cheap car is usually a
economy, as you often end
Üp spending more on i than you
pad in the first place
8 Winning the lottery is a dream come
foe some and a nighumare for others
1 intling smoke alarms can Ve à un... 8005
‘of secu, as people forge to check them
regula

its [EJ

71. Reading rar multiple matching

1 Match the ‘superheroes’ shown withthe test headings A-E and name
Air special abilities. Quickly read the text 10 check Your ideas,

2 Read the text again and the tip box. In which section (A-E) are 1-12
mentioned? The underlined words will help you find links to AE
a substance that speeds up a natural process 1
à substance that Joke weaker than iis 2
à system that makes up for Limited vision 3

someone who takes refuge away mm hs home 4
a substance that enables creatures to secure themselves in place 6
y seis act with unforeseen consequences 7.8
someone given a new identity from 2 young. age 5
creature that hides sel by changing the way lock n

someone whose powers ae the principe behind a form of transport 11
substances tha make physical discomfort es neiccabe to the sure 12

3 16 you had the caabitiy so. Done E
de me othe things wich lt
on you ce and ty. [o ea

a e wl be quier
invisible a wil treading or er question

UPLI

A GPIDERAINAT

SpiderMan acquire hs superman bites wien, during a
demonstration of radin techno, sn

caro aston and ii and, As Peter Parker ne works
a à phoograger forthe Daly Bugle tut as Spier Wan he
ons st nthe cangerus, rime iin streets of ew Yo
Spider Van shots espns web rr salt taco

he rats and can SK lo almat any surface, sealing
‘dyscraers wth hs bare hands. So hw ar cn red scien
1 In sli hs powers Uke our superhero spiders ca
étre srt ny rc Many oy srt shy
ave rlns of special shaped mtroscp har on hir
legs, that sip to nak and rants, As for pers
{tons anyone who Ps ever vale nt a sper

web Koos that he ik scene run

spi ts gossamer appearance Dragine

Sik wich Siders use to rau down from

coli to fer, the strongest al

‘wight for weight seul

Stronger tan ste

breathe underwater
change your appearance at wil

72. 6 SUPERMAN

re bung eds Yay ve.

73. Vocabulary
Verbs of moving and looking

Grammar
Modals cr p175-176

1. Decide which word in each group ae is not a verb 1 Underline the modal vers in a-g and match them,

of movement,
a creep glance stumble
b hobble torer gaze
€ limp plod glmpse
à glare stagger limp
© peep up craw

2 Which verbs of movements 1 have similar
meanings? Choose the best verbs to complete a
below

a levas such a low tunnel
‘on our hands and knees.

bb We got completely lost on our walk and had to

rg lots of wet, muddy its

© Tol home after midnight and slow
upstairs 0 1 wouldn't distur anyone.

Despite sigh afer the ist fence, the
horse quickly recovered and won the race.

€ My mother is extremely prone to accidents and
Islay en over things

we had to

3 Read the dictionary entries for synonym of look
Which verbs of looking from 1 are being defined?

‘sith their functions 1-7 below

3 could ride a bike by the time 1 was five years
ol

bb Passports must be shown atthe border

«We might arrive in time for the conference, bu
doubt i

4 The stewardess sad we can unfaten our seat
belts now.

© You should put on overall you plan to paint
the bedroom.

‘We don’t need to get à visa to visit Franco

18 Clare must he alle o bananas = they always
bring ber out in a rash
‘obligation 5 possibiliy

2. absence of eblgation
3 permission |
3 assumption deduction

6 ability
7 strong advice

Look atthe picture and decide whether the
assumptions and dedictions in 3-8 on page 73
ae justified, giving reasons. Then make other
‘deductions from the lues in the picture

74. Fromple

The cuner ofthe house can't be uelloff x

Ta amen: of the house must be eof because
here a safe

3 The site can't be bungar proof.

b The burplars must have had a Key for the fa,
© A meighbour might have called the police.
There could have have been more han one

have taken any valuables.
found a lue.
ant have gone out forthe

$ The owners co
eso,

Use modal verbs ol assumption or deduction, and

the verbs in brackets, 10 complete the dialogue.

Ac Oh ne! 1 put my bag down by the deor adits
‘gone! Someone... (seal) i

1: Don't be ridiculous. There's nobody here bu

A: Nes, but we've Been busy talking. Someone
sone (2 come) in quietly, picked it up, and
Slipped out with à 1 passible, you know.

B: Are you sure yeu didn’ leave ic the Dt 1
ssn you ut dosen on the seat next 10 y
YoU + ( lave) it behind when you got of

A Re, 1 (a do), because 1 remember looking
in en the way Bete. I wanted to check Fd got
nny mobile.

1: Wel ts not here now:

AGO deal. (5 be) more careful with
1 ka. Thank godes there wasn't much in i

1 That rele! Lats just check atthe police
station auyway. You never know, someone

(hand) i there.

‘Complete 3-8 with an appropriate form of cenyable

SOM UOMO meet you lst night but
had 10 Pati for some fends.

1. One day, we... cun many common
illnesses.

Tr 1e64 lot of werk ut inthe cod the mechanic

2 ge the ca gene.

& 1. 80 ice-skating tor the past few weeks
cause Fe injure my le,

e ‘come nthe phone a the rent

sole difficult faction
by the dine he was three years ol.
8 leve... say in bed on Sunday meenings

5 Complete. with an appropriate form of don’t

ned to OF needn't and the ver im BAERS.

3 Lock, there's no one eke on the tenis courts,
Wie (bother) o book one in advance,

Apparently ther ae sil plenty of ickes let for
this years festival so we (ory) ab

© My work colleagues kindly tock me ut to
inner to celebcate my promotkn and 1
(pay) à pemy.

à My hexband and 1 bought a dishwasher
yesterday. £0 we (00) the washing

Ser again!
You py) fora visa to towel round this
cour, fa as kn

{was auch too cold o go swiruming when 1
as on olay £0 1. (pc) my kn
ater al,

¡Correct the modal verbs in these sentences,

2 Surcly you must be retiring this year? Yow
lock so young!

% Yeu musts" make up your nd about the job
coffer yet you dont want to.

€ How lovely 10 see ye Bl And 1
‘your wile Mery?

Alter many filed atterpes, they coul rescue
the tapped miners

veut seen the weather forecast and it could
et be warm enough for a berbecue aller all,

should be

Match modals ae with thei meanings 1-5. Then
‘explain 10 partner the rules ofthe game or sport
vou know well, using €.

ou det have to/ nes 10
You should
Everyone has ©
You ought to …
You mua
Ws forbidden to doit
“The rules say so.
Its necessary © do

isa co do it

75. Listening Parts Multiple matching

1 who would you include in a top five of today best
live performers? Discuss your choices

© Listen to part ofa radio programme about a pop
soup to find out

‘why Frank Fora was impressed! by Rob and Fab
‘what happened to Rob and Fab with Faas hp.
what Rob and Fab's secret was

how thee secret was exposed,

how the music world reacted,

3 A
tip
merber hat questions
or lipsynching” TS

While yo listen, complete | Eee ler so
tasks 1 and 2 below ean acres he quesos

hey ie.
‘The tip box will help yo. =

cone
or questions 15, choose from ti AH vhs cach speaker fe abot the msi ind ob
A The ny hing hat mates oma e set CE)
B The infty erates mse tat flows what tina
€ Tis fre shows soul effet asf soester2, CT]
D The Indust wo can aboot what ar ok Me,

sors CE
E. I nt ny profesional wo cn pole wei esters DIE]
F apy tha o a lt ping men sors CT]
Gs not always easy to obtain tickets for live co Oa
1 Many ig ae contrat ve promen ses CE
servo

For questions 6-10, choose frm the list A-H each speaker's alude towards artists Uipsynching.

A would be unwise for some perlarmens not o psy sert CE

E No profesional musician shuld ned payne.

Most singers who tip-ynch simply look awkward speaker? [17]

D Ws beter to watch a second performance than rss ip ui Ei
speakers [IE

The pres shoul give mare coverage to he fc that att psych jan)

E. Lp-ynching is acceptable you Know As ging to happen. Seles E

€. Lyric aren't important any moreso docs« mater artists ip-synch à

1 Macia, his an ins othe ance Speakers Clio)

4 Dow

hink artists should ever lip-syneh?

waite

76. Speaking rar 2

1 teh phrases a-e withthe photos

fancy dress din) costurne
y makebetiove © dressed up as

2 mich of he people inthe photos might be
e feelings! Explain why

+ acid atthe thought of so
+ lost in a world of thee own
nid to what they are doing
+ apprehensive about what might happen

+ selfearscious about their appearance

hing

4 ok at your partners 5
photos and tel your tip
partner, in no more ora fom quon fhe
than 30 seconds, which yer tothe pot yu
change of appearance have disant abit
is he most necessary, laa fr your duke

Unit 6 EE

77. Use of English part 1 mutipte-choice doze

1. Discuss any tricks you have played on someone, or any good ones you

have heard about.

2 Read the newspaper article below quickly ignoring the gaps, to find out
‘what trick a fastfood chain played and who was fooled by it

THE LEFT-HANDED BURGER

A wellknown fast food chain recently published

{full-page advertisement announcing that they

de 0 new item co cheir menu - a Left |
thee ke

handed customers 2
Me ofihenew burger wereientcal ro those
tft orignal burger, > were de ingredient.
The ference was that be ingredients had been
rotated by 180 degrees 105... echanded people

te handle he burger without €
“The following day, Apel 204, the fast food sore
7 thatthe sory had been invented as an April
Too wick and the efchanded burger did exist
8. restaurants reported that they had Deen
eed by several thousand customers 9 the
Trew burger Srmltaeousy, there were many Other
M eustomers who insisted cha staff served
than wich hi onnsighe banded 1 I
igor 10 show how realy people ean be a nn
Sn on April Fool's Day

3 Decide whic

created
Relative
dimensions

ent

liens
conflicted
though

A
A
A
A white
A

mA figure
12 A trapped

swer (A. B, Cor D) best fits each gap
© A establishing 8

roducing
B imagined

B Appropriate
B measures
Bas

B endure

B issues

B confessed

5 Nevertheless
8 calling

B concemed

8 form

5 disappointed

€ ini

ing,
© projected

© Corresponding
€ quant

since

Cenit
© problem
€ confided

version
betrayed

D organising
D generated
D According
D portions

D because

D enable

D damages

conformed
D whilst
D appealing
D disturbed
D adaptation
D deceived

78. Part 5 Key word transformations

A Match phrases a- withthe similar meanings
in.

2 tobe taken in by someone
to come up with (an idea)
to gt hold of (something)
mo pint

b
a

1 not necessary
2 obtain

3 be decried
4 ment

Rewrite the second sentence in 3-4 keeping the
‘mening the same. Use thc o six words including
the wor given. Your answers from 4 will help you

2 Do you know whose invention this gadget was?
CAME,

vender the idea for his gadget.

> ave yu any idea were an obtain a cheap,
secerhand eat?
HOLD
Where a cheap, secondhand cart
© 1 dort sce why i's necessary to work so avd
PONT
Thee
A Bob ceived me with his promises to invest
‘pital in the busines.
‘TAKEN
í Bobs promises to invest capital in
thetasines,

so hard

Vocabulary
Expressions with right and Jeft

1. Choose the best explana
with right in ag below
1 og that film we saw last night ws realy

violent
Too right - not my kind of im at all.
( completely agree/ think you're being unta
Joba's Just popped out to get paper Dut he
be right back
{tu eventualy/return soon)
© By rights the children should be in bed by new.
{according o what is properly necessary)
The company started distributing advertisements
for their products ff right and centre. (in thee
locations/everywhere)
© My colleagues in my new job were so friendly
that I felt at home right ey. (completely
inmediato)
{Apparently our neue manager is very rend
I you manage to ot on the right sde of him
(get him to realise you exst/get him 0 like you)
8. Paul didn't cod 10 apologise because he knew
he was inthe rg
(Gets answers rpht/has justice

for the expressions

his side)

2° Match the expressions with left with the most
suitable sentence in 1-4 and discuss their meaning.

‘The left tussage office is on platform 3.
David's got two left
“There were a ot of leftovers from our mea
Sam dosnt now his et rom his right

So 1 don't need to cook anything new tonight,
He's the worst dancer I've ever sce.

‘We can leave our suitcases there

‘That's why he's no good at giving directions.

3 Look up Left and right in your dictionary. Which
fone has more idioms? How many new words can
ou find that derive from each one?

79. Writing part2 an essay went

1 How often do you play computer and video games?
ames ike hese reso popu

2 Read the exam task below and
‘avo more points for each side of the arg

Your dass has had a discussion on the elects of
‘plying computer and video ames. Some classmates,
olive these games area hares for of escapism,
but ethers think they make young people too
aggressive and can become dangerously addictive.
‘our tutor has asked you to write an essay ing your
views on tis topic and saying whether you agree or
‘sage withthe points made.

ite your essay in 220-260 words.
3 Match a-f with six of the areas tested in the

Writing Paper, and discuss how you would get
good marks in each

a speling and grammar 1 content
b use of link words 2 format
© vocabulary and structures 3 cohesion
layout and paragraphs 4 register
© ful and accurate answer 5 accuracy
£ formalinformal language 6 range

4 Rend the model answer and think about the six
areas of assessment in 3 above, Then answer
questions af

Does the essay follow the exam task? st the
Fight logan Are the ideas logical and casy to
understand?

1b How formal is the essa? Is the level of formality
suitable forthe task?

© Is the exay paragraphed correctly? What is the
topic of each paragraph? Do paragraphs contain
topic sentences’?

Are sentences linked appropriately? Does the
Writer use appropriate words or phrases 10 list
points in paragraphs 2 and 3?

€ Haste winter used a good range of vocabulary

1 Are there any mistakes with sp
grammatica structures?

DD wis

Computer and video games are very popular these
days. But could games like these be harming the
Young people who play them? There are compling

arguments on both sides.
People worry about these games ora number
ressans One cancer isha young people may hve
trouble sigut what sal rom whats aia
‘They may act out what they doin the games in ea ie
‘Ante worry that children may become desee
‘suring and thik that vices acceptable Alte
‚games are extremely violent. They are so interac

‘Sy they may he more hal han ent ce
television programmes. Children might ident wth he
_aggesse characters on een Tey might try to sobe
they wn problems in a int way ton. Final ads
nor about he adie nature dl these games The
games sometimes tale oer chile Ivs Cie cen
sue psychologically They can become yperactive or
‘ven Become ited From tir ends fay
here is another side othe debat, however hen
he always enjoyed having gunights or sword
with pretend’ weapons. They know itn ale
Paying violet games allows chien to et ll tea
and expres feelings they must contol neal ie. There
isa great dal of ine in fly takes I never cused
Parents or grandparents to behave vielen in el
fie 1 part of growing up. Lita iolent vdeo games
are unbalty. But there no proof that they tum
Formal ren into Killers. A Tor thee Kt spend
laying games, thsi only dangerous if gaming becomes
an obsession. Gaming can actually be very socal. Nest
Pople pay with her frends. People ight each eter en
‘the scree bt they have fun and come better ricas
in the proces.

Having considered al these arguments, believe thatthe
‘sto young people of playing modes computer and
video games are exaggeratd 1 played sens fa they
‘an benefit young peuple rather than haming em.

80. 5

ut the link Words and expressions 1
groups a-c

into

a. similar or extra information
contrasting information
© expressing a result
although

sa consequence /result
o that

therefore

while

which is why

however

what is more

in spite ofdespite

10 furthermore

‘Use appropriate link wor o connect the information
in sentences ag, There may be more than one
possible answer. you are making one sentence, you
may need to change the order ofthe information.

ter games are goad fun. They can be very

1. One concern is that young people may have
trouble distinguishing what i eal from what is
fantasy They may act out what they do in the
games in real ie

© “There isa great den of violence in fairy tales. I
never led our parents or grandparents to behave
lenin real ie

4. Alot of vioknt computer games are interactive.
“They may be more harmfal than violent films or
television

© Children might identity withthe aggressive
characters on Seren, They might y to salve
their problems ina violent way too.

The games sometimes take over children's es
Children often sue psychologically

8 Ulra-violent video games are unhealthy. There is
o proof they turn norma children into ils

Now write your oven answer tothe exam question
n 2, The ars in 4 and the linking words in 5 will
lp you

Unies

81. Review

il

Rewrite the second sentence in a-c keeping,
the meaning the same, Use thee to six words
including the word given,

2. No one believed the accused's explanations
about the legal merchandise during the trial.
RING
‘The accused's explanations about the ilegal

merchandise to anyone during the ial
Tom deceived Sally when he marred her ashe
already had wife,
PRETENCES
“Tom mariel Sally... as he already had à
wile,
© Buying poorer quality products a lower prices is
‘ot financially sensible.
FALSE
Wis a. poorer quality products a lower

prices

Underlineihe verb which matches the definitions

ina.

a pod mp walk slowly with
heavy steps

bo toter stagger creep = walkin an unsteady
way

{© hobble stumble craw! = almost fall over
glance gaze peep = lock seadiiy at

Match one of the words you did not cre in 2 to
‘definitions ae,

a Took quickly then look away
take along jump over something
‘© move on your hands and knees
{ale in formation in a parade
© walk silently and slow

Circle the core preposition in each sentence.

2. remember being very selconscious Lt
bouof my appearance when Las Young.

bb Ifyou want to succeed in Lfe you need to be
committed foro everything you de.

© What's the matter with Tery? He seems to be
lest foro a world of his own nowadays.

Despite being understandably apprehensive for/
‘offabout ber interview, it went of very wel.

+ The earn were excite! with erat the thought of
meeting their opponents in the Cup Final

BD ws

5. complete the comments in sentences 1-6
‘ord or phrase with right or ef
1A E doniUsuppose you know what's
the cinema this weekend?
ve no idea but can ind out

A cant believe Tim hast passed his

ever make a footballer?
Well, fora star, he's got to

in starving, I don't suppose there's
inthe fridge to ear?
Only some

on afraid.

How come you're working this Saturday
ae Should have to werk

at all, but Fi covering fora colleague.

fom lst night's

6 Use the following nk words 10 complete this te
about the popular of sap pets.

Maroc ater on the other and
Aespite while so that as wellas

82. Look atthe pictures and discuss these questions.
4 Which periods of history are represented here?

1. What do you know about each one? Think
about the following aspects.

an knowledge ofthe world
buildings technology
medicine iting and learning

€. Where do we get our information about these
teen periods of history?
What effect di these or eter periods of
istry have on future generations? Use the
Phrases below to help yo.

led to
resulted in

was (directly) responsible for
had an effect on

was the source of

merit eee”
Hal
se

83. Reading part 1 themed texts

1 Look at photos ae below and math them with the
extracts opposite

© Read the extracts and choose the best answer

(B,C oF D) for questions 1-6, The {ip box will
help you
ti

El mr

WANTED

ROMAN SOLDIERS!

Wu yeu the 1 att your understanding of he
past? Then come ard join u in The Roan Mit
Research Sosy. We ae à research and r-erscinet
ou and present ing history plays of Roms Me

x at veries lover the cour.

* As. member of cur pay team (ales er) you
‘ul representa Roman sole ef Roman Legen.
ou val demonstrate the sets, ing, sree
and equipment ofthe Roman ary at pbc ent.

ve Your des wa so nce ling to meters ch

{he pub, demenstatng euren and eating
authentically cocked oran aer. You wl speak
Lin where posite and answer oa Porn ri

* Gin members are bth al and female Lie he

soir, they ue nfommaten, answer quests

and demonetrte the use of some ofthe ee on
‘pay. These include aspects of domes He or
tmanactuing and ade Many of these prove
pportuntis forthe public to gan ands?

1 eiprience under your guidance
* Our sci is regular print in fms ard tes

programmes. Th seit aso ans wena couse ch
Foran mdrr) ie and many members he abs a
reset az waves aspects Pear sy

23 oc, cos, cis ard sects.

WANT TO JOIN?
A
E
ere cas
er

1 What personal qualities ae listed as necessary
to become a soldier in this society?
A a qualification in Lain
1 some previous military experience
© a wiles 1 deal with the pub
D a moderate level of phy
2. in order to take part in any of the display teams,
you have 10 be
A aman,
Ban Associate Member.
€ a woman,
D à Full Member

84. lived row: conics thet o eds
sea fee pole sets ad exar
‘Gpererccd During the worst of the ke
acts with urican fore winds were
Touch fll to mine
Cla Tie Neen ar
Sian the worst ot, but even 20 they
Nil ne pcre wear hat vas at ato
Ls mode Scion winter The cfr, o
bene. bu 8 spaces they were spe,
etal pesca detre.
arte, Inher species e csm

te Mags =
ears Earp Ear ka dene
Seren
ee
ea Oat

facts lleno we

Fate was phan nto yt athe ko,
laf punting cold Whatever van tat drow
lo Fases i wae the lei weather,

9 ln eds paragraph, we Lean sha the
Rennes were

A able to tolera freezing conditions.

1 par. ot pret number o species.

secustome to living Alcan regions,

1) about to be dette by the harsh

“ee tone ofthe authors final comment is

crol

A seriousness.

8 aprecition.

© Incr

“D die

Genen Ofy

Caro ithe sucy and ac Try aces.
“hes votes colecta the names llaves, ng
ye and cuit ard staltung the relator arene,
therm Bed on evidence and documentation, Kean be à
lesa odio hobby ora profesional underäing,

RESEARCHING YOUR FAMILY HISTORY

Bang to produce a wel documented story of terest
10 erat members a fue generations. NON
ag He on the Seen thats produced py

2 genes and considers the sonal crcumstances
nd geogiaphial srunien in which actos neo.

FIRST STEPS
When expe amy try sie to werk
shane fem non rennen Toto

L Forwards eg sing dscencere oe mou Petorca
fare tat arty een dar as en art, cry
table. The be Way to sa by corto dose
Fete to estabas ose acts Such as BS, des and
rage. Cecing together dy documents sh as

ts end res wl rove note to.

SEARCHING THE ARCHIVES
ru pub genes for arto your ey.
However, do not ur al your fan no à age en
Ter appart ette you to Cam desert

+ om ray ur a peters cal) Rates tke ths

According to the vier, "aly History dfs from

sercalogy because it

A. inform pecple about their descent from netewerthy
figures

8 bulls à detailed and thorough picture ofthe

© hs à yastime rather than a serious academic study

1 means studying fabes ora longer time,

‘what advice is given about the process of exploring

family history?

A. avoid ying on information from relativen

Ins no o feet co negative about your failures

© ensure your findings are well supported

only accept ioforrnatinn from published pese

ur E

85. Vocabulary u
Phrasal verbs with off and in

{For each par of sentences in 1-4, use the same.
er, in the cormet form, 10 make a phrasal verb
with ew diferent meanings.

1 a. Even though we … ff relatively early,
swe sll arrived extremely late
D When tf firework, stand at ams
length and mäke sure children ave supervise.
‘After en minutes trying 10 solve the puzzle,
À in and Woked at the solution.
bb The authors ease 10 a o o the
rasor demand.

Never a ff until Tomorrow what you
can do toda
bb Although he's really gooe-looking. | was
OM. Of by bis bad reputation.
4a ls almost impossible for us o.
statistics to do with our Solar sy.
bis hes were so convincng that even bis
cest fiends ere. lo

2° Match meanings a-h with the phrasal verbs as they
are used in the eight sentences in I

2 light {make you dt
D ceceive 8 agree to something
© postpone ou do aot wast
understand hh adım efeat
begin journey

3 Use your donar) ta lock up the different
‘meanings ofthe phrasal verbs in ad. Then
complete the sentences appropriately:

2 Our week in the mountains was ruined when

bb You wear à protective mask for this experiment as
the chemicals used give of

€ Although I spectcally asked the hairdresser to
tate off just afew centimetres

8 Whenever a member of staff lees 1
all purr some money

“Tar, we

Grammar
Participle clauses (vr

1 Match the participle clauses in italics in af
netions 1-6,

2 Crown in the right condes. the plats
Awe al summer.

U Parking his cara sde ra, be roll
towards the town centre.

© A massive earthquake has hit pars al
leaving thousands of people males.

A group of archaeologists exploring the
have discovered the skeleton of a men
human being.

© hot having a mobile phone, we were nal
ring cur hosts an! warn them we woul

€ Having finshed his medica ring |
decide 10 work in Africa fora chai.

1 emphasising that one thing happens ar
Another had fnisbed

2. teplacing a relative clave

3 showing that two actions happened withing
shor tine period of each ether

4 expressing a condition

5 expressing a reasen

6 expwessing a result

2 Rewrite the information in € using partie
dauer.

The Sera, which wos len from the Buch,
Mireur, 1 wort millions ol pounds.

bo Afthey ae washed with cave, woolen suele
wil retain hei shape

€ They hoped to confim the suspects part in e
robbery 20 the detectives arcangel a idea
parade.

The winser crosses the ishing line and he
raies his hands in wiumph as he does sol

© The explorer wil undergo final medical checks
‘ad then ie sil set out or his polar expt,

L Because he dit realise how dangerous the
sake was, the toler reached ut towards

ive te present parcs oi er 24

a mke doler $ tae
à build e pee À aque
© stp tte E occur

86. Give the past participle ofthese Irregular verbs.
ite leave

biting = meet

ech) prove

dive k sel

fight 1 set

1 m m speak

E hive n wake

‚kin the two sentences in a-e using the word in.
rackets and participes

ample

Host my purse. ws traveling to work. (while)
Host my purse while travelling to work

2A group of cavers have spent 10 hours trapped
underground. They have finally been rescued.
(Aten

1 Y adri hat ring a excessive speeds is

dangerous. don't accept we should have speed

cameras everywhere, (While)

He wasn'ta local. He didn't know the area. (Net)

CGivians ead that a peace treaty had been

signed. They began celebrating in the sets.

(on)

© The judge dirt agree with the defendant's
actos, He sad he did sympathise with her
sation, (Although)

Say what is wrong with sentences a and suggest
how they could be reiten

a. Roaring ferociously, the git
fed from the lon.

Two of the terrorits
shooting the President have
been caught

© The man inventing the
(hal camera has won an

award

‚Not wanting to spoil

fon, the wedding
celebrations went on well

into the right.

Planted with care, novice

gardeners will be amazed

how easy it isto grow

things.

Passing his diving tes,
Gary became rather big
headed

7. Rovwrite the text below, replci
information with participle clauses
any other necessary changes.

‘Altech had soen thes days trapped on anice foe,
‘explorer Ben Mile was fall rescue last right.
‘Because he wanted ta become the frst man to walk
‘sol rom Canada to the North Pole, ne ha set out
Hast Apr alone and unaided. He had no way of
‘wansposting possessions she tock very Ile with
im apart ftom camping equipment, a moble phone,
and a shovel, He made good progres at fist but he
‘then experienced a number of setbacks. The longest.
dau of the year was approaching, which meant tha
‘he temperature vas sar to ne The ee
‘radualy started to melt around him wth the rest.
‘shat ne was prevete from gong forward or back.
Ben, who was now fering desperate, searched
around him, Because he dnt haveary advance
{echnical equipment. he had to rel on common
sense. Hetook out his shovel and he dug a runway
nte ce He then took a photo ofthe runway and
sent toa rescue team vais mobi phone. The
px succeeded in land onthe narrow stp ofice,
‘vith she res chat he saved Ben from almost

87. Listening

Read the exam tak in 2 and think of words or phrases with
similar meanings to the underlined words

Listen to à local historian talking about shipwrecks in a place
in south-west England called The Lizard and complete sentences
box will help you.

Soe D
me
Divers may come across... 2inthe tbe cam. |
Es

PS son patata ath Deer

The Captain had to look for protection from a full. &
Sallors onthe Anson thought the land they could see in front of

them was the... into Falmouth,
‘The Anson's damaged mast provided a typeof.
between the boat and the beach.

Despite being so cose to. many ofthe men on board
were lost.

Divers should only vist the wreck when the
are suitable.

S

peaking

Look at the two sets of photos
opposite and discuss what you
night be asked to talk about in
the exam,

Match these words and pases
‘ith the photos.

a rational rai or sil
$ personal reminders of the pst
€ an archacologealdg/escavation
@ period costume

© documentary evidence

f early civilisations

$ film footage

1 medieval manuscripts

À bale reenactment

In pairs, each choose one set of
photos and do this exam task ince
minute

‘What can these irte sala
the pat”

+ How success ht thy big he

rast oie?

Look at each others photos and
say which way of learning about
the past you think gives the most

89. Do you think i's worth studying history at school? Why/Why not

ead the ext below quickly, ignoring the gaps; to ind out who is
Being described and why he ls described as "The Father of History.

the cormet answer from
I help you.

Read the text again carefully and choo
(ch pair below for 1-5. The lip box

1 passionately/pasionate

2 extendablefentersively

3 shilfl/unskled Ae _

4 unforgetable forget armer.
ae partial cc and

5. perceplon/pereiver come sae

Complete the rest ofthe text with words formed from 6-10 below

he achievements of Egyptian and Babylonian kings are mentioned in the
atest surviving isle records, ut recorded history as we know it
today really begins with Herodotus (e 445 BC). He was the Fst person
Lo take a... inteestin events in countries outside his own and,
report on them For example, to discover what had caused the war between,
‘thePersins and the Greeks, he traveled.…— ¿and questioned many
people. He was 3. writer producing works that are informative as
‘well 35 Iveby His writing provides a truly vivid and. pte of how
life asin the ancient worl Al this may explain why Hels often described
as The Father of History’

using the lst two centuries our... of history has changed 5 perceive
"= Owing titerary findings suchas the nine books penned 6 drama
by Herodotus and aso from investigations carried out by 1 atéhacology

‘throughout the world. thas... us to begin to appredate the 8 able
==. ofman through history and has lso reveled that there smuch 9 develop
to be discovered about...) which ae now long lost tous. 10 civilised

PT an

90. Vocabulary word formation (2)

ue nouns rom adjectivesa-h using these sue.
or than one answer is posible

Briss

2 Cheese the correct profs to make adjectives ack
gate in meaning. Use your dictionary to check
youranswers.

3 Use your answers from 210 complete the res below

We generally use
‘before the letters and m.
before the letter L
before the letter 7

4 Look atthe prefix un in your dictionary to find
‘examples of adjectives that do not follow these rules.

$ Match the proies with their meanings a
co inter over mis
trans un under

3 across beyond € between
bb theopposte off toomuch
© together with not ene
& ba or wrong

Complete the words in a-f with prefixes from S.

‘Then use your dictionary to find two more words

with these prefixes

The lant fight takes seven ours.

This fh 6 ...cooked l' Just pop lt back in

the oven fora couple of minutes.

im atrald that you have ....unerstood what

A as tying o say.

Unfortunately, we lost the final ofthe
departmental football tournament

Could you give me a hand? 1 can't

the door to the safe.

Ws now known that humans never
exist with dinosaurs.

lock

91. Writing

Using the prompts below, make a list of some of
the Key events ofthe twentieth century. Which do
vou think were the most significant? Why?

ogy polities

exploration

> tec
sport

Read the exam task below, then read paragraphs
A-C and say which major 20th century events they
describe.

You hae sen this competition announcement on
your college noticeboard and Nave decided to entr
re your competition entry in 20-260 woes.

‘Wat do you consider tobe the mest important
Frey esrb the verdad span
grano eu ines eda. Competition winers
ese set of moepedas

A eo Nel Peter ated
cite Mt ap, e made
Faery nee ee ha an tan
Ny tach a ge sp vs b lens
OAV ees rund he sec is
ones el peda
(pete. sos auge
donen! fer or Isa
A ne e tt car
coctel arte eri

B on rra tngo arte.
the os genes verá al dr
verlo per. y mánager od
Decale ft dk sce 2 ey ge a
ogee a xed ee mer Pe
and vce red rath by ten he
the de amy ib oop ft bar
bee ey det te rong nt ra
‘ent Wen ars, Ser pe
ser br ete wh te md
ad mg pets exe ide
Orr ead drag ad ud i
car rr Te ah ned dp

© Te bh ly wating
rool Mal we ca rem create
pre er sia
‘The sigan fe >
CRE
ale ete may

Dera mers nd ee
seeing in aia
eerie, fe donee
ot tort wil be
tered do fe ome wth
Tare. Ta wud allege
Al cupos bel abt tor
ataco be hon

92. 3 Answer these questions about paragraphs A-C.
à Which paragraph

says why an event is sil

Vie describes an event?

gives a detailed account ofan event?

bb Which would probably be the fs, middle and
Jas paragraph of a competion entry?

€ hat do you notice about the tenses used in
ch paragraph

fant today?

À From yo the answers to
about 2
4 When and where did it tip

happent Aer you know
Ei; eh deta eee
‘oi about

(© 1996, Edinburgh, UK Toc tic ts.
1b Who was involved?

{© Who was affected by i? How?

4 How had things been before?

How did things change afterwards!

{What effect does the event stil h

today

Choose an event you could wit about
exam task, Make notes on I answering
questions in a-f above

the

Decide whether adjectives
negative, or neutral in men

a significant momentous
beneficial 8 catstrophie
© erucal À unforeseen
A devastat i grave
+ inspirational j severe

Complete sentences ae using the adjetivos from 6
“There may be more than one possible answer
à The Asien tsunami in 2004 had an)

‘effect on the ives of thousands

1 One ofthe most... sporting achieverents of
the lst century was the first Tour-minute mie

€ No ane can deny how à development
the Intemet has been in cur lives

Of the many incident ofthe 20h
‘century, Chernobyi’ legacy has been one ofthe
longest

© MM)... consequence ofthe splting of

the atom was the development of weapons of
mass destruction

Vite your competition
from 5 and some ofthe
possible

uy, using your notes
nguage in 6 and 7 where

93. Review

1 Complete sentences a-e with the correct

prepositions.

a The industrial revolution resulted
dramati changes tothe structure of society.

by Its essential for journalists to cheek the source

all the information they receive

© Overeating can lead …… health problems in
later ite

<4 Within days of taking the antibiotics, there was a
ramati effet... her condition.

© "The authorities are heen to discover who was
responsible... he destruction ofthe ancient

Complete sentences a-h with phrasal verbs with in
‘or off in the coneet form.

There have been a number of cases of bogus
¿doctors i taf and patents and
Performing medical examinations.

bb None ofthe lights are working. Has someone

„off the electricity?

© Av times we ft Hike... in but we carried on
‘and managed 10 achieve our goal.

4 This years festival wil end with a display of
fireworks 10 be... off at midnight

© Thetraning centre ist fiel 1 find —
off the road atthe lights and fllow the signs.

Pease dot be ff by Bell's rather

8, What time will we have to. off 0 arrive
in time forthe ceremony?
took as if we shall have to... off our

decision to relocate until we have found more
suitable premises,

Find adjective forms of a-{ which match definitions
1-6,

Bampie
es ateo

€ ete 1 corresponding,

b signi 2 sensational

© compare 3 widespread

a exend A tenen
perceive 5 Important

£ drama 6 observant

El unir

4 nor ah, add a suitable negative prefs to make

adjectives with the opposite meaning.

a releva do moral sal
D legal e capable lagi
€ homes decisive

For a-e use the correct word in brackets in is
noun form to complete the sentence.

‘There was insufficient (accuate/evident) 1
‘convict the accused ofthe crime.

1. Our tennis coach says we must improve the
(adaptabe/aceurate) of our stokes.

© CAmbitious/Signifcan) is à quality poli
must have to achieve success.

Good divers have an acute (avare/ significant)
of impending hazards

© ‘The newly formed country gained its
(independent /ambitious) only last year

Replace the words in brackets with a suitable pei

2 Could you (an opposite action) … tent
not in my shoclacet

(with operation between several counties
‘meant that emergency ad arived quick

© The (cress) .....continental express is a
luxurious way to wave

Here one thing cant stand i's (00 much)

...cookod vegetables.

© Dolce have been (wrong) informed
about the whereabouts of the suspect.

London's Heathrow is one ofthe work's busiest
fermen anal apo

88 think we have (oo lit
Seng fine pp.

imated the

Complete this review using the words in brackets
in the correct frm,

8 vasah ini
éme
casa nn, lets fy
ane Bi np

aid is actual 5 benef
‘ve o samp out poner dining
consequences. Th

hae res).
Tile difference tothe milion |
the concert nd o pledge thei money.

94. y

poa E
F The big issues
lead in

[PL Discuss why dhe issues below should concern us in the 2154
century. Which are the three most burning issues? Why?

* privacy crime and errors
the Internet gobaliston
warfare "he environment

an ageing society

2 foreach of A,B, and C find one word which
fs al thre gaps

1 “Governments shoul ge as much foreign
as posible to poorer countries.
2 ‘in certain circumstances, emergency
Lin the form of money shouldbe
‘set immediately

$ ne most successful longterm
programmes encourage see.

1 ‘Alto paope ony appreciate schoo!
after they leave fulltime

2 ‘State... shouldbe more
scademicaly based”

3 Aprodica ....makesit
change job ir in ite”

A ew ppt cout ave precite the hugo

impact information
2 We matter ho trance … become
machines wil never be ble 1 ink Ike Duns.

5 Wea waste oftime for humans todo tasks that
‘made can do”

E en 1 thre people talking about 2, Check your
answers fr A-C and tick the statement forthe issues in each
te hat best reflects the speaker's point of view

Hb you stare any ofthe views in 22 Why/Why not?

95. | Reading rar 3 multiple choice

| 1 What films or books do you know that feature
robots? What relationship do these robots have with
humans

2 Match words a-f from the text opposite with
meanings 1-6.
a gadget € programming
b © humanaid
© amical intelligence 1 robotics

1 a machine or creature with the appearance and
‘characteristics of a person

2 à useful, usually small, piece of equipment

3 the science of designing and operating robots

4a group of moving pars in a machine

5. the process of giving a computer instructions

6 the use of computers for human functions such as
Teaming and making decisions

3 Read he text and discuss

ons ae Barum
| a Why cart shoppers buy be ea il
ones stants menor. uvam veh
inthe fist ap orante
b How are Isaac Asimov's short _thestatements in
stories different from those of POLLO words,
tis conemporie?
Why do expert tink hat protecting rom
cobos would be cal
& iy dos the wer us the example of rbot
taking food Aca
+ Wa do many experts hak abou the anges
pose the scence urban

4 Real the text again and choose the best option (A,B,
| Cor D) to complete 1-5.
1 Shoppers can't buy the domestic assistants

‘mentioned inthe fist paragraph because they

IA are not yet in the shops

13 can only be acquired online.

€. dont actualy exis
| D are only available to flmgocrs.

| 2 Isa Asimov's short soris difer from those of his
contemporaries because they
A were inftuenced by Karel Capek
B ave ess imaginative,
© describe a wold ruled by robots
D are more

E uns

5 Discuss these questions

3. Experts belive that protecting us from
intelligent robots would be dificult beca

A. can't be controle just by programming.
BB can't be programmed to recognise ads
© don't respond to casual requests
DD will never be able to obey onkrs,

The example of a robot taking fod to Aa
sed 10 show th

A. robots are capable of unselsh actions

B Asimov's laws require robots to think,

© travel is a difficult concept for robots

D robots Can make moral judgement
Many experts think thatthe dangers pose
the science of robotics are

À. being covered up by exper

1B over-dramatise by pressure groups.
overestimate by the public

D worthy of more discussion.

What sort of jobs do you think we shoul we
robots fr? Think about

= say

+ he

+ human imitations

‘re there any jobs you thnk we shoud nat
robots for? Why?

96. erg fra good deere? coring tore webs,
ewer fst fly automated Me sted domestic assistant
[ateo on sale Theres stone catch Ihe website
peti is amazing gadgets ut a tease,» deve bt of
D der om aoû Century oxo promete

ioe bt hs sc faction tile, detective Spoon,
ey sith, estates the murder fa scenüst
Ene ty etoal eb company Despite the fa

E estais butt the obs sch prevents them.
fe fair humars the detective suspects one of them
sponse fer the cons death Further
Seaton ads him to bee that robots may even be
tag to ab oer the wee

eters tase on a collection of ht stones by
er fio e ac Asimov Mest ef these reiche
‘eerie famous tee laws fbi whch heist
{epi go In those days barely to decades ater the
er ett hd ben osea by playtght Karl Cape,
hen ters were stl lsh) roworig Capel’ narative
ects tli ver the word ut Ase’ pap of
‘exec ct he gained a PD m chemist let ou to
senc tion an he was ala sing wat practical
Sis many ight tab toad hs nasty fate His
ster vasto program al rbots to fol thre avs

bot may vet injure 2 human being, oF tough
lect, low 3 human being to come ta ham

[Arima ty he ets ren by ann bees

‘rapture such rds eut ft vith heist Le
At must protect ts com existence as Log a such
tection docs cont with the ir Second La

ein ight ser he a good vay to eeprebots

[ater lace but to robot they tow up more

fe thn they see Experts inthe eld ofA ati

There) have comet the sobering conclusion that

pig tipo bts rm harming as it
ue something much mere compl than simply

ean machines

programming them in fact, programming real rebet to
Fo the te lav would be formidable undertaking For
asta, the robot woul need tobe abet recognise human
Andre conte them ith chimpanzees statues ad!
humanok eb Tis maybe easyer ws humans but it
poses considerable fut orobots To flow nl we,
te robot wouldve tobe made capable of ecogriingan
order and sngushingi ema casual request which s
end the apoyo contemporary artifical integer.

Tofelow ary ofthe three ws the robot would have to
termine whether and to wat extent ay of them app.
tothe current static. weld mle compen
reasoning about he future consequences ls um actions
and the ates of ther fobets humans and anima in ts
‘cy But why shoud the bet res cons tite
um immecite vty? The rst a, State above,
Inches no use esting its scope tothe immediate
Surroundings ef the robot robot standing inthe etc
‘might reason that ou tae food to Aa and they
‘Svea child rom stanation i remain in the Arc the
robot cud ugh nation low a human to come to
‘ay thus contravening the fst la Io enable obs to
ei getting caught onthe hors of such lemmas they
‘would ned some capac for mera ean. Es
rober ad sucha capacity woul be des compl
‘compared to Am the ws

1 these sectas sem fetched the day when they
became presing sus maybe dsr than you suspect
Computer sett By ot the oly expert Os
trp the pt sta hr abut te dango
‘tb nd Greenpeace as bought ut pe port
ter people te debate the matter gos We shuld
nok to ri however Whee Fel frei
progres rapid teres sll some way to go before
(obs become Met 6 Wil ets tonal
drap As rs Mth ding sh obit
Serta The biggest test ur rs ut pao
Dumas at jou cn lp ner he

we ES]

97. Vocabulary
Big issues

1 Discuss the answers to questions 3-8

a Ha city is overpopulatd, is it 100 big or are
there 100 many people living there

1 What is the difference between a farine and a
drought?

© What i the difference between a natura
resource anda financial resource?

4 Which one can crupt tornado or a volcano?
Can soil erosion cause a flood or a landslidet

"Which is more serious: an earth tremer or an

eurthquaket

8 Ate epidemics caused by contagious or
controversial diseases!

2 Match one word from each pair in 1-5 with
definitions a-e. Use your dictionary to check your
1 itatrvil

a necessary or essential
1 net important or serious
2 conroversial/ritical
a. serious, uncertain and possibly dangerous
1. causing discusion and disagreement
3 momentous/mementary
2 lasting fora very short time
2. very important or serious
4 principa/principle
à most important main
bo moral ule or strong belief
5 amisecal/unsocial
3. boro or annoying to others
1 outside normal working hours

Grammar
Conditionals «xp17-1

1 Match sentences a-d with descriptions 1-4.

Ifa virus attacks a computer, it prevents it from
‘working properly. (zero conditional)

bb Her best sie plays, Manchester United will,
probably come out on top. (fst conditional)

© 16 had enough money I would buy a new
dial camera. (second conditional)

4 Ifyou had told me that you needed some
advice, {would have helped out. (ind
conditional)

1a hypothetical statement about the past

2 a condition which ls improbable/impossible in
the present

a statement of general fact,

4. a condition thats posible/probable in the fue

2 Underline the correct verb forms in af

at give y give up my job and go
backpacking round the were if 7d ang hada
bit more courage.

Nobody would find/would have fund the
climbers if they hadn't managed/didn’ manage
to attract the mountain rescue team,

© you stayed ou/stay our al night without
teling your mum, she probably Kit
probably kill you,

à HP realiser realise the frst prize in the af
was a sports car, I would have bougon be
lot more tickets!

€ Hyon leae/you'l eave metal object in the ae
they generally ras ras.

She wouldn't castro have crashed the
cat if dog hadn't run ouywouldn’t have run
out in front of her ar.

Esplin the differences in meaning or function
between these pales of sentences.

la youre finding i ficult to do your
homework, Fl give you a hand

b Ifyou find it difficult to de your homework,
give you a hand.

22 ‘Those swimmers could have downed i passers
by bad raised the alarm

b Those swimmers would have drowned if
passer-by had’ aise the alarm,

98. a Please let me know Ifyou need any advice
Please let me know if yon should nee any
advice
a 1 ou stayed in lis country a bit longer, we
could spend more time together
bb Ifyou were staying in this country à bit longer,
We could spend more time together
Sa If we offered you the positon, would you
If we wer o offer you the postion, would you
accept?

Complete af by puting
the comet form,

je verbs in brackets into

8 te bridegroom’ friends... (motte) him
to a lamp post on his stag night, he
{notend up) in à police sation.
you … look) for something todo,
(Go) and dig the gardent
€ Asa rule, coloured clothes... (fade) if you
(eave) them in the sun fr too long.

fou. (want) to get id of your old
football i, 9) sling it on the Intern
© Wann... aoe) soome ifthe workmen

(ner/dig) up the toad on our way here
1 222 ey the manager to discover what has
ten going on inthe office, he …… (be)

homie.

Complete sentences a-f with your own ideas,

3 HT could spend a romantic evening with anyone
1 ches,

1 wi be really disappointed if

MT could change one thing about my He,

A would have been unbelievable if

would fel absolutely estate if

1 could change places for one day with anyone
in the worl,

Undertive the words usd instead of fin these
‘conditional sentences, then correct any mistakes
ou fin.

à They would have ended up divorced unless the
intervention of ther fiends.

1 mary you provided you dont expect me 10
Et on ith your methert

€ As lng as you won the lottery, how would yo
spend the money?

4 Jim vil be allowed out of prison supposing he
repens 10 the police sation tice a week

Tonight open air concert will be cancelled

provided the weather improves

Me raring to go tomon as long as get a
00d night’ sleep tonight.

5 There's no hope of our team winning the League
unless we start to play better

Complete gaps 1-12 in the paragraph below, using
the vers in brackets inthe corre tense

Las kicked out of School atthe age of 16 because t
vas bone je anyone …. (1 tl) me then that
would end up making a ving asa scripts,
(2 eres) them. admit that writing
is one ofthe few things ve ever been good at. At
schoo i (8 have) route
(a do) itor them
(5 pay me enough, ofcourse!
But write fra living? That was never onthe cards.
‘ter Let schoo | died in and ut of various
Jobs. wanted to travel he wold but nee 1
(6 O NEY FA IES BONE)
{ew dollars under my bel. So ove 1 eaen À rend
of mine came up wih a brainwave. iy not ry
ring a TV screenplay? Supposing... (8 be)
rod enough it … © maya) me enough
‘money to travel the world. owe that end alt.
ho... (10 noturge) me 0 (1 eco
started 35 à write. And instead of having homes in
Paris, rise, and Los Angels. (12 NOT)
ina dead end job in my home town.

99. Listening part multiple choice

1 Look at the advertisement below and discuss these
questions.

‘Which countries might volunteers be needed in?

What resources might be lacking in places like

these?

‘What kind of professional skills would be useful

in developing countries?

4 Why would jobs like these be rewarding?

b

Ze twice o a mdio .y
intervie with Tom Daves,
vwho spent a year asa
‘olunteer in Neal and
choose the best answers.
for questions 1-6.

1. Why did Tom goto live and work abroad?

A He was bored with his routine
8. He wanted to do something useful
© le saw an advertisement in a newspaper he

had bou
D He wanted to take advantage of every
opportunity in ie

2. How did he regard is experience abroad?
A He was wort about being aay om
1B. He was apprehensive about what ly in
© He thought the time would pass al 100

»

quick.
He knew he would have very ite tine 1!
appreciate his surroundings.

3 What does Tom say was the most important
thing offered by the organisation?

A enough money to make ends meet

B paid travel and accommodation

© the opportunity to meet fellow volunteer
1 help 16 readjust om his return home.

4 What does ‘Tom say about the snow leopards
A Some hunting ofthe animals is allowed,
Larger numbers breed away fom inhabit
© “They are regarded asthe most

animals in the Himalayas,
D They have become more domesticated

5 Howe has the programme Tom and his colleague

nporant

devised helped?

A Farmers can be compensated for lost animals.

1B The government runs an insurance scheme
for farmers.

© Farmers have the funds needed to buy mre
land,

Local groups have formed to protect the som
Teopatt

{6 What does Tom say he cannot do at the moment?
A Give an example ofa profitable local scheme
13 Prove that fewer snow leopards have been

killed by hunters,

© Show thatthe numberof snow leopards has
increase.

D Promise

1 profs rom his scheme wil go
back into the community

3 Would you be interested in doing voluntary work
abroad? Iso, where and doing what? If not, why

100. Speaking rans3 and 4

1. Look at the pictures and read the task below. What
do the pictures represent?

make decir these?
ave the pretest loge dcs

2 tm pals, do the Part 3 task in 1, After Uhre
minutes, stop and compare your decisions with
those of another group.

3 © Read the Part 4 questions a-c Listen o is

ent’ answers and decide which ofthe questions
‘are answering, How appropriate are tir
nswers?

a. What decisions in life do you consider the most
dificult 10 make?

1. Some people elev that alot of important
ecisions ae ou o our hands. What do you think?

© What sort of decisions in life are influenced by
money?

4. Discuss your own thoughts on the
These word and phases might hp ou

Short term
‘ut ofthe blue
out of our contrat

ns in 3.

at sake
in the Tong run
‘onthe spur of the moment

101. Use of English par 1 muttisechoice clore

1 How important in life are the four things below?
Is there anything else that is more important?

+ heipingothers = doing something to be remembered by
+ enjoying yourself + passing on your genes by having children

2 Read the text below quickly.

‘writer's tone mainly

a humorous bo philosophical € pessimistic?

3 Read the text again and the howd" ox and decide which word
(A, 1, C or D) best fits each space 1-12,

Wis on 0. £.… that 00 ur ons wil 1 sto me mesning
‘fife certain net 2 at way for Dr Frankenstein's ection
Desperte to Him whore he od come from, uni he ete aval
run Yet whet he fund out nc ies mesring st upset tim
Portas instead o answering the quon of wy we are here ty ooking
backwards, we shuld eck forwards What future foal wola site
rt ving? The problem wn working awards foals was et bythe
losopher of common sere, Aristotle. is... we tht we do many
things for tne ske of something ese. We st ove. work to pay the bil study
10 pas exa, ond So an But urls at est one ations dor forts own sake,
meres no ln doing ny of ther Not eventing con be a means ton
enter mast be ends which are voluble nt owe right There much that

makes fe precios enough 1... 1 nd savour So wht ves people's
Ines vote? might e... sl of others, helping ones children
10 tel flues, or ONES à probe But Me is uncertain an
‘wear often town oft + ‘The basic answer to the question of Ke
meaning prob this here aro ree 1.10 ater thn de, and
they are tobe found inthe thing fife se

OR remet rasped C esumes D. assignen
1 A influence B persuece C show D led
ZA workott 8 workout 0 tumup D tum
SA cisne Bremer 0 deln D Greded
ER role B ent Ca D reveal
SA valve 8 judge © make 0 nie
BA orgumen 8 iscusslon © reason D debate
TA aspet B point © design mater
BA holden 8 holdup reahup O reachover
SA releing B releasing OC role O ele
10 A assemble 8 build © rase D erect,
MA route 8 pln © way D une
12 A purposes 8 erases © idees D reasons

102. Vocabulary
Expressions with end

Le 1-8 to complete the expressions with end in a-h.

1 in sw 7 meet

2 sin Somen Ba

Sloe 6 on

a lat à ...... end this week. Do you fancy
doing something?

bye been overthelmed with work for weeks and
there's no end in

Helping my brother move house was justa
to an end; | want him 10 do an even
tiger favour or me!
‘im struggling to make ends. what with
thre children 10 feed and all the bil to pay.
1 gon on the wrong train lastnight and ended
in the middle of nowhere!
“The bet thrillers have an unexpected twist right
sev he end.
y mira wasn't Keen on lending me her ca, but
‘the end she gave in
A can make more space inthe classroom by
Ping the tables …… end and eaning them
gan the wal

2. Use your dictionary to check any un

‘expressions in 1. Which word in the dictionary
id you find expressions a-c under?

Match the expressions with end in 1 with
‘meanings a-h
finally
ave nothing particular to do

b

© things are unliely to change
eventually arrived

© as something finishes
upright

$ manage financially

something done to achieve something ese

103. Writing Part2 A magazine article wo 157

1. Discuss which categories a-e words 1-15 could
late to and talk about some ofthe decisions
young people have to make nowadays.

14 finance
15. economical

a lfesye 4 money
bo rlationships e work

© accommodation

1. location 9 challenge
2 satisfaction 10 commitment
3 responsibility ls

4 promotion 12 dating

5 health 13 ice ime
6

7

$

2 Read the exam task below and introductory
paragraphs A and B, and answer these questions.
à Wat particular decision do both paragraphs
focus ont
bb Which paragraph is more appropriate for the
exam task? Why?

‘An international magazine for students has
asked readers for articles about important
chaices young people today have to make
Write an article deverbing one such choice
and making some recommendations.

3 Decide which one of 3-c would not be appropri
for the antic

clearly developed paragraphs

atively style

formal register

bullet points

addressing the reader directly

4 Which of a-h are written in an appropriate syle
for the article?

a Students should be advised against deciding on
a acer or study path without giving the mle
‘ue tight and cous

1. Remember that it’s up to you and no-one ese
what you decide 10 de.

© Talk other people like older fiends or reli

ey may have been in your shoes a one i

One way of approaching the problem might be
10 compile alist ofthe positive and negative
aspects ofthe options available to you

© Whatever you decide, the future's in your hand
Se get out there and start enjoying itt

{Exploit faites at your disposal in the vii,
such as your local brary

8 Be advised against postponing making a decis
for o long that eventually a choice is no Jorge
avaiable o you

1 Before you make your mind up, make sure
you've really thought things through

5 Rewrite the inappropriate sentences fom 4 ina
less formal style
‘ample
a Hour a student, think log and hard bef
you decide wheter you're etter off working or
Being or wit your studies.

104. ed the model answer to the exam task and
‘complete gaps 1-8 with phrases a-h, adding
Jeers where necessary.

the time has o be right
‘ntl you're good and ready

there are los of factors to consider
there's the question of

ls a major step

eh up the pros and cons

il lo need o consider things
ar in mind

»
é
1
8
h

"Spreading your wings and lin the nest
1... load freedom for most young
ple. But when is the right ime to make
Meme

(Can 2 …… before you decide to branch.
A on your own - and meney is one of the
ogee. While ving et home might camp
Jour she. i's certainly economical. Renting
Sat can bo on expencive bueinace, 20

2. that youl probably have less cosh
te spend on yourself, Sharing fat con
Ieee to costs and can bo grat fun, but
ie okay plain sang you fll out wath
ar fette or he or she suddenly moves.
at you co be lft 10 foot the bills

T Discuss these questions about the model answer.

a. Which major decision does the writer focus ont
Which is the main topic of each ofthe two
nile paragraphs?
How does the writer develop cach ofthe 180
middle paragraphs?
‘What isthe purpose of the final paragraph?

capital

a

Choose one ofthe topic areas you discussed in 1
and make nots following a similar plan to the
model answer. Then write your article in 220-260

ont
Then 4... ere exactly to Ive. Moving a tip
a a
conoser mancınbeuy mans apap,
ody Nout a mega endow Werden
vea get toser ce ae

Getting a place of your oun con be exciting ln
and few of us went to Ive at home forever.

But... Bofor you pack up and go

tak to elder (ende and foma, Altar al, thoy

ere once in your shoes themselves. So

1... «and don leve home &

That way you be able to savcur you new

Found independence to the fl.

ite FE

105. Review

1. write the missing words in sentences a-f The frst

etes ae given.

a. Heavy rat caused a... afer many trees on
the hillside had been felled.

Coad 16 ne o. Which Is often

‘uneconomical 16 mine nowadays.

© Asevere the south ofthe county eft
thousands starving
à During the violent storm, a... was

reported to have caused extensivo damage to
property in the dy centre.

€ Aun ds ik tuberculosis can be fe
thveatening,

The city has become 0... because of al the
new housing estates which have sprung up over
the last few yeas.

Circle the correct word in ais 0 complete
sentences a.

à Your suggestion will provide only a short haul/
{ernst solution to our trafic problems.

1b An allround education always pays off in the
long run/way/time,

{© We must act on global warming now - the
future of our plane is at stakeyhand/are.

Ted didn't plan his decision = he resigned on the
point /head/spur of the moment

© The announcement that the company was 10 be
sold shocked everyone a I came completely out
ofthe qustoryblue/erdinary.

1 Lregret that we can’t help with your query. The
matters now out of our rach/1uch mol

Decide which ofthese adjectives best collocate
‘wih the nouns in italics ina.

ee ee
money morenas aci
oc

a Te accident I thought to have been caused by
a lack of concentration on the par of the driver

bb There is no doubt that ‘not guilty’ was à werdet
= there was widespread disbeie that that the
‘accused was found innocent.

© Aboard of directors meeting isnot the occasion
to discuss such a matter. Details such as this can
bbe dealt with ata much lower eva.

Ted made a decision when he resighed from his
city law Arm and relocated to a remote isla

EE tics

Hs pew jab is interesting but it wil entait
working hours and some night shits
One ofthe cases ofthe declining bint
population isthe destruction of their natural
habitat, but there are many other factors.

8. The penalty for behaviour such as vandal à
bbe a short spel in prison.

Replace the words i italics with a suitable
‘expression with end. The words In brackets vl
help you.
you find yourself wth nothing patent to
do (loose) this weekend, why not vist our
department store
Property prices have been rising for months
things are unlikely to change. (ight)
dificult to manage financially (met)
you're out of work.
‘We were enjoying the film, but a e frise
(&), there was a power cut and we ever fo
out what happened?
© Paul didn’t enjoy his jb ~ it was something
did to achieve something le. (means)

{After driving fortwo hours, we eventually
arrived (up) right back where we'd stare

8. Jack took his maths exam four times but
(in) he passed it

I you put the desk upright (on, it will go
through the door

Complete gaps 1-6 in the paragraph below,
ives advice about finding a job.

106. a = a
lts a crime

Lead in

1 Red the information below about crime in the UK 2 Discuss these questions
and explain the meaning of these words Are you suprised by any ofthe statistics?
Say which and explain why,

criminal damage domestic violence

D. Why might the number ol some eximes appear
scott ming Vo ave al wt tes ave ta
robbery fraud

© How do you think crime statistics in your
country might compare with these

| crimein England and Wales pde E
tend má Vs vo col pain end en enr ee

ln 2006, he tal rr of rine in plan and Wales was and Me rie lat cad rad comes from an
102 min. increas theese of curt cr ad the
ee ot et et rh

‘Wal rine mers peaked 1895, ad have inc an hy 8%. |

Violent crime

ies was 24 mien, Tee et
257.200 iets does wien.

Criminal damage
Le mad ct ia
amg gana Vte as 2 mie
or ra tee wee post eile
le, and 100 ols pt
te nm re

Blu pa 183 35 ion cit
lage cos al ee ye

0206, the nombro oy tence la nd ad Ws for
peopl aged 18 or ver was 3100

Ray 2.08 pls st at

: ote tr ets ee a yr ol
| © ve een 4
momie 397

ls wots T3

107. Reading

Part 4 Multiple matching

1 Do you enjoy crime stories in books or films? What would you say
‘are the elements ofa good crime story?

2 Read the test opposite and suggest a beading or brief summary for
‘each section to show you understand the development ofthe text.
Compare your ideas with a partner's

3 Read the text again and — HOW to doit

ont er mt he
trot ea
Morada tee 5
te ei con rg
Be tenon acia

Avi wi ton of patenat ie pre ene
the text (A-F) 1-13 are Lo bg ey words in the estos.
mentioned The HO QU parc api ta ret
Con bax wl he ou, Dein
ya
a:

‘he importance of understanding how a character thinks 1
Inventing an interesting proc for your character 2
the character's belief that he will go unpunished 4
the necessity of writing a convincig plot s
Wel-witen sores spelled by an improbable moryline 7.

5

,

“

ñ

F

sing human emetions as a basis fr story
the risk of basing characters on rest

why Killing makes a good story

not underestimating the difcily of writing a erime novel
à crucial question to ask abeut your main character 2
‘he diferent ways that readers will see à novel a

4 Complete these phrases with of cr for and check your answers in
the te

a tobe capable © to allow scope
b a source … E compensanion
ea nd. $ a view
the result À to bame

er

Sather ee my bee

5 Do you have a favorite tinal evil andor detective? E
‘What makes them so appealing? 8 learning what can be achieved within th

eure and what per flings you
Vo aid in your own work.

ME unies

108. NVritine a =
crime fiction

Do you enjoy a good thriller or detective novel? Have you ever thought about writing one?

| Lesley Grant Acamson has some advice for aspiring winters.

e
Ii cceptbleto tale actual people nd afamilberweennejgliboursor

ns as tb basis fo ton bu they must colague. Trouble in rationships and
Vecinal altered You wouldnt want to _ # the excess hat cn result when
[lao by having him appear only” someone becomes sub Jos
Inesoreny disguised asa murdererand obese or vertu a tial
fouet must use genuine names. Sour of story Wee,

aids, the ever eters on your rte

fc bebe Fen when oust ot gu

inking you are ging to un a mal person,

en E fora whole
pens to enhance thecharacter There book begins eh the appearance in thir
Mite more advantage for you a lower mind ofan insistent character Whether
Met can car and becomes hecametoyouasa if out of nowre
(ce ihesemirdetsched where elivsis ras here ofa real effort to create

dorm might pref im to me Bm ou should pose same caching
ehe mati dene ur lt hn Ty bol dio

Betimeyau ha finshed playing wit Ri, his se strong enough? That doc
ju vil hardy recognise the vend more can he has tobe physically or mentally
Bote point, ler will he robust erly that he muse be capable of
interesting the reader forthe length of
a othe book A goed character always has an

intemal conc He might be burdened
‘wth gi or strain
a persona fling, Whatever itis the
problem colours his view of ile, your

character does no interest yo very
much, you cn he certain he wail not
interest anyone ce. Get inside your
character hend, Find out whether be
‘enjoys his own company o one.

‘seCheck what he thinks about his tet,
his slings, his colleges Maybe he
‘lames them for his problem

[bough they areas varied as the people
bie wrt then al nl are based on
nc Characters wil be in fut:
og the couse ofthe novel they wil
‘ergo cope and bythe end their
sion wil have change In rime faction
edifica or challenge wil be caused by,
rs, à rime, That crime salmos
arab murder beats i the extreme,
Bene for which there no posible
“person fr he vit and mo
ation forthe wrongdoer. o achieve a
lea sn the method should be sited

‘the character who murders. Common Y

th o dispatching its include characte or story comes to ou very
Boing, stabbing iting with a lan cai be wary: Frias soul voy
Bunt, poisoning downing or 12 be challenge If they ae good, scrutiny
‘ving accident À habitual criminal mont damage them, When they dot
Sige rextonably produce gun, butan come up to seratch, you wil sve youre”
Kay housewife more likely o brandish much &iappeintmen by droping

en pan Asthe genre examines human them. Although a rnder knows ony
ip in exeme situations the try you be tion! hel ring when your ero fe
fedoeloping must allow cope for thi At thumped and sigh when your heroines >
{stone of pur characters mustbeunder ad. he eno foo fe knows when
Four and til increase during the yo ae ling the truth about human

biosng ofthe yarn. The springboard for being When you ate nt, he may
estoy is most ily tobe tion within become inpatient and clés the Pook

109. Grammar

Passives cRor7o-171

Vocabulary
Crime and punishment

1 Discuss the difference between: 1 Underline the passive verbs in 3-8.

a Murder and manslaughter
bo mugging and staging
bribery and black
burglary and robbery

© arson and assaut

‘

Fund and forger.

2 complete the table withthe missing words.

verb person at
m

b mb

€ burlar

4 = munter
€ deal uf

3 Lack up murder and mug in your dicionary. How
many ether seyings and meanings can you fd in
thee erties?

4 complete this paragraph about the British legal
syste with the missing prepositions

WB wun of où for against into 10

{you ae amet coming a ime the
ico must cui you veia You il be
taken wo pol son ard intel, ae may
then be aged...» tial fence and
an 3 ste, Fora ru ire, yu ll
sev cata ban il rai

5 tsthe teal sytem in your county simil o the
deci mar

[EZ twits

3. Viewers were appalled 10 hear aha the reality
TV show isto be axed. Two soap ojeras ae alo
said to be under rat.

1 The kl that Mars could one day be colonised
boy human beings is no longer iio

© Letal residents, ane about the sae of
wind turbines near thie village, complain that
planning procedures are being broken

4 Environmerial issues ae the focus for
discussion atthe conference o be hosted by the
United Nations.

© Atbough exper are convinced that sabots can
be made to think for themselves, thei llei
hove met wa tle success so ar

ff governments vant o dean up the pla, they
mst act now, and ieee funding for research
ill have 10 be made avaiable.

8 Ail adults chat 10 vote ze required 10
complete and ren the enclosed for.

‘Complete rules ac for forming the passive
4 We form the passive with the verb

appenpiae eve: aes part ofthe
main verb
b “The abject of an active vee becomes the

ofthe passive verb.
© tthe name of the ager needs 10 be mentioned,
ave pu the oR” nn Het oft

‘Match these uses ofthe passive (2-0) with
sentences from 1.

4 we the ape unknown, impr, cr
Civ, deliberar meted
2 to make reports an lic documents more
persone, and 10 show at estos ae
snare ant than the agent
© 10 avd the overuse of personal pronouns er
vague word. eg. people the

110. 41 ae this newspaper report more formal by
Pulling the aise sections into the passive

Te have recent dicree à 2.00 earoû shoe in
“in in a disused wo, on an aa due to be quae,
De 30m piece eather sil bl because
Samet has kept it damp and away rom ar or
thousands of years Experts are ected about the find
“beta that they need odo lo move work before
the now sentir about. They have never fund
ring He is before. They hae four similar sees
ing ein Irland and on the continent ut these
‘ae udateable. Somone may hae plc no the
pat el a sal, someone could have simply
th In the distant as, people often ured shoes in.
lundis of new buildings as good luck charms.

$ wit the passive equivalents of these sentences,

à Ina crackdown on antisocial behaviour, police
are making teenagers remove neighbourhood
wali

1 They heard the politician say under his breath
that al journalists were troublemakers:

© They wouldn't let anyone into the building uni
fuefighters sai i was safe 0 do so.

4 On the CCTV footage, we dearly saw money
change hands in return for a small package

Complete sentences a-d with your own ideas

à would foo ashamed of myself if was ever
bear

bb As part ofthe ac, the magician was seen

© Inmany countries, unt you are 18 you are not
loved...

4 One thing’ many kids hat about
schoo is being, made

Give advice for the situations in ae, using have/

et something done. Try to wary the ways of giving

advice

Bample

‘Poe been having spitting headaches recently and

can't read things cleat.

You should get your eyes tested /Why don't you get

your eyes tested?

3. Water has been coming in through your parents
bedroom ceiling.

b bought a par of trousers but they're too long,
for me.

€ Your pet dog has lost his appetite recently.

4.1 want o sell my house but I's looking a bi
shabby

© Your sisters car has been making strange noises.

A reporte has gathered tumours and fats from
sources who don't wish o be names in print.
Revit the information more formally for his
newspaper using the reporting verb in brackets
and beginning with the words in italics.

ample

“Lear the Prime Minister i really angry with his
orig Minister” (report

‘Te Prime Minister reported to be furious wih his
Fareign Minister

2 “Don't quote me on this, but rue ead that a
LUPO has crashed in Texas’ (rumour)
“re been told that Robbie Willams is going to
do another world tout (sy)
“They reckon that scientists have found a new
planet (believe)
“Apparently factory bosses aro planning to make
sto hundred employees redundant” (think)
“Everyone imagines that the event was cancellod
because of the singers poor health (assume)

Unit9 109)

111. Listening part 1 shor extracts
1 Do you know any stories of daring robberies, real or fictional?

2 C Read questions 1-6 below
before you listen to the three
ferent exracts, Then listen and
hace the best answer (A, B ur ©)
for each question. The i) box will
help you.

Bret one
You hear port ofa radio programme concerning an ater
robbery.
1 What was the thieves” plan
At carry out a raid om a local bank
5 to make off with a celeron of priceless objects
© to steal money fom a atienal monument
2 The outcome of the attempted robbery was that the thieves
A. were tricked ino stealing the wrong things
1B were une to break ro ei intends tnt.
€ found themselves caught in a trap.
You hear a woman and 2 poll officer talking about credit ear
frou.
3 The woman was surprised because
A. someone had obtained her credit card details without her
knowledge.
18 à hotel receptora had tefuse 19 accept er eet card
€ her etai card company had contacted! her about some
transaction
4 What Information does the police officer give?
A Ws dificult to use a ere card without knowing a PIN
number.
E Credit card companies accept ie ik that fraud wil ce.
© The woman wi be able for any bis.

Fstract three
ou hear uo people on a eurent ars programe talking
bout ere and purent.
5 ‘The two speakers age about
A the suppor that even violent criminals deserve.
the need 10 ensure that pisoners do not moffend.
© the prblet of preventing prisoners escaping,
6 What is the man’s opinion of punishment for ofendes?
A. Punishment eau be turned toto something that benefits
society.
Community service i suitable for now-violet and vilent
criminal
© Offenes should Le consul

about their punishment

BD wits

Speaking var

1 Look atthe photos opposite and
‘discuss what topes you may be asked
to talk about in the exam.

2 Thin of atopic heading for each
group of words A-C. Which phco docs
cach phrase in A and B reer to? Which
photos might the phrases in € match
A a controlled parking zone

asmoke free environment

‘a Rad bat area
“an airport checkin queue
A department store

A Get environment

E 10 prevent intemuptions
to prevent damage to goods
to maintain à healthy atmosphere
to prevent accident or injury
10 avoid congestion
10 protect passengers and ewe

© having to pay a fine
being given a verbal warning
having your propery temened.
Being sachet
being asked to fave the premises
receiving à warning letter

3 Rend te tip boxes, then in pas,
(choose a diferent set of photos and do
this task.

ATiese pictures show situations
im which roles and regulations
ly Tike you to compare
{to ofthese pictures, saying
‘shy the rules and regulations
‘have been applied in these
situations, and what the penalty
‘might be if people Ignore ther?

4 ek at cac eters photos ayn and
sy in which situation you think the
rules and regulations are the most
Important

112. NO SHARP
OBJECTS

en

oy

NO SMOKING
(mon 25 1. oF son,

113. Use of English

Part 2 Open cloze

A

1 what means of identification are commonly used
nowadays? In your opinion do they restrict or
protect our personal freedom

2 Red the text opposite gnoring the gapo, and find
examples of how our privacy may be at isk,

3 Rand the text ain and choose the es options
alow fr gins 1 the et then complete 6-15
comple
0 ou

1
2 there
3 ike/as

4 imo/inside

5 amongbetween

4 Do you agree with his statement? Why/Why no

you arent doing anything wrong, there's no
reason to object 10 being checked up on.

EA us

Pies
AN INVASION

A message pops .!
«computer screen ei from the police. Your ar
been recorded by a ronde camera
‘exceeded the speed Imit at 8.31 am. today The
‘camera images were checked with the natal
recognition system and as been ca
that you were the driver’ sounds a it fret
but technology As are in place
‘or under development. This increasing interne

evn À cur private Ives wl force 8 to cone
chat balance nen 5 our personal ed
the power of the state. Some believe that the ms
and regulations have protected pop
Prey up to now wl ga doing o. 0
take a pessimistic view. They bebe tht
the fcedom of the ina! lea in dager

9 seriously weakened. But sure you

‘argue, we do sl have some privacy i cu pa
ue? Apparently we have very ite. You migh ro
‘want your bank account to be public know,
but yo look atthe number of people 1
the police to credit card companies, who no
the right to lok at your financial detal.

your knowledge, you son realise that ray
‘once knew it no longer exits. Unfortunately
are easy answers to the question
much pracy ve should be ent 1
people are to accep en

114. Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs with out and over ce pis2-r3

AL ent the object ofthe phrasal verbs in ame
fte is one. Then complete the sentences to
Hs the meaning ofthe phrasal verbs.

2 The last album that my favourite hand brought

1 eat get over the fact that came top in my

Hearing a strange nose from the engine, the
diver pled over to

4 Take a look at these figures. Can we go over
them once more because

{As soon as the lights were put out

1 Complete sentences a-f using phrasa verbs with
‘at in the correct form,

2 Our TV has been faulty for weeks, and finally
out atthe weekend

1 We should have... out on our tp much
cater but we overs

© Guests are requested to
y midday a the latest.

Tim desperate for a cup of coffe. Pm not sure
that an cu ut for much longer!

(€ Signs on the door show you where 10... eut
in an emergency.

{Weed lke such a ridiculous plan
absolutely amazed it... out

out of the hote

3 The phrasal verbs in 2 change their mean
when used with or without an object, Use your
dictionary to match each one with their two
possible meanings in a-j below
ample
set out ~ start a jour arange display

calculate

manage to wait

leave a hotel,

extend (eg. your hand)

succeed

stop working

escape

h take from somewhere
distribute

investigate

4 comple

3 Al of sudden there was a ghostly noe from
the ela so 1 got out

1b Afyou'e staying at that hotel, you should check

© tte recent film premiere, some oft
held out

sentences a-e In an appropriate way

115. Writing part 1 A report we pce

1. Discuss which of a-fare true ofa report
{should begin and end ikea letter
b usualy focuses on pst events
€ Should be catty in she,
& isumaly divided int sections with dear beatings
€ may contain bullet pointed iss
1 doesn't need an introduction or conduson

2 Read the exam task and input. Then ead the
model answer opposite and discuss what the writer
oes correctly and what he/she does wrong.

While studying ri, you join a drama group.
Recently yu helped to organise ip ona Murder
Mystery Weekend, The secretary the group

as ate you for a report saying what the group
enjoyed, outining ary problems and recommending
improrement er future tips. Read the comments
‘on the Timetable below and write you report.

Timetable

Friday
5.30 am Depart London Vitoria Coach station,
30 pm Arve Edinburg, Scot Lunch at hand —
530 pm Walkna teu of fienal came scenes of Er

gatas À om de he Gah be der

8 hours on conc
Cri nen)

Saturday
9 am Vista forensic cme aboratony- ind out about the

latest techniques used n detec ei
pm Lurchin set oO

2pm Frectimetocapore chu
730 pm Retumtohotel Diner
9 pm Coach departs forLonéon Vitoria.

ED uns

— irector
tiring

needed were
te there

116. 3 Complete a-f with one ofthe prepositions below, the
say whether a-f introduce or cond

Bi ro wp tof on

a The aim. this report isto
b conclusion, | wauld say

€ TO sum. our group fetal

The following report relates,

€ Taking everything... consideration,

ï balance, we ar ofthe opinion that

4 Which of these phrases would be suitable for making
recommendations in your report? What is wrong with
the others?

a It were you Fa
b ra lke to suggest

© might be a good idea to

& How about 7

© You could consider

E Wiy don't you?

8 One possible solution would be

3 Read the task and input again and make notes for ac.

a positive features of the trip
1b negative features of the rip
© recommendations for future tips

5 Write your report in 180-220 words,

ear Sir or Madam

Aa writing this port about our recent visit to Edinburgh fora "Murder
Mystery Weekend wil outine the good and bad poine of he

visit and
make recommendations for Kuren

‘Dare were many enjoyable aspects tothe trp. For sample, he hotel was
mos, bing comeniendy located near the chy centre The man cone
mete Mystery Game sel was real wal organised and enjoy ey
one Edinburgh is such an trace cy, offering stars peng ot
Séhtseting, so our ree time for exploring was very como

ona, there wera fe problems with the visit To start wth, our
¡spare time was extreme ean, and to make matters ern,

Pond ook ght hours I would recommend that in ines see
instead. Additionally, while the tourof crime set as

ge ehausting, and could therefore be shorter On the othr he de
Fad mon the crime aboraory was so fascinating tas in my option we
tad insuficiene cme there, so would suggest exerting tna.

Min al it uns a postive experience, and 1 hope that my report wl enable
Yeu to mate even greater improvements for far wipe

os (TE

117. Review

1. Join sentence halves a-h with 1-8 using of oF for
a Richard isa quiet man and certainly not capable
bb Please accept this cheque as compensation
© Uihink thee is cope
4 You need to have a clear view
‘

‘When you see the result
The audience was intrigued by the sudden
appearance

I'm afraid the children were to blame

The writer's view

the damage to your property.
how your story is going to end.
any kind of volent behaviour.

al the icecream in the freezer
mprovement in this project.
all your hard work, yo realise it was worth it
fone ofthe actors in their midst,
lie at that time is rather interesting.

Divide a-m into three groups of rimes connected
with:

1 violence.
2. obtaining money, goods or ether advantage.
3 damage to property.

ao f fraud j assaut
b robbery burglary k blackmail
© murder forgery 1 mugging
à bribery À smuggling m theft

e manslaughter

‘Match sentence halves a-g with 1-7.

a. A convicted criminal can appeal
b You must be read your rights if you are arrested
© Mou are a suspect, the police may take you

{2 With enough evidence, you may be charged

€ A prisoner released on the promise of good
behaviour is

A you've found guilty

For serious offences you may be sentenced

into custody
to several years in prison.

against their sentence,

‘of some offences you may get a suspended
for committing a crime

on parole

7. with an lence

HE es

4. Replace the words in

ics with phrasal vets
with ent or over

3. When he got a burst yre, Bob dove onto the
hard shoulder of the motorway.
‘After so many problems, we were delighted
‘when our plans were successful
‘We lft the house o late that we got caught ia
the rush hour,
After working round the clock, the newspaper
staff managed to produce the special edition
you can manage to welt another ten mine,
‘well stop atthe next service station
Don't forget to suite off he lights,
‘The paintings in the exhibition were arengelin
‘circle round the mom.
Do you think Jason will ever recover rm the
shock of not being chosen to play in the mah
‘The Prime Minister extended her han 10 ead
‘member ofthe winning team.
It's advisable to nvestgae all the facies
before deciding to join a gym.
Did you get the factsheet that 1 distributed
By deducting he bottom figure fom the op
‘ve can calculate how much money weve a

Fill in the missing prepositions in these ext
{om a report.

The itn... tis report isto
bb The following report relates... the matter
© To sum … , everyone felt that

à conclusion, I would have no hesitation a 2)
fe 212] balance, we ae ofthe opinion tha

0

consideration

“Taking everthing

Use one word in each gap (1-10) 10 complete this
(on about a tp.

118. © What ways would you not use to buy or sell

3 Discuss your monthly spending habits and put these
in order of how much money you spend on each,
+ books/maguznes
+ eating out

à your money ont
much en anything?

hing just Because
nd

E A

119. Reading rar2 capped text

1. Quickly read the text below to find out how ebay
was started, and what tem the writer bought.

Discuss the meaning ofthese phases from the text
3 media coverage (1.7)
‘major corporations (1.16)
© unwanted stock (1.16)
4. successful entrepreneurs (1.39)
€ career advancement (1.58)

‘The history ofthe ntemet ter with aes f businesses

(hat were se total over the wer and then fled to ive
up tthe hype, Vi eBay itis the ter way round. The
(ine auction house snow the biggest e-commerce

uses im he word, a staggering succes story that us
seeps en growing, Ye tas the rapevine that ensured ts
sucess ater than advertising or media coverage

1

“he stores that hve got eBay teed about info the
message that when cames Lo PNG up a barca or
‘raking ofr qu ut of someting you exh wes wry
cy le cst the ch and lara ar o tert fom
theres lus Tory Bars wi, Chen, bought a ne the
oh alam ick on ey or her son Lo, Ri Was
be sk £15,400 and mlonaess anima Kan une the
se 6 acque a Secondhand signer ces.

2

Major crpoations use ey to she unwanted stock baits
the pate India wo ay gnes the ste its characte
“asap strange in toh ith ea ter as are
‘changed. There are anne dscusion bes ad, uc
y operates fetid tem very bugs ar seers
rte ch ce ones ad ide) ys odos by
url tar. Nou an la much blow

QD per ent 98 per cents Dry good enough then you
wl Ind a people spy wort deal with you.

3

th such a range and speed of sales ar a commision on.
‘ach = ti hardly surpriing thatthe business snow a global

3 Read ie text again, then match paragraphs AG
‘with gaps 1-6, There is one extra paragraph

4 Have you or anyone you know bought or sold
something on eBay! What was it? Is there any
you'd like o buy or sell on ey?

4

‘Arevcatry moment son flowed. Omiyar owned a
Taser pointes and rather than take it back the sop
cid he would ty to sll on the ste he had stp
15 amazement, a buyer came forward, who si ha he

‘lying around with things ad fing them. He pad
brn laser pointer cod sl, what cult? Ser e

‘month desing on ebay, which is handy when you have
young family o support. started e ing ale we
fist chil she sys. "To begin wth sd a few things

8 free up space at Home. so bought but the sing
die, For me and my husband, also an
thing. es about recyting things

A end exchange ot emads with the ser compte
tty Ito the eBay community. Now pln to st
ve ode so 'm gong o need a cial camera in ara

{ant was bunched in 1995 and was the brinch of Pre photographs of my tems onthe webste. When
Omar or in aris o ann parents who emigrate tothe ist Fa Witten, he sid 10 me, Wel, you know ls
US when he wos he gota date in computer sciences and. bes place to buy digital camera, dont you?
moved to Calf, where eBay was bom. In those days was

(led Auctioned.

DD trict

120. rt ren scng the money maki posa
es. Tear those uo dam to make à the tet ar interac with cher collectons As an early >

ning ty Sting on ete, parc Inemet eras he eased that people needed» cn
a ere th young een m rumanos lection to buy nd sel unique items and o meet ther
incompatible with career ahancement sem 10 ers with mar inet
up en te oppetnitie on fe. For example,
323er former constar, es £7,000 «0 E The beauty of he de oy ofcourse in its split
ang shes and gs wholesale and sein them Ina complete dss cs ow, sys Wen. We hac a very =
hot Hees! company has now taken eff beyond low cos base ar nike eter ene reales we hve ro
eons, Produ of our um, 30 we hae o trage. ts eus

‘ie. The more users come, the more allow.
al sat ey works. Oter ore action
neto get non the act, ut Bay attics Fe experiences related by these women were ting

fh. tary gen ime ome 25 milion tes are up nd son he terest research registered on Bay 7
in or than 5,000 diferent catego om Vas quickly Racked. ler a we began srl Unough
computer to antiques and book ise in the category lee o me -oychng memorbia. I soon
TRS leal cece Ora. Spotted ereting ey wanted nthe fo oa age
yen ey UR someone bys ere mobi phone Set Union in sy bidding or which stood at E.
eta sal ee ‘There was a dy and a ha to go unt the conchnen of the mo
RE bap coven sine land rt ing, When ot te ns tha 1 ac
won e aun, | was dated Te rey cost me £36.01,
tte sever of Sol vers put That fot an abst bargain ut a pc wes very hoppyto a
an et and wast aware of having se for someting co never have found ere
Tory brew about it through fends when ist >
inst’ Mary of the mins of people who are {G You probably out ina any of those people standing >
sen ley Be 1 han lemas arto et
Be eine inthe nun con house, sc baies dpe.
Bere hes aly mes be me, its been I à great so experiment sy Pa
bats 1920 thing tc bes ‘ite, who jane eo. afew yas 090 and
became head of evens an education. “The calerge 10
end the projec came not rom he va, how do yo Bring peop together a venture
laser but rom hs wi. She was an avid like Is and moin level plying fel? tank eve
mec dps, cermenting ther hsb succeeded, yet alot of people find thar to eve that

se teat everybody ely.”

Unit10 FTE)

121. Vocabulary

Expressions with business, and
words connected with shopping

1 Complete expressions ae withthe comect
preposiion below, then discuss what each ofthe
‘expressions means,

Bu of im won

a just neta few ts to fx the ca, han weine
business,
bo don't think you should sneer, 1 none
your business really
© Fin ad ue the Managing Director is away
bss until the endef the work.
4 Our heal shop went... of business when à
new oul-oFtown superstore opened,
© Right. Let's pet dor... business and stat
making some decisions

2 Read the definitions for he expressions in a-h to
se if they are corre I ot, use your dictionary o
five the correct definition.

8 The star was arrested or shoplfing designer
lathes. (sein gods from a shop)

1b In some counties, you axe expected to hal
‘over the price of goods. (pay the fal price)

© Fm going on a shoppe spree at the weekend
cause Friday is payay! (buy one orto,
‘necessary things)

My sister loves to go window shopping when

© Sometimes i's a good Wea to sep around
Before buying anything. [compare the pce or
‘ality of goods offered in different shops)

rs adisable to hewp the ep when you buy
‘something. (Piece of paper that shows that
‘gods have been paid for)

8. Fabsolutely love shopping. {admit Ym à real
Shapahol someone who ies 10 go shopping
row and again)

I Have you seen Tour's new cart I was 50
expensive be had to buy Io el. (an
rangement lo pay Tair for something you buy)

FE) uno

Grammar

Mixed conditionals and
wishes cprs-10

1 Form mixed conditional sentences by putting te

verbs in brackets nto the correct tense.

à Our ina... (note ln deb today if we
iste) te cur accountants past var
b Hour parents... (net/lend) us the meng,
ue Mate) in cur own Ma now
© Lo... foe) a Tot beter off his year yk
{ot/be) so high
{oot have 10) leave carly remeron
3 eut tout.
222222 (mo mises) that last oad sin
eight. (net be) so poor these days.
A you (not/liten) Just new, you
have) tombe using the equipment lee

‘Ada eontional elause as show in brackets to
form mixed conidiionalsentences in a-e

a. Vie wouldn't know as much about Ihe unver
ss we do now if. (8 cenditional)

5 email hadnt been invented. (290
conditicnal) |

© Uwe haven't discovered ineligent ie on ciber
planets by now … {conditional

4 Pa Wea let beter off today if. (3 condiciona

© Venice wouldn't have become such a popular
tourist destination if. (2 conditions)

‘Correct the mistakes with verbs in four of thse

Th I had a bit more money. ate having to
bone fers y parents.

bb My sister wishes her beyiend vll propose
She's crazy about him.

© Don't you wish English grammar would bea bi
easier to understand?

à there anything in your ie you wish you ba
done dflerertly?

fe wish 1 would ford 0 buy car

LB the rain stopped

122. A Complete the ales below and find an example for

‘exch point fom 3.

a wily if onty + (2.26 is used for situations in
the present which we would lke to be diferent
bot which can't change.

Dusan + is use for situations
that could change in the futur, and for
citicising current stations

€ When the subject of both verbs isthe same we

we instead of would
auto + ls used for regrets
about the pas.

‚Talk about your wishes about the past, present and
futuro, giving reasons.

eames

1 wish had stayed out so late Last night. Ir
‘gone to bed a biene, ! won’ feel so tired this
morning.

1 wish had a good voice. I were a beter singe; I
‘could bein a band.

Complete the gaps in a-k in an appropriate wa.

à only E 5 out tonight, The fotball Cup
Final is on TW

1.00 wish YOU... more carefully ve said
the same thing thee times already.

© bc your friend wishes he hat git his
phone number. She just won't leave him alone!

4 Honky some sme not to buy that
mobile phone. I's been nothing but trouble

since the day 1 bought it

Tish the sin hen we could go to the

park and play tennis.

£ Ionly plasma TVs
o way Ea afford one

8 Like most ofthe other students, wish we

‘exain at the end of thi course

1 Eon you nun. nearet Then | could see you
‘every ingl dy

4 Sue relly wishes sho... 80 on
she has too much work to do here

J Twin all those prawns. They've given
me stomach-ache,

I wich something exciing
ext few days

so expensive. There's

e tip but

su to me inthe

T Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets
nt the correct tense

‘Asa child, Sue Matthews used to watch the birds
in the sky and wish that she (1 be able to)
fly ike they di. “if only 1... (@ have) wings,
she would sgh, hen my life ssn. (320)
perfect: By the time Sue was 18, her childhood
‘ream. was long forgotten. She hated her job
and wished si... (4 stay) on at school. If
‘only something... ($ happen) to change my
life sho moaned to hor friends. ‘I things
(continue) tke this, 1 think. (780)
‘What happened next vas à pure stoke of
luck. Sue wasn't a koen reader and le...
(8 not/be) forced to st inthe doctor's walling
room for an hour, sho... B-may/never/pic)
up the local paper and noticed the ad that was to
change her life: A group of enthusiasts planned
10 set up a skydiving school atthe tiny airport
outside town and were looking for new members
enough people... (10 app), the ad sai,
asses (1 stat) in a fortnight’ tine.

Fortunato, Sue was not the only person to rush
Lo the phone that day and the skydiving school
‘as soon in business. And as she steppe out
fof the plane for her fist fre fall and saw the
rolling green hills below her, Sue knew that her
‘hidhood dream really had come tue.

123. 1

ai À aa saps has ou lok back on pat
Listening part 3 Multiple choice restate a
À à campaigo vih lat oe long can bea
1 What, for you, makes an advert good or bad? disaster,
Do you have any loan advent 8 brand names benef from high prof
campo
2.0 Listen twice to an interview with Paula Stuart, © people never forget a successful campaign.
the managing dcr ofan adri agency and‘ = rec campaign can beret tr
‚choose the correct answer for 1-6, The how to do $ What does she consider 10 be the secret of
toil lp you con suce
dd À conan sar Sr Jr
how todoit B building up a reliable network of contacts
Read the task and questions fr genera meaning. © concentrating not on the past or future bi
tener tt the queso low th ofthe ane pra
WE isn ot. 1D having the courage to carey on with what you
ak yr are bu em ni are doing |
ht pneu anesthe geson 6 Pla sus up the advertising industry 2s be
FE one which ES
2. Paula fc daw othe wor of avg À long esi brands ar begining o
testa ses reset ener

'B-neweomers ae finding it dificult to make a
ing,
© the number of employees is contanıly

A a hard hiting business person.
B a creative person.
€ 3 talkative penon.

: shrinking
D a persuasive person.
DD the average age of employees is younger than
2 What comment does Paula make about her ieee
cater in advertising?
A Its Been a long and diffieul struggle. 3 Do you agree that all adverts should be “legal,
B She has succeeded despite the setbacks decent, honest and tuthful? In what ways might
© There have been more bad times than good they not be?

D She quickly got to the top of her profess

3 What does she fel are the diferences between
working in advertising and working in other
industries!

A. You can make your reputation overnight

3. You can build on past suecesses

© Success depends exclusively on future
schicvements.

D One inventive idea wil guarantee your
profitability.

Unit 10

124. Speaking pars 3 and 4

1 Dicuss which ofthe diferent ways of
averting shown here and on page 122

est audience.
he most/leas expensive.
gt rate people.

‘would have the most is

impact

À 6 ise 10 four pars of students
éheussing advens for a new range of
‘creer. la which conversation (1-4)
foes someone
à plan an opinion
À no expand on thee answer

their partner
€ ask an Inappropriate question
[paraphrase unknown Vocabulary

À Wok at the photos apposite and below and
ad the exam prompts. With apart
the skin four minut

how sce might these ways ati be
peu people 10 hy esi?

* ih vo ways of arts woud yeu choose to
seer a promotion?

4 discuss these Part 4 questions
3 What kinds of things do you think should
ot be advertised? Why?
b Sone people say there is 100 much
“advertising nowadays. What's your view?

125. Use of English

Part 3 Word formation

1 Look at the photos and discuss what ‘bing’ means.
Docs it appeal to yout Why/Why not

2 Read the text below, ignoring the gaps to find out who
‘who is making money fom it

ls wearing ‘bling’

3 Complete gaps 1-10 with words formed from those
ex tothe text, The Lp box wil help you.

10 describe his taste in

‘was a New Orleans rapper named "BG at est coined the tem ing bing”

tam

jewelery Since ther, has certainly not gone

25 a fashion Statement. In fat, thas become the Eywoxd fora

cxtaagar style. The term te so widespread hat 5 even entered
English dctcrañes. Bing rears big money so its hardly
‘epererenting with bing including ven the most

David Beckham wanted à if fr is wie, he turned 1 à New York designer Beter kroun to his
‘ents a neo the Jevele’ he sent a pink amend ring to Spain so that Beckham could surprise

that people are heen on
every compares. When footballer

took the word dao
alter the gap hep yu
ec on the pa sp

his wife wth the present mear Jaco could ac another celebrity to is

lst of stos

nit 10

Bat he ist cry one catering for such high
Profie people. Ohr New York jewellers have cent
lts that are 6 … made up of hiphop and
GB ss. The vale of hip hop as a music and
este industry is put at an $10 bien
Senay As with the world of fashion, Pip hop stars
ae now join in nd 8 rating jewelery
Ines of thelr own, And they ace Berce

from those i the rap word

In seen jewelery is much more than a
accessory Perhaps the ea of bing is only just
begining

126. Part 4 Gapped Sentences

A for questions a-e, think of one word amly which
can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
All the words appear In the text opposite.

a There was a... debate about the best way to
tackle the isu
Despite... competition, Anderson won the

‘contest with ease and style

“The property was ga by £0 oon guard
dos.

bo 1 havoto add that modern mule ls not really
tony

Esergone thought the speech vas in very bad
end wholly unsuitable fr the event.

“The tp 10 Syria was our fit 0 fe in
the Middle East.

© Tkzow for
wrong at work,
Everything comes to an end — that's a.
te,
‘The tp was ter = as a matter of.
Tee never been very fond of travel.

„hat something is going

8 There are ties when 1 an’... going into
college,
“The government Pas 0... Up 1 the fet that

‘they no longer have the peoples support.

Let's ur chances of winning the
lottery are very small indeed,

© Our sets have always taken a interest
in cuen alar

“The only person who is. an ish o my

fal I my Bates,

My slats asa. ee for a bargain and

Loves going shopping.

Vocabulary
Easily confused words (2)

1 Use your dictionary to ind the correct word in

sales to complete each sentence,

3 some eouneies the evenomie/ewnomiat
grow rate has been drama in recent years,

1 Hs company policy that the persona/personnet
manager attends al interviews.

© One of my colleges pets to week by walking ce
‘cling on alternareeyaternate days.

e Atte monthly farmers’ market they sel only
locally ona produca/educe.

‘©. Most international businesses promote equal
‘pportanutesposebites forall employees.

2. Decide which ofthe words not used in 1 are
define! in a-e. Use your dictionary to help you.

something that is private to you

‘eed that ave Beer manufacture

‘the chances that something may happen

something hat wee yeu money

nether way of doing something,

M
a

3 Read the text and choose the most suitable word 10
correctly complete 1-10.

127. Writing pan Arcport wor®

1 you could choose to do work experience in any job
for six weeks, what would you like to do and why?

2 Road the exam task and model answer. Make brief
notes on who the writer worked for and what he dd
How did he fee! about the experience?

Yeu are studying brood. Recently our college sent
ou 1 do sb weeks work experience. Now your college
principal has asked you to ee à report. You should say
‘who you were working for and how you sent your
whether your experience was positive
‘whether you would recommend the experience o
other students,

3 Read the model answer and discuss questions a
asthe waiter:

a included the important points?

À organisd ideas into paragraph?

© linked sentences and paragraphst

A sed the correct register?

fe made a good impression through the layout
ofthe report?

= Unit 10

Introduction

“he si of seperti desc a a
to ve ser expec ah PPC M
te ake covets fr te ft

bout the company

FRC Muse orf the det record cong
the wel, dng bc o do emplee au
15000 ales verd ad i ers
2 ner em, Te company recent ed
piles rue fa es an reser ej
the best-known er arts in he vor

y wort experience
ung my u ws wth FFE Mon, anal
to re Are dect

Paba

1 fre place ot pu; gu
ere less ha CD ae por 04 af
see pros tera (rm

Tle ele ep a
FC's beton oca

128. ho wen te eee date bere
An oc ad et precis

ro ra verted ie deg
set ce ele do rare pho ac
hee à cover er ax CD

en cd ie with FC Msi
ay ee Te tt vee vey Peli
id cot urderanding oh each
Ges over bie | wend
ei ere fy vor espec Yo ben

a mere À bae o besten
rg fat ve sed ober aero to he

4

Think ofa job you know enough about o hase the
exam task on. Make notes on:

à who you would work for and what they do

À. what tasks you might do as work experience.

Compare your notes from 4 witha partes, and
discuss the positive and negative experiences you
‘might have. Think about a-g below.

working hours vary of tasks
b location {colleagues
facilis available. future cancer
A dress code

Plan your introduction and think about your
headings. Decide whether you would recommend
your experience to others ar not and give your

reasons, Then write your report in 220-260 words

vicio FE

129. Review

1 Complete the dislognes with suitable responses
‘using expressions with the word busines.
1: Do you know why the store clsed?
Y: The nurse of people downloading music.
{or the internet put it
2 Be haven't scen much of you recently = have

yeu been away?
1B: ve been abroad fr a couple of weeks

3A: Why won't you tell me what happened?
Be Ws athe personal and see
A Have you got everything for the yt
YU get my trainers and were
$ A: Dont you think i's ne we began our end
herz projet?
E: Alone Let's meet tomorrow afternoon
and get.

2 Write words which match the definitions in a-h.
‘The ist ter of ach and is given.

tock a but et buy ds Sn
buy a or of things you don't really need: gu on

pay at later date: buy o
age over Ihe price of something:
paper showing pro of purchase: ar.
erate e iso gods in ir ps

fecal goods ma shop:

3 for questions a-c think of one word only which
can be used appropriately In al tre sentences.

a. My cousin's just emigrated to Australia so 1 have

a fantastic nn. 0 spend some tne there.
17 ke 0 take ti 10 Say howe satel
am forall the help you have given me.

We intend 0 bing
structre ofthe colega east

1 have lle respect for politicians because Y

Think they tend 10 De nn ith the wath,
‘The late model, he X500, is sad to be ome of
Ae GG GME TOFU

1s mach ose. to buy in bulk an 10
purchase tems individually

Bun

fundamental changes tothe

© ‘The birthday cake was very teh with
layers of chocolate and cream.
THe the ob bu 1 dont Me working
Sunday, because 1 only have wo fal wen
‘off each month
Profits rowed unpredictable wtb compu
‘log OUEN perds Of success an i)

4 Complete sentences a-] with 1-10 below.

8 D. can understand how you cou de
‘sich an unkind thing?

bo lolis om ++. rave person to Fi
to save others,

© Thebw.
when erunk.

Nome of Us wore ns dressed fora cold à

© They Were nnn astonished to lear that
ncighbaur had oc ameste for spying.

# Rs... surprsir that Comuna became:

states that seal o

cies. She always loved science.

8 Ina recent suv. cc hal those |
ould coretly name the capkal ofthe USA.
13 Many thanks 10 al hase who have worked
1 organo this very special event

1 te Wa, who dled recen as à
feguded werner of eur comedo |

5 emay be a si teacher. but he treats the
SCM un

1 plainly 5 hardy 8 Bil

2 had 6 ity 3 adequate

3

‘

ant

uterÿ 7 exceptionally 10 tesi
simply

5 Civose te correct words fr 1-9 o complete ie
‘ent from a repo

130. Which of these do you conser to be ‘art? Why?
What do you think makes “good! ar?

D stimulate & inform

NB

er

É

4
| Unit 11 MY:

131. ‘Quickly read the three extracts
‘which are all concerned in

some way with performing in
public. What different types of
“performance” are mentioned?

Read the three extracts again
and choose the best answer
(A,B, Cor D) for questions
16. The {ip box will help you.

Mecs ws the eet
Lohan wath tir
or ph

ne E

pong tough he ac songs tha oer is fc, a ates

Suits in one tard brown paper parcel inthe oth Wat he
sera ha oes alse hal be is wirsing performance at
McCarthy, who ves in ean. naling around London as pa ofan
‘rgcingrerfonranc cti War Do Yu Do Wen You Get Tee aed

Tere No There Thee? wich centres the rsh epee dl cnica

lite boy onthe sra: He a ute Hes wean
| gs er shee” But Dany McCarty walks on, his round as

Performance art became accepted in he 1975, when concept at
asin ts heya. Conceptual ass saw ideas as mor important a
the ih product. Perfomance became the ection of hoses,
Performance ats wat 1 ak that irech 1 public fome)
ie that looking at something ona wall in a gallery hasan ade
fc on people bese tps them na passe potion, Perfomance
+ ar, thereto ne, ot or sl, as no rules, and may etertai e
Shock I can include painting, dance, video, and much
more ar because rt Si
Unlike comentioral an, perfomance rt requires
an audience to correct it nn ratte rom
2 the ue ges, So perhaps th
boy on the se wil make up a sory
about the nutter with tights on is
ad, Maybe the story wil impress
ag Maybe he already organ,
23 aboutit. Maybe it tay wth him
forever Maybe thatthe mst.

1 In the fret paragraph, we Karn that Danny McCarthy is

€ nor what he seems.

D recent immigrant.
2. What does the writer suggest about performance ar?

A Tie fl are hard to predict.

B asks too much from an audience

© promises more than it gives.

D The appeals a lasting one

132. Yes brow the cling. Your hearts running a
ton but the est of you 5 standing sl There arc
fling that something Bd e ging to happen. And the 20

eee

Mie of public speaking roles you to jelly here
fur tps ou ca ello to rece your ae

Re ee

Donita blankly a the

and cal expresos. You may think tat there 5

1725 ox 250 people watching y

real communication there ae only two people
The speakers singe ener

‘Ask questions during your speech, to
india to maintain a participatory fling.

One: quarter to one half of your specch shoul
erly be a discussion withthe audience, That
svat wll not ook or fel ike a ‘speech

3 What is one technique recommended for dealing
A. ask people who are well dispose towards you
lo join the audience
3 find out in advance what kind of speaker the
auience prefer
€. get support of the audience before you start
1D do what you can to make your audience feel al

à According to the writer, public speakers should try 4
A. spend time answering questions
B ive a one-sided point of view.
forget people have come to hear a speech
DD. enpage directly withthe audience
= an
La Y

What I think of Shakespeare

a]
rines ety py ong

came trough him ik sunigh through las

of Hamlet’ struggle with
couldhave gold at his

aloud. After school my mates snd

took alte part, ot e
spake ite and meant much

N nd who able and etc
Inter years we sw great.
‘ctor play Hamlet None of
them was apatchon
‘angling boy who

ashe cout

5 According tothe writer the problem with the
‘way some actors perform Shakespeare is that
they
A speak with poor diction
5 might distract the audience.
misquote the orignal Shakespeare
D lack scien tating

ANRT wines
boy who played Hamlet
À shock
€ approval
D disappointment

caction to watching the

133. Vocabulary
Art and entertainment

Find the oddone out in word groups ag. What is
the theme ofthe new group?

a soundtrack subes ext
b canvas plot chapter

© lyrics tune sketch

a dip premiere gallery
stage landscape rehearsal
plete cast extra

E performance show vatecolour

Choose the most suitable word to complete a

a This stunning sel-portralt was painted in il on
palene/ourans/euseL

b Do you know who wrote ie eatras/ Pre
‘chapter tor this musica

€ Some people xt keen on fms with
soundtracks subis special effects because they
find them distracting

4 À convincing thriller needs a strong Laon
une/pit,

€ Anew gnllery/landscape/skeich is planned to
Showcase local artist” werke

E Abad css show /akooral/porfermance could
foretell a succesful opening night

Use your dictionary to find definitions for words
from 2. in pars, give à definition to your partner
and ask ther fo guess the word. Then swap roles,

Discuss the following questions.

a Which is more important,
ola song

How important to à tlm ithe soundtrack?

© What kind of fms often ree extras?

Would you considera career in the
cntertaioment industry? Why/Why not?

© What significant changes have already happened
‘or are likely 10 happen in the entertainment
industry?

Apres er the tune

Bown

Grammar epic
Comparatives and super

1 Corrct the errors with comparative amd
superlatives in sentences ai

2 Michael Schumacher invariably dove mere
Has than the other Grand Prix divers

‘The longer Le inthis ity, mone ik,

© The Pyramids are among the anciens
structs i the world,

My job interview wast neal as rigor
had expected. |

(© What am al fio! I at y er ee les
‘envincng erating 1 dink Ve eve sen,

{Summers in Australis tend to be much mor
than in Blain.

1. He di a rest deal mote body ln he a
compe than his toxchers had expected

1 You may think you koow the answer but Fa
aa you could he wrong:

4 Both of my brothers ate conskeraby der

2 Correct the spling errors with te adjectives na

2 Repaiting my metorbike was sy Weyer
tan Vd artciated.

bo Many of us woud like to be a it timer but
ii 100 sil can be dangermus.

.© This year hos ready been much weer tha
whole of last summer

4. Neteorolegsts say that this summer has ber
fryer than any ether summer on eo

€ Jose was steady (ling seasick and his ft
tured several degrees paleer when the Bost
the harbour

Discuss the answers to a-d using compara

Superlative forms ofthe words in brackets.

3 Put these planets in oder of distance from tt
Each: Mars, Venn, Jupiter (Gn)

bb Put these inventions in oder of ager tarse
radio, elect guta, portable calculator (ld
recent)

© Put these oceans in order of sie: Paille, Ine
‘Atlantic (arge/sall)

& Put these in order of numberof calories the
‘contain: bread, chocolate true (litle

134. A Motch a-d with a sentence of similar meaning
from 1-8

a Ws slighty safe.
ts far safe

Ws just as sale

im nearly as safe

1 W's no more dangerous.

2 I's much more dangerous.

3 I's nowhere near as dangerous,
4 ism quite as dangerous

could be replace with a-e?

a abit a at
ba great deal © nothing ke
© lite

‘Complete these sentences using the expressions
from 4 and 5.

3 The standard of living in Northern Europe is

higher than in most Arcan countries,

b As you can imagine, crossing the continent
a bumpy old trucks... as comfortable as
traveling by plane.

[thought things would be eheaper in the market
but the trainers 1 bought there ere a6
‘expensive asthe ones in the shop.

à A fvestar hotel should be
à fourstar hot.

"Temperature in the south of my country

ae... Warmer than in the north but the

rence ist very great

lsurous than

À Choose the correct word to complete each of a-g,

à The fm was enough/s0/10 scary that my ile
aer had nightmares after watching it

1 Tike the idea of bungee jumping but | don't
know ifr be brave so/suclvenough 10 d it

«The painting had tobe restored because it Was
in enough/so/such a bad state of repair

à Eine has very/s/te lithe talent for singing hat
I's no wonder she was drepped from the chit,

Tim had 00/s/such great a shock when

lighting struck his plane that he swore never to

y again.

1 My neighbour auditioned for à big musical but
they sad he was enongh/100/so ol forthe par
Our local bus service is ven suc u

that peter 10 walk,

8 Complete sentences a-e using as or like

a. Tve been working
local hospital
What on earth's the matter? You've gon
WIE co sheet

© YOU Ok na Alm star in that out.

3 Um not 80 much ang = disappoined at
what the council have decided

© Mes Lyons was bull. a us but her son
was small and rather weedy

3. Compare two places in your country, using a
variety of comparatives and superlatives. Use the

Prompts to hen you.
popularity with tours = attractions
2 weather © cost

=. which you would rather visit

135. Why do you think animated films appeal to both children and adults?

Read 1

‘exam task below about Piar, a film studio which makes
mated fils, and decide what types of words are missing. e
nouns, adjectives, numbers, et

Listen to the radio programme and complete sentences 1-8.

Wat do you think makes an Oscar-winning fi? Is always the “best
fils that win Oscars?

22

Renderfarm is the name ofa 1 atthe Poar fm studios in San Francisco.
Pars mals have found the fm studios success... 2

Par studios have been awarded _ 3 Oscars since 1995.

The quals needed to produce good animated fms ae chldshness and alt of
Phar has found that itis not worte tying o make animated characters wich are
seems that Per have found for thei fs,

The mast suprising thing in Te nvedbes 5 the —
Occasionally the 8 in the fis are nat
undersood by younger audiences.

136. Discuss what e have in common, Say which ones can be used

to talk about each photo in 1-4, and when you would use
the others

à spectator ¢ witness e viewer
b audience à observer

Read the
what one ca

the link wor

+ iy gh people have chosen 1 wath these
+ Viera might the people’ ecos tothe entertainment be

137. Use of English

Part 2 Open cloze

Led the text opposite quickly, ignoring the
as to find out how music sing used at
5 ray sation and with what ress

© Read the text again and complete each of
fps 1-15 with one suitable word.

3 Would the idea described In the text work.
where you five? WW not?

Part 5 Key word transformations

4 Rewrite the second sentence in a-d keeping
the meaning the same, Use three to six
words including the word given.

a. Tim affaid 1 now find myself unable to
attend the meeting tomorrow.
LONGER
Unfortunately, am
to attend the meeting tomorrow
Listening to musi
they react agains it
aoe
It people
react against i
Eliminating a problem is difficult I you
don't know what's causing it

I forced on people,

.. muse, they

mo
Ws not easy to a
problem when you don't know what's
casing it

à Perhaps he has forgotten about the
rehearsal again.
sure
Maybe the rehearsal
again.

E wien

he experience of standing ata bus stop or on a vay
station platform and feeling intimidated 0... aro
of nos youths isnot uncommon. A varity of expense
Solutions to this problem have been red but now the de
ec laying classical music s gradually becoming
opted 2... a low-cost answer Al that's need the
required cence to play musicand 3... ew spokes
and the problem seems to jst disappear

{One ray station had 4 …… experiencing probes
with youths hanging around, 5 …… geting upto
«amina cities but engaging in anti-social etica,

6... using bad language and amnoning paseng
Passengers complained 7... the authors esporded
by itoducirg seal musi solution 8
«completely eliminated the problem. Music makes 9.

an important pat of ur identi we ae forced t ister ©
music hate dont ike, we wll reac and move 1 u
from it Predictably, the youngsters loathed the musicand
ery qui ave 11 and et Î

y they dort se ous

ou the passengers not 12
hanging around, but they ao no 13…… fel uneasy

when traveling the trouble makers may have dispar
14... the musi continues by populer demand, base
passenger it brightens the ime sent wating fr tars

For thet 15 hen, music seems o be the arse

138. Vocabulary & ES,

Three-part phrasal verbs cures

1 complete the tree-part phrasal verbs in a-g with
the missing parti, then match them with similar.
meanings 1

1 don't want to fall... with you but real

can't agree with what you're doing.

bb tink the reason the cars stopped is that we've
at ss of pete,

© We had to pur... withthe noise in our hotel
because nowhere else had any rooms available

4 Sam bought me a bunch of flower to make
ens for hunting my feelings.

© My father doesn ge... this new boss
‘0 he's looking or another job.

One ofthe marketing team has core …… with
a good idea for anew advertisement.

ft The factory has decided to do... with the
old computers and install a new system.

tolerate
get rd of

have a good relationship with
argue

compensate for

use al of something

think of

2 Form three-part phrasal vers in a-f using out, up,

in or on and complete the sentences appropriately.
Use your dictionary to help you.

à You'll have to walk 1 can't Keep
with you.

bb What's got into Clare She cam... with a
VON a mar 2 breakfast this mer

© Hacks wile eps going»... at hi all the
time he’s key to

4 you don't si

for your rights, people

il YOU
€ His wife walked... on hin, leaving him to
on his ow

is that her parents
give... to her all the time.

Correct any mistakes withthe phrasal vers i
these sentences,

a. Ben fell down with his father some years ago
‘and they haven't spoken to each ether since.

bo Do yon know which writer fst came away with
the tem robots?

© Could you talk more slowly please? I can't hep
up to what you're saying.
à ke to find a solution but Fam afraid I've run

away of teas,

© Don't et anyone bully you = stick up 10 yours

My parents keep going on with me o study
harder

ett FE]

139. What is the most recent flim you have seen?
What made you decide to sce i?

Which of ae might be included in à im review?

a a summary ofthe plot

comments on special features

€ a biography of the lead actors

à description of the costumes

e a recommendation about whether or not to see
the film

Read the exam task and the model answer
and answer these questions

a. Does the answer address all parts oft tl
Does the information given help you ec

whether you would want to se the ln
You wt for an international Student magazine Te
editor has ased you or a review recommending
"wo fins, one or adults and the other fr a Ju
uence You should comment on the pet ant
nd explain wy the lms ae suitable fr cach ag
Write our review in 220-260 work

Pirates ofthe Caribbean
Dead Man's chest and
Sin City are both highly
enjoyable movies, Howe
they will appeal to very
different audiences.

Mai Chet a
DÉS

ni hs rt
ide om tana
tons te ae bela
Chest msl ge in pom
Dar neste her
any Dor aná aan
compania
bei ph ae
teatophin Theacing lope
Noto des teeta a
bay ore ce
Cf (aude uty
Sess on wh slg a
Tato geld tect ae ch
on

140. Find adjectives in the model answer which mean the
Same as 3-1, There may be more than one answer

a. very exciting E naughty/playl
à hearlestly determined violent

© ene extremely attractive
© extremely good independent
{hard to forge

Tell partner what you thought ofthe last flim
ou saw, using some ofthese ideas

a. lts gripping low moving action packed story

b The plots far-fetched intriguing predictable

© The final scenes ae thriling/spinechiling/

& The script is wity/ natural awkward

+ The acting is wooden /uninspired unconvincing,

{The lead actor/actress gives a remendous/
mediocre /fantastie performance

$ The special effects are amazing /stunning/

chy ea much ere
Git tt tn acne

Teter peas
Toate) sing tthe mee
ep eee
Deren! ee Oven rr cy
name Haan ie
Wy is taned for acne ás
PR een
ri Rott bo des on
thermos out prats of
mee

there these fms would make a
great evening’ entertainment Dead
‘ans Chest fay fm with
something for everyone but Sh
Cl, at tea themes extreme
violence, and ba language is
city mot afi forthe Kd

Decide whether adverbs a- are strong, “medi
or weak adverbs. Then say which of the adjectives
ou chose in 5 they can modify:

à rather extremely completely
slighty € really À totally
© iledy absolutely à fai

Choose two suitable films to review for the exam
task, For exch one make notes on

Write your review including

introduction naming the fs and their genre
ba conclusion summarising who they are suitable

141. Review

Complete sentences a-g using the verb in brackets
in the passive form and an appropriate ending
from 1-7
ample
A plot és thought up by an author
ea
‘A soundtrack can (hear)
Estas (otte/ive)
“Tames and lyrics (write)
An easel can (And)
A premiere (organise)
Rehearsals (always old)
on à fim
for crowd scenes in ms
Se
10 pis a fl
before a shows rt night
for musicale
in an amis studio

‘Complete the wor in a which refer to people

locking or watching The fir ter af each one is

sive.

a A crowd of curous 0
the ser perfomer.

did’ actully take part in the debete as Ye
simply been ser along as ano.

+. Ponce are appealing fer... 1 the accident
to come forward and give statements

@ 28 the end ofthe march the players thanked the
3... forthe farias suppor they had give
Ahreughout the tournament

e A galher thee’ some a. patiipation in
this play, sol you don't want to jin in, don’
sit near the font ofthe stagel

{TW contolles desperate to win back v
have vowed to cut the number of repeats as
ratings tech an lime low

Rewrite the second sentence in a keeping
the meaning the same. Use thre to six words
including the word given,

3 16 the government considering geting 8 of
lovelevl income tax?
vonG
ls the government thinking | Lowell
income tax

Brian and Susan have surely had an.
because they aren't speaking to ech
FAN

and Susan Mecs
speaking o esch er.
hue Smiths bed with the nase oft
the ety for years before they raw
village.
PUTTING
Ales years en he nee of tai
ity, the Smiths moved toa seal il
He forgot my birthday and coud
him, because he did noting o sb be
sr
MAKE
woul

ony,
‘We couldn't think ofa better idea
the taf problems.

cove

‘We were rot 2 better Han for

Jmproving the Walle problems,

‘earrange the letters in brackets (1-7)
adjectives to complete this article.

When load Daas rte hs igi
desc, the Man inthe en a

Slamming ts (worn) brite |
EN) musi they ri
members Ue cast for tha ees
cine, Visually, the recon may have
“trace and mo cout entra seme
Audience, even i forall the wong ees
Shows producer Bed (oiniremen
anerdarce Hues trough than
real son foils sun und, nat wo ip:
rire, were some ofthe met abr
recettes.

N

142. m a
À A changing world "KR

Lead in

1 Read the extract below and discuss these questions

3 What arguments do you think these in the enengy industry and
environmental would use for and against opening up the
Wildhfe Refuge?

'b Do you think decisions like these are inevitable in the long run?

threats are there to other areas of oustanding beauty?

i

open up th

2 Read these ideas for saving energy then discuss questions a-e

below.

‘+ Turn down your thermostat by one degre.
+ Replace an ordinary lightbulb wi alow energy one.

+ Tum off TVs instead of leaving them on standby

+ Turn of lights in unoceupied rooms,

. a Kettle o meet your needs,

Only boil enough water

a. Which ofthe above have you ever done, or do you do regularly?

1b Do you think the suggestions could make a significant
difference?

© Who should be responsible fr protecting our resources =
governments or he individual?

143. Reading rana multiple matching

1 Read the text oppesite about five places under threat (AE), and match
them with areas 1-5 on the map below

2 Underline the key words in questions 1-12 inthe exam task below:
Where possible think of other ways of expressing Ihe same information,
Example. increase in plant Ufe = flourish of vegetation (line 20)

In which section, AE, are the following mentioned?
3 possible increase in plan fe in certain places 1
an area that was once entirely under water 2

2 system which oes on the direct effect of temperature on water 3
the potential disappearance of huge numbers of plants and animals 4.
à geographical feature that may face almost total destruction 5

à substance which provides vital nourishment for sea eeatures 6,

an area where extreme temperatures protect the earth 5

à barmf effect equivalent to decades of man-made pollution ,
the damaging cet at rainfall could have on temperatures
à possible increase in the number ol destructive insects

an area where evidence ofits past can be seen a certain alitudes 12

3 Read each section A-E carefully one at a time Identify which of 1-12 are
mentioned in each, leaving any dificult ones until last

4 Do you think we have a duty to preserve the earth a it is? Why/why not?

TH wot

144. ANGING

PLACES

Fe prs ofthe wad where global woming could have dramatic consequences fr the environment

Meal suggest that with global warring wit
fame drop in Amszonan anal, ean to

fassquence 0 a warmer plane Carbon
[ae isa greenhouse gas and scientists have
re warned about the levels produced when we
mos fle As the tees of the Amazon de
‘fy wil al and or, and hey too wil

ee carbon dese. In the werstcase
nara the quantities of gas mita could be
ifthe sre order of magatide a from the
Tree century otal oss fl cpu

Pe Stra Desert

ing some 35 lon square mies of
an Aca the Sahara desert is expected o
nk with Boba! warming es more plena
¡al ng our of vegetation tits
ftthermost reaches or those onthe edge of
le sert ie forte land wl undoubtedly be a
oon but the Sahara plays a broader ole in the
hat of the planet The dy dt that e
Es shpped up rom the desert by strong prevating
ns contin ence tints hat sed the
la nd may ven hlp er the
rezo As the Sahara turn rom brown to
{pen he fx of these nent tothe ocean
ln Respected to drop, esting foo ara for
Plankzon, tne smallest of In nthe maine
food chain. As the numberof plankton fall, o
es food for aquatic cretures futher up the
feed chin. That's not the nly knockon eet.
1 Plankton loc up the greenhouse as CO, rom
the atmosphere and 0 help counter global
arming Wath eer planten the oscars ll
fess ofthe as om the Earth's
rmasphere. When and if ans return tthe
“Sar, disease and crop damage trom pests
‘ld soa 00.

€ Green

‘The Greenland ice sheet held about 6% of the planes suppy of
fresh water ad itis imperative tat this water remains ren. It
slobal warming sees temperatures rse by more than about SC.

16 Greenland ices Hey to bein to mel, steady releasing all that
‘water — curently resting on land - Into the North Anti Ocean.
‘Climate models suggest tata more drostic temperature increase
‘of some 8°C could see the Greenland ice sheet all but disappear
‘ng dramatic rise in sa evel. And ti is ot he ny

10 danger pose bythe melting ofthe work’ frozen wastes The
‘rete tundra storehouse fr decaying vegetation that has
Pen buried for thousands of years. Ifthe permatost mals,
cab and methane stored in NS vegetation wil be released. AS
these are greenhouse gases they wil Cause a further acceleration

inthe ineease of temperatures

‘The Nort Aortic

‘The North amic current sone ofthe strongest ocean currents
inthe worl. works Ike a conveyer bel Surface water in.
he North Anti i fst ole by westerly winds for North
‘Americ, making the wer more dense an say ak 10

«othe ocean oor before moving towards the equator Driven by
‘winds and replacing the cold water moxing south, warn water
From the Gulf of Mexico moves upward into he Ati The
lc of the current on climate is dematc brings to Europe
the equivalent of 100.000 lage power stations’ worth of ee

+s healing. Global warming could change ll tat Computer models
predict thts gobal warming increases, so wil nal nthe
North Alte Graal, he heave ai wil ute the sea
Water and make less Hay 1 sink, a proces that cul bring
the whole conveyer bet toa gradual halt. Callps of the North

o Alan current would it Iceland, Scotland and Norway most,
here temperatures could drop 10°C or more,

E The Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan plateau spans one quarter of Chin's entire
Ianemase and reaches 6000 metes above ea level
Four ofthe worl’ 10 highest mountains stad ts

7 southern border: Many lions of year ago the entre
region ay beneath the ses Fos of marine amas can
be fune in mountain ridges now standing mare han 4,000
metres above sea level. The rea ol gibal ecological
Importance, beng the highest ecosystem on the planetas

10 wells oe of its last remaining great wicemesses
Permanently buried under anow and ie the region acts a
A pint ror electing the surf ays back into space.
‘The effects to hep ai on global warming. atest
Local In a warmer world the white ofthe tan plate

1 wil slowly tur to brown and grey as the snow retreats to reveal
the ground beneath. A well as conibing o ie hol
temperatures these changes could fer gba! et steams
dsruping weather patterns right across the ori

Wi?

|
US 24

145. Vocabulary

Expressions with earth, world

and ground

1 Complete sentence -4 with earth, word or
ground.

a Carmen's designer shoes must have cos the

the nse

© The government hoped a let of people would
vote im he election but they were very thin on
the

4 My grandiather i always telling me that i
graduate fom university, will have the.

at my Let

+ lei a college at term and now Y ave
et of 1 mE Up.

Nothing on would persuade me 10 sim
with a shank.

$ My sister's boyfriend a it boring = 1 don't
{hj e's pole to se the. où fe

bb Nowe that my dad's nes busines as gt oft the

i's bringing in good pros.
1 Policias are aleays tying 10 set Me. 10
rights.

2 Complete sentences a+ to illustre the meaning of

the phrases in tales

a. The food in that hotel is cut ofthis awl.
really

bo A break wt do m dhe wort o od He's

©. Jane's ina werld of her own today so

Believe me, I wouldnt ur you for the werd,
(On the contar,

(© Her husband thinks the world oy her. Recently

Where on earth have you been? You

3 ica quest - Below Your dir wil
D you
à lav you ver bog any it ot de

con? We won
8 Ira ves a pln xg whi ih
do tect De werd o a?

«Ina pre we, what won your town be
ime

ee
went!

HO wiz

here id she get the money, I wonder?
passe my diving test fel on top of

Grammar
Emphasis rye

1 Use an appropriate word to complete the
mach

Ro soon Ihe fremen extinguish
forest Are than another started

Newer before... ben so paid as
di a parachute Jump.

© suspect that only much later from now an
we find ou the esse ofthe explosion.

2 Lu e know a the mort here
ability to clone humans might lead
Under no irumsances …… passenge |
permitted to she on the fight
(AE no ne... OU leave YOU lug
mate al port
Rarely. anyone have witnessed sucia
‘amazing sight as the view from space
[Not ani they were sure that everyone was

the soldiers leave the hing,

2. Correct the errs with word ander in ach. You
may need te change more than one aspec of e

Seareely the band had announced their werd
tour when hey were forced to cancel.

“The planet not only is becoming pollted ba
is getting warmer oc.

In ro way the lory driver was to blame forte
rash.

[No socner the prince arived inthe ki reser
than he was besieged by reporters

Lie Shakespeares contentporaies can hase
gucssed how enduring his plays would proves
be

Nowhere inthe world they serve such dell

food a in ay

2 Not unt a fee years ago anyone kun alar
the existence ofthe buried messum.

1b Botanists only by chance discovered the rte
plant growing under a rock.

146. 3 Rewrite the information in a-h using the FI wasn't me who upset your mother. Te was you.
emphasising structures from 1 and 2 ‘The person

8 had to leave work cary today. Tm holding a
‘inner party fer twenty people tonight
‘My reason

fh You need gorila suit for the fancy-dress
tomorrow? You went get one anywhere but à
joke shop.
‘The only

à Wedrove off to the coast and got a puncture
almost immediately

by could find a pencil anywhere inthe house.

© When she went 10 work tha day she did't
now what lay in store

à twas pure luck that we were passing by as the
boy fell down the eit

© The mistake wasn't your fault at al, A

{This at is damp and draughty as wel, Complete dialogues a-e with your own ideas.

8 Us ony recently that we found eut his tue tig out and about at weekends
enti.
bh ‘They'd only just got tothe summit when a thick My favourite films tend to be romantic
fog descended canal,
Actual, what 1
4 "Talk about things currently in the news, using a-g © Fm learning languages because 1 want to travel
for emphasis ‘re you? The reason

+ Fin going to visit some old friends this evening.
That sounds good. What I'm

© quite enjoy doing homework
Really? Doing homework.

a Wsareal shame
came as something ofa shock
€ Iewasn't much of à surprise

© Kewl be interesting to see

© ist the fst time

LL angerd a lot of people

8 levas embarrassing

5 Join the pais of sentences in a-h starting with the
information shown,
ample
“ove visiting foreign countries I paricwarty lke
Amine out exotic fod.
What particular, lke about visitng org
countries is trying out exoti food

2. know you went tothe disco lastnight. Im
curious to know who you went with
‘What Pm curious to know is

by dort like gardening in general. The job hate
most is mowing the lawn.
Mowing the lawn

© think John and Clare are too young to get
married. I've suggested that they wait fr
another year
What

4 Of course a cruise would be wonderful. im just
‘worried about how much it would cot
‘a

© You fold me English was a useful language. You
¿ion tell me the grammar would be so hard
“The hing

wie EE

147. Listening vana Multiple matching

1 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of producing energy in
the four diferent ways shown. Think about

cost sale
renewable energy local residents

2. (Listen to five people talking about nuclear power. Which of the
advantages or disadvantages you discussed in 1 do they mention?
3 tien again twice and do the exam tasks below,

For 1-5, choose from A-H how the people felt iitally about the
18 of nuclear power stations,

A was determined o fight 0 stop them building one
1 felt that research had proved it was a cleaner form of energy
© el knew too lite about i to form an opinion, +

D I regarded it as an unavoklable necessity

E 1 helieve the alternatives would not produce enough ener.

F wasnt bothered where my power supply came from,

G fet we already had more nuclear power stations than we nee
H 1 strongly objected tit

For 6-10, choose from A-H what concerns the people have now about

nuclear power stations.
A Local people aren't kept up to date with developments.

B They put people off moving into an area

© They create very few jobs in an area,

D They are 100 costly à method of providing energy

E They pose a threat tothe very existence of the planet
FM «til don’t know what their longterm effects might be
‘There are alternatives we should explore fit

IL They eventually became a health and safety hazard

4 wnat ation could you take to protest against some

ER tote

you disagreed! with?

speakerı Cy]
speaker? [12]
speaker 3 [13]
sraré [Ta]
Speakers LIE]

Speaker 1
Speaker 2
Speaker 3
Speaker 4

Speaker 5

148. ng par ofthe Part 3

e exam task in 4
rou be the least
Phrases bet

149. Use of English var1 suttiple-choice clore

1 what do you

the pieces of art shown are made from?

2 Read the leaflet below about a reel
(A. B, Cor D) bes fits cach gap.

projet, then decide which answer

© A increase Bun € raise D mutipiy
1 A distbuting E discarding disposing dumping

2 A disagreement Bible C dispu D problem |
3 A immediately — Binsamiy C currently D directly EN
4 A producing Bercing € fing D renovating

S A share B assist € enter D panicipate

6 A bearing Beating € holding backing

7 A loss $ suffering C damage D injury

8 A levels Bandes Clyers D stages

9 A direction $ ccurse Catemp Dal

10 A wansmited 8 tansformel C wansated D transported
MA communicated 1 informed C instructed D acquainted

12 À affaire B venture C speculation D offer

Turn trash into treasure

The facts

‘The amounts of household waste produced annually are on the
À...0.AS a rest... 1 of such large amounts ls rapid
becoming a serious... 2 we have to address.

How to recycle ... with a difference

‘Our recycing for art programme "Turing trash into troasuros' is

..3 one way of tacking this problem. This is a great way of
original works of art such as mosaics and collages, which are not
espenshe o mat, Projects may vary kom aes 1 es DI xenon
is lib lO... 5

Why recycle?

Recycling es many advantages, such 25.6 down on and
Space an ining envenmenial 7h ead o reduction
Both in energy us and polo... ti cn alsa encourage
people o be creative. Paper magazines and broken pote and ass
{Bal De recelo, Gur ohn. n roeyng matenalive these
'sthat they can e... (O exciting new CAS.

FURTHER INFORMATION

Our website wil Keep YOU... 11 ofthe progress of our new and
exc 12,

DD itz

150. Part 4 Gapped sentences

3 For questions a-e, think of ene word only which
‘an be used appropriately in all three sentences.
Al he words appear in the text opposite,

3 Eating 100 much fast food CAM 10
problems later in if.

A you would all ke 10 go on a teur ofthe

palace gardens, PI... the Way.
Fm not sure if would really want 10 +. à
Me of luxury.

Db Thanks for a... dy: really enjoyed myself

and we must do again

The mater is of...
immédiate atento

1 importance and requires

1 don’t read many books, ve never really been
A. ade

(My sees concem is that whatever decision we
make, we have o stick by

The nan et in town i called the London
Road.

In some countries, the …
catenin the late evening.

meal ofthe day is

4. You wil receive abil for the all... which
1510 be paid within 24 hour.
ts dificult to estimate the precise
‘of time necessary to complete the course by
distance study

NO ol persuasion would change J's
mind about the tip.

€ 165 à au Of me trying t help Jane, she
never listens to any advice.
Take some cake home with you ~ hate to see
00d food po to

Do you know how much …… is create

Vocabulary
Adverbs and their meanings

1 Put ihe adverbs below into pats with similar
‘one adverb from each pair and

sample
annually J ty
(Glastonbury i a famous music festival held
anally in Brat.

annually Lara
b increasingly $ occasionally

© infrequently À presently
currently progressively
© regular i yearly

2. Which of 8-5 in 1 have the same meaning as a-f
below? There may he more than ane possible

à now and then

1 from time to time

© hardly ever

& more and more

© almost never

{at the moment

151. Writing
Part 1 A proposal we p12

1 Hegre yur hol plan Des
ue eyeing or ery ade MENSA

2 ea the meno and notes below, then complete
these instructions forthe writing task.

You work fora lage company which the

‘a tbe mom een are ed He

Lights ee photocopiers get leon = wie of
‘cero

Pp pee

“Woe eb. Perg tc fcuk,
re whee Neve roe fer be

ons tet ad per one ut wt bbe
eran u beat Feces te

end er sore gt open wt he
ee eh
CARS

3 Decide which of the phrases is suitable forthe
proposal, and what song with those you

à The purpose ofthis proposal i © …

bo What im going o do in this proposa

© The aim ofthis proposal is to .

@ Vadvise you to

€ Trecommend

1

E

E

Why don't we

À oui be good you

4 Rea the model proposal and answer the
below. The 0 Bax will help you.
2 Could the format e improved?

b Have set phrases been used appropriate?
€ Has the wor lt been flowed?

5 Rewe the information from ac. incl in
another student proposal, Ty o use as few
8 possible without losing any Key Information.
tame
‘A carshane scheme woud bee grt help wien
comes to reducing the ervérrmerta impact
by all the people who work here. (24 words)
A carshare scheme would groaty rade cur
‘en the emironment. (12 words)

3 Me encourage stall to use the reg

some posters. These col

mic staff that they ought to be more ener

{© Solar panels, which we cou sal fn he ok,
would provide an ideal solution 10 he proben
‘of ou hills, which ace extremely igh

$ tea fiat drat of the proposa in your own
words, then cutout any unnecessay inormatio
‘uo iis the right length.

152. AN

Me purpose ofthis proposal to igen re areas
here we are nt suficirty envronmenta aware
ouest testo improve te Station ando make
recomerendacn or gestor sat nvohement

ch we already have acelin bins, not enough use
isbong ado o them at present | ecomera insaling.
fore such bn, in prominent postions. À meme ced then
te ent to all membres of staff raving hei ten to
‘here otis and remining hemo the portance of
recing al waste ares.

arre, we are wasting a eat deal of ene. Lights and
‘otecepiers ar een unnecessary in sore cases men.
right Wo are als fing 1 conserve heating Windows
fd Gors are te open en temperature ft eo ME
fats cary pacts cn cut Peting bs suggest we
Fat up peter ering tat tum ol machneny when
at ie | also propose tat we instal solar panels to
reduce Sur energy consumption and, eonsequerty, out
eating bt

The lee of trate around cur promises becoming
irtleabl Introducing à car sare sche cul lp
reduce te prablem In addon, recommen providing
re space or ik parking sti would erccurage more
our taf ji to work

ite recommendations contained ns pres al are
carie qu am confident hat ur camper an reduce
ur rev impact on te environment gnc,
therefore propos ae step outined abe are cared
‘it nfl and that they be putin place nos shor a tire

oe

IE Beachheinputinrmaten and male at ely
is yeu mar
Wh creck who wi ea the proposa and se e ona

Wh Geet contrat cg sti sins
ese.
nude some api set roses

“ering yon of iy pnt ot,
Im aku net sedating

2

153. Review

1 Complete the phases in sentences a-1 with earth,
world or ground,

That new restaurant was excellent but the place
ever really got off te …

That outfit bought for the wedding was
stunning but cost th

© The sto’ latest Alm i uninspiring, Is
certainly not going to set the on fie,

Alter my illness last month 1had a lo of

Io make up at work.
+ The mountain walks inthis area are out of this
You'll love them.

yon had hoped fora huge tumout at the

‘lm premiere but fans were thin on the .

sue from vertigo so nothing o
‘would make me go bungee jumping!

RA few days rest will do You à. of $000.
You haven't been your usual cheerfl self lately.

4 Leon top of. when got engaged
but the wedding day was a disaster!

1. As the tenis final this weekend and 1 wouldn't
ris it fr the

k Whaton ave you done to your halt I
looks absolutely dreadful!

1. What's on your mind? You seem tobe in a

‘of your own at the moment.

2 Replace the words in halle in a-h with verbs 1-8
below inthe corre form.

a Police ae hoping the witness will make
‘available more information about the robbery

1. A radial change of image is needed if we ae 10
‘help sol the rock band’s new tou

{© Does anyone know what led tothe accident last
ight?

Thanks to their new advertising campaign, they
have produced huge interes in the product.

€ Susan's parents made every effort to persuade
her to goto university.

{Will scientists ever realy 6
universe was formed?

8. What was already a dificult situation was,
negatively affected by media intrfrence.

We need to provide material to be used by people

with different learning, styles

1 cause 4 worsen 7 generate
2 provide 5 promote & encourage
3 caterfor 6 create

is

3 For questions a-, think of one word only
‘ean be used appropriately inal thre sen
By limiting the number of eas on te rd we

achieve a
Job creation schemes have resulted ina
significant in the unemployment
In off-peak periods we oler a consi

in prices for families with cil
‘The climate in winter
one part ofthe country to another.
Medical opinion
‘neat tis condition,
Some languages have genders for nouns
ot ai o rom ih in tis
‘We should be in no doubt hat pollution
serious damage.
‘There are many «groups dedicated
‘ensuring the long-term future of our plan

as o the best wa

4° Write adverbs with the same meaning as pl
-e. Some eters ae given to help you.

more and more: inc... po
from time to time: ir. oc.
ray ever: min
every twelve months: an...
al the moment: pre. Gr.

5 Rewrite the information in a and b using a
words as possible, beginning with the words

154. Appendix
Unit 1

| What are you like?

lead in

2 ta up your points for each separate section: 9=1, b=2, 0-3.
‘Then look below to see which category you ae in.
Head or Heart If you pot 3-S points yor re Head: 6-9 points you're Hear.
Extrovert or Introvert: 3-5 points you'teInuovert: 6-9 pots you're Extivert,
Fats or eas: 3-5 points you're Facts: 6-9 prints you're Teens.

rover, Mees)
suit you.

¡None find your combination of answer in the table (cg Head,
Lo see what it says about your personality and the carers that mi

Ihre el Shed in in do ln
Ves coi font cg ce tr i to i mie
ion. O A SCI nee
Do ro oil ci ee mt mo cd
mitm créé mania an eme

ea even acs crus te gh am mag mange pen pa ant

Peer

at, ewer, Koss Hee rente, deci, ent tesa arin dete, ehe

Appendix [EZ

155. Unit 6

Would you believe it?

Lead in

lar
2 F The word simply comes from “new,
et
4 hes torero ios an ani eb,

© F The number of people alive today is estimated
2165 ill, € ilo ar est

probaly about 60

chewing — but you would have to eat à lot
of celery 10 make any eal difference to your
weight

EE appendit

Unit 12

A changing world

Speaking
2

156. oat E
Writing Guide

formal letters

An iternztional TV company i planning to make
sens of programmes, in English, about issues ol
Interest to young people around the word. Could you
hep w present i Iso, write and el us
+ which thre issues you think we should ic

a on ould include,
2 why we should choose you to present the series.
te your letter of application.

1 ge wth Dear. ae Sin e

o wt may Coocem you dont Kw tl
pos ne a.

re your reac Sr wri

ent phrases here approprine,
(Ghose your ener witha set pha
Fish with our fatally yo doo ow he
ferns name or "ours ser" you de
Sant a ew paregagh when you change topic
Lasers of application require a formal le

esr Siro Madam CD)

phrase bank

Same
Msi

nic

ene
m Seo msn

Re mue ee nia
a!

=
thepe sl
ah sra thou
Mars autre me.

Apr men oe
CRUE

Am to app fo he pet ot presenter for your frag rn.)
arte pera lá vd othe est ars thee bien work ss aaa roca
D at rar ote Ted each, eperd abt of ine tere aa
Ps sue thy Sd pie. y fe mer a der group die a
ret es merous thas a wo be Ey mh eae en am arc, ré
Tne be a pret src (9 my mother I Engl ad en a

The thee ass Devo we mi ceri ths ere er ers eh a arre do
te errar propre, we cod cel wth gast

og ra wel ax Gh lr tones. Mot young peche have aries wih reels
are ine tartare) m suri) woud oyo fous on ts su rod ©) he
eng aie ver ab hy Wok garen thet programe EME BONE a
rt i onan een wei ge dom wel Fly Le he um aero al
api war ud and roles thy do re, e arca at nes
da and formation aout hs GR, we EL

eee ere ht ye y es fr th PEE,

‘tone you wi se me as asie re
cok fervor to hearing mem yu.
urs fo ©)

Miranda Timeve.

tng tait [E

157. Contributions

You work for the teal tourist information centre and have been asked ta

site à contrbution, in English, for a guide book to your town or city.

You should describe some ofthe major cultural and leiure attractions, and
ight any special eveets thing place over the summer months.

Write your contribution.

introduction leisure attractions (|

Barcelo one ofthe rest xing and aremagnu sa popula
‘cosrepoltan ces in Europe situated onthe leur cere core o as
‘court thet ate beaches a age arcos ol you can find shops the max
forest ar Summer here are warm sos ‘wie van of restaurants
«conducen the pen al although its alge ‘con Nig fe bln at
‘ty seas) o get around because ofthe and goes onl the et

Selten met bin arta eme
special events ty
what to visit The fst ol re uti

as atin none thea fens bouts See eae
In the cy Stell under th ros ten tothe poe
ter and crite the amazing nig tas and jara arent

tres theatre hee are clou market sal taste
sling lowers and vegetables lee tra ‘There ar ao spots
‘ls ard famous estres Th bouloord ads to competition Uroughout Ue

the harbour dominas by the statue of
‘Chastopher Columbus. which can be bd for a
Fase over thea)

Fl tosanter tre modem centre of Borelona,
‘where you can nate are espiang eather ot
Sagrada Fil designed y the modest
architect ton Gol Caer yu cae eo
‘works y other great names ln modem art an
architecture such 2 Sahador Dal and Resse.

Use imperatives to give instructions or strong advice

2 Divide your eonutbunion int sections with clear headings so that itis
soy to follow

Divide sections ito paragraphs where appropri

Information leafles are usually weiten in a Fry formal ty,

Keep the information clear by aveding very long and complicated

158. Articles

You red this notice in a student magazine.

Urban jungle or country retreat — which is best? .,

image the scene. (2) You wakeup every dy So whit makes cy ie my better? We kets
Lo he sourd of song Towing open your rt with the people. Where ls cn you cet

‘bedroom window, ou lee toma vla of. ch mintererte mix af aces and

sree fis and oling ill. There e no mies? Tren tinkot the job

Teasing estates. shops, no demain Opportunities. Where but iy wil you Ind
‘ack apart ora few coges theres Such range of che? And when you ware
chung bt open county (4) rola, jit think bow much ture and

enteraiorentiswaltng x you, oe ust à
‘Does this sound i? (3) Wel, nt me. OF i
course Iningin the ddl of nowhere might ert Bet dE my.

arpeali youre dry ori youre aster Lvespentmo of my te inthe yar
looking fr inspiration And "tng away fom oué live anywhere ie ve been able to
al canbe te relaing inthe shor term. meet an needle mix af people, se the bast
ot yet MK ing thet hing shows an entries, pu wth the
yeu shoud go und live inthe lat ends nd eh Life never dul =
Courtice in father too much todo Weld

‘exchange al hat for ie inthe county?
Never ln ain years (6)

iia

1 Give your article an eyecatching te,
2. Start your article in an interesting way 10 make the reader wort to

ead on.
‘Ask questions and address the reader 0 involve tem.

4 Appel to the readers rain.

5 Star anes paragraph when you change topic

6 Finish with an interesting contusion.

7. Use an infermal, tively tone for most magazine
young adult readers.

ces le at

wii ide FED

159. Competition entries

‘You have seen this competition in an international Mestyle magazine,

ver the past century. calé as changed peoples Ins beyond
ng. Wh, pcan agin fe without television? Howe earth,
“we ward, ed cur grerdporert cope tha microwaves cr |
‘sishers? I)

Ron. curse. weh new Generated spa Ne and
opera portable mete certes we uned este It or
those who can afi ther Aru © regard some ct these new
ages os ous there are two het JS LT o ve y
computer end my mobile hone

lets start wth the computer Aes student, reed o acces a tof
Information Wha eter wey (2 here 1 o ths tan onthe err)
recto we essays and projects toe, ic lo doon my computer
‘And wher | want re can use the same compete to ey games,
uma muse, 50 och ocr renal my ends An an the
comfort of my tear

‘The secand tem absorben sy role phone lus the time
— to ar wat my ends are uo, 10 ex them as and message, nd,
{eet them brew Pm running ken With my ber mee (2) con een toe
Photos end mae ur os

Tere are mary tens of modem techno that could menage out,
nd computer and ble phone real ls Tes, fe me
‘ates, ha baie e iesspersable pr: ol der Me.

1. Use questions to hold the reader's interest.

2, Vary your sentence pats by using a range of linking words/phrases.

3. Divide your entry ito pacagraphs, with a clear introduction and
conclusion.

4 Use a lively tone but don't be too informal — remember who wil reat
your entry

EI tos ice

160. Reviews

‘The editor of local newspaper has asked you to write a review of mio
quite diferent places where young people con meet up fora drink ora

mel In your town,

Vie your review.

review

here are many places for young,
people to eat together and
socialise in our town but two have
‘become very popular Keen to discover
whether they ive up iD thelr
reputation, 1 went along this week to
sale what wa ca offer

The fist on my ist was Ferca
Rock. Step inside this restaurant and
you feel as if you've been transported
{nto the past. The interior series ck
small rooms, ench dicated! to
Jegendary rock pertormers like Elvis or
the Beats. The walls are decorated
with rock guitars and record covers
and other memorabilia, (3) As you ea,
rock music booms cut around you.
"The menu predictabl (1)~the usual
choice of pizza, urges and fies but
offers good value for money:

2 Divide your review
corchision.

3. Give a clear cons

4 Keep your opinions/recommentati

My second visit was to Gi, a
rivers café in the student quater
This is a very cosmopolitan. vente,
attracting students from all over the
‘world. In good weathes customers can
ent outside and enjoy the marvellous
fiver view The rene e lines (D.
th a emphasis on seafood, but ts
reasonably priced and the quality ls
‘good. There Is ive music at weckends,
‘but nese levels ae kapt love

Somhich ofthe two resturants should
you choose? While Hard Rack Is
‘original and wil appeal to certain
music fans, it Is nosy, which makes
‘conversation ithe (1) It you peter
10 socialise outdoors or in à slightly
quieter setting, J suggest you ty GRIS.
(4) But go early — tables ill up quickly,
especially at weekends,

descigion ci the place you are reviewing,
for the Anal paragraph.

161. Reports

You are on the student commitee at your college. This year you heed the
English Department organise à study trip to Pitan. The Principal ofthe
college has asked you fr a report on the ip, Rea! the brochure about the
rip, wäh the comments from students and your notes. Then write your
report saying what was successful about he tip. and what wasn't. and
Suggesting impronements foe foture tps.

Study trip to Britai

© Live as partofa Bish family

{Enjoy fut cater programme
ao mary nico Borg! —— ele ks
Ter = en

+ Attend optional language anses
Tao een et res dr eae pte Cait
edly afp us cops ete the clazsrtine

+ Sports ad social programme bose
landen siege Ts
Real gett nay te st
ted start te

Use appropriate inking words.
Use appropriate phases to make recommendations and suggestions if
appropriate (also see page 162).

‘Organise your report imo sections with headings.

Include a ler intron and conclusion

"ire clear and concis sentences,

Use a formal syle

EE voy tte

162. Introduction (a)
‘The aim ofthis report sto assess te success
cf thisyearstudy tip to Etain and to
recommend ary changes.

==,

Accommodation
Although re ares that stents stayed
uth were very hospitable, they were ttle
ery. woul be preferable (2) younger host
‘ales cla be found forro

culture)
‘The cultural programme had avery serous
emphasis and include large rumber cas
o museums Students ford there were co
many such actives suggest that (the ext
‘wp shoulder wider variety of cull te
avenue ists to sero htop shonin
the theatre reek ard pop events ar othe pes
dar cultu

Lens
Re

Pore,
Im sm loin rated.

Language ases)

Vile most students pot or sevi tt
teachers they ddr the dassesvery

ek tothe sly For it yar suggest we
request thal mee das time spent oneal
wet

Sports and soil programe (y
Studerts wen gente abou UE
si of tip so (propose 2} we ete the
programme net yea.

(Conso (4)

Tosın up. () thisyea's trp appears to have

been enjoyed by mest students despite the
reservations mentioned above the sugested
changes re irplemented. have no estan

In eommerding (a) that we sendcther |
Students on the t3prext year

eng Se [E

163. Proposals

Your college has been awarded a large sum of money: The college Principal
lus asked the student comunitc to consul af and students and hen
write her a proposal. Rend the comments you have gathered abd your
notes. Then write your proposal describing what peeple are unhappy wi
and why, and suggesting how the money should he spent.

The computers are ancient and rex emp?
they're alas breaking down!

és scary wating round the grounds. bare ibe?
at right Rs dark

+ The wee place looks so shaby leuk?
There's galt exxyahiere

> Why tave we sl got Blocca? res wh wai?
“They're a cttashcred

+ The drama st inet Wert eb
stage any big productions.

{Use appropriate language for making suggestions and recommendations
{also see page 161)

2. Use linkers to sequence points
3 Set out your text so that it looks ike à proposal an not ete
3 Divide your proposal ini steers will headings.

5 Include a separate inreducton and conclusion

6 Be clear and conose.

7 Use an impersonal tne,

ER vicios tui

164. Introduction (3)
‘Tre puse of hs proposa is to cute areas which needimpioungandto
make recommendations so where money shouldbe spent.

Equipment o)

ty students pointed out thatthe computers uertlyin use ae coming
ated and are apt to break down quite requctly | would therefore recommend
(tat we buy new state-of the-art computers Adena alias el that
adhérer vey outdated therefore repose thal we lest in ode
whiteboards

Buiéines (2)

‘ony students are unhappy with the sic ofthe drama studio ich isto smal
e house major productions suggest (i ve corsider anew ui as this
‘would alow us to provide much beter facies ar Lo stage much bigger
shoves

Decoration and giving (a)

Several students puto ut tne act thatthe eyes body in peed
redecoration. Others were weried about their persona safety due to the fact
that the colle is por y recommerdation is (that we redecorate the
entire premises inside ard ou, and that we stall eective lighting the
allege gourds,

Cconducion (5)

In condusicn (a) believe tht the areas identified inthis proposal are the ones
that are most ined of improvement the recommerdations above are
fellowes leve they would have ne suppert of allour students.

phrase bank

esc Cordon
heainipurps ol hs pros So. sum u, ben

His propos ae decai would) at

ac eo cities bala we ama ei tat
Sigs nd cormendsten.

mer pee

Bee Are ou

cute

ie

ei

wig se ET

165. Essays

In clas, you have beer discussing the statement je
important to be honest in fe? Your teachers asked
ou to whe an essay saying whether or not you agree
‘wh the statement

‘Write your essay giving your opinion.

Tere san old sing that "hones he best pbc, but sometimes
Ace wee far mee inclined tober he wu or ut te Rar
faced lis. in is so. er sing o pla vy think han isan
importan pan of ite) 2)

ts Lin wth (5) persral allons Lack e heresy here kad
{wal hinds of proble. Tek, for eam, the relaceship between
fares and ren. you ie 1 our parents abot what you fave or
liver dene, you could be in ucuble bey Fin ou. The est hat
you vil eve o work hard o win back thet st hts te sare wit
Ares. ou can depen ten tte you the uhr ye et
therm down, then you Wend ship funky oa.)

Hem at work is just impor. In dhe fist pac, 5) a dienst
ores ca cost buses dea mua stort with ling nic
‘shen there is nothing wang or tan clic stationery home, Not so
Serica you may Say tty le hat his shows person wo
ees ot value honest. Sco, untustwurtn weer makes lor
ad laque Hest people mor in eos on you Gant must a
‘elleaguc, he team wl xl down. (4)

In sum, 9 is my ti that honesty im our ess abs cca
Take it aay, and our Tvs vel beson extemal nessa and
A ay lec trs +

1 ade à ler inter an coreson phrase bank

2 phase the question to ani epeng he tsk.

3 Depeingon he ey unk ihe pec ct, E mim
sides ofthe argument or support single argument Ri wou Mero.
ek Mess feampen. m ten.

A Une ragga one (is pte rain eis

3 Use hors and appropiate phrase o delo mero
points ady and legally tees pe sor wih,

Sch,
Easy
Gras
Miss
Ine,

stn eben dot
censo ett

166. Set texts

Questions on sr Loos are optional Do mot answer this question in the exam
res yu lave read the set book at east twice ane! hawe studied ver
ala.

What to do when reading your set book What to do in the exam

dll toco ja EG MBR E a UL

See | aan eer

the plot/key events how wa»

the main themes (eg. love and revenge) BE Panne aci io wheter yu ve

the characters (e-g. physical appearance, — el

O, een

Sen evr tae mu De eee
a

the setting. =

Out eo supe ins tat

mals yur Gate lea

headings, Uke these below. WE sr the queso hy aed mei ene
“ete

=
phrase bank

q en
“The man evel the revel Pague in be cue
lone davon

HE the story se in asa ou m Amenalon à
esd land.

“Teun ind he mam rt en
‘ec

Coren

‘hcg te pt rico Cocot
ike Be pe writes ye
Terra We bok wes ring rather

oe
Wi facia ede erator:
‘her nny ete
‘he beak ssi kr ten
PRET

167. Grammar Reference

Present and past tenses

Present simple

Use the present simple:

1 to talk about habitual evens and Rue truths:
Most authors write about 1000 words a dey.
Violins have four strings.

2 10 talk about how offen you do something.
Frequency adverts (ales, usual, ofen.
sometimes, never) ate often used:

Carta checks her text messages every few minus.

3 for stes that imply permanence o for those that
ame tue fr a ong tne.

‘Te President ofthe United States works ithe
White House.

Present continuous
Use the present coninuous
1 for temporary states:
eis ac manager wie is boss is aay.
2 o talk about an activity thats raking place when
yon speak rond the tse of speaking:
Listen) Ts computer is making a strange nolse
He's staying at evendng loss a the moment.

Past simple
‘Use the past simple to express an event that took place
a à defnite past time, Pat ise words ae often used
to fix the action er state in the post. For exampl
wen, yesterday, lat neck, dee months a,
= When did you lst write later by hand?
Elk was about a year ag.
When there are no past time words, the contest often
laces the action or event inthe past (ether the cent
pastor the mom remote pst):
Where did you lara ro do those magi wicks?
Kant Benz trvented the fst moter car

[EZ Grammar Reference

“The ation can either last for a period of

ost or finish ata fed ime tn the past:
Henry an 15 Klometes very day fr sity years
Megane wp runing in June end ded ln el.

ne in the

Use
1 to talk about things that were in progres in the

past, They may oF may ot be finishes

Last werk, the police were watching the house on

Meca.

2 10 talk about à background activity:

‘We were bing on our backs looking atthe stars
A single past event ote Interrupts the background
act, so the past ecoulnuens and the past simple ane
at og

We were bin om our backs looking the sears

voten comet flew across the sky.

But when two oF more past events happen
‘onsecutively, dhe past simple is used fo bet:

"he Tani hi an berg and ak feu hors lt
"Note: Don't use the past continuous to talk abut pst
Habis er to say bow often something happened inthe
pas. Use the post simple:

‘They phone the 200 three times yesterday,

(Not: They were phoring ..)

Present perfect simple

Use the present perfect simples
1 when there i a connection betuwen the past and
the present, The connection can either be implied
or cbvious, The exact ining i et importa
‘The explorers have just reached the North Pol.
He's tot lo of weigh in te last few morts.
2 fr things that have just happened ce wien the
event is sl relevant ori sl news
(ON, ro! The whee has flies eff

168. iu must use the present perfect simple form when
eu mention the number of ies:

‘That rin has broken down Uhr tres o for this
eek,

The en might have startet at some time in the
past and sl continues:

Thave knoanı about the probe for long time,

bu have done unytlang about u yet

vo give general news or information. This is
Load by move deat using the past simple:
‘Anew avo for endengeral species has opened in the
lake Dit. I took fie years to build and runs
ex on solar ener:

Present perfect continuous
De es rs emi:

seer begann e pox. có cantine o
De pen Inc ha res pees unge
often used! with since (+ starting point), far
(+ pt tog a ha
‘They have been going out with each other since
Gras
a hs cha a fr en
=
Joa but ng pai ot ve jt
feed wre e Coca ee
Er la ote mec

Sony eben tg in pak yo.

perfect simple
he pot perfect o alk about what happened

ein point in the po
‘The robber had run away by the tne the police
are

perfect continuous

the pst perfect continuous to xaphasise a longer
This action continues up te the Ume ofthe

acon (expressed by the ve in the past simple)

st surprisd thar Dave and Any emigrated.

‘They had been thinking abou or years.

se the pus perfect simple to say “how many

Bye dine he wee erty five, he ha lady boo
mare or

Used to and would

(Use used to (+ infiitive) to talk about past habit
Behe ter not, but people used o write lees
by hand and er ther o their friend.
10 ask questions, use did + noime/protun + te o
ot eu to):
Did your parents use 1 alow you to ride a
metio?
“The negative form bs die use to (or didn't ue 10)
Pollen did't use to cry fears
I is sometimes possible o use won instead of es
Lo schen talking about past personal habits, but usally
Only inthe pesitive. Ml quite Hterary style amd
is often found in continuous marae:
When we were young we would go 0 the river
‘and throw stones in the ram, ther go o Ute
teashop and buy same cakes.
Use not for past situations and states that no longer
‘eis or are no longer tue. (Would cannot be used.)
In the 1930 th bar used to be avery famous
ae hoc
‘Die Shakespeare use o live In London?
Note: Don't se used 10 1 say hos long something
lastest the past. Use the past simple:
1 did the rational te fer a long tie. bu dit
have any tuck. (No: used to do.)

Future forms

Present simple
Use the present simple 10 express fune evens hat ate
fimesabl ox pot of a calendar

‘The Directors merting stas at 3 ok on Friday

Hwy up. The plane leaves in half an hoe
‘he present simple is used when the nmewabling or
niamgerent e impersonal (nee else has mae
thew or they a par of a natura Las}

‘The next college term sts on September.
For personal arrangements, where the speaker or
nether person has made the decision, the present
continuous is usually used:

Tin staring @ ness course biology met term.

Grammar Reference [EI]

169. Present continuous
“The present continuous is used 10 express te future
shen der plans or arrangements have been made:
= What ave you doing next Saturday?
= 1m taking ry dr es
‘You can use the present continuous tense with ves of
cion, even if no fixed arangements have been made:
You har better try up and get rond, bean
ee Inning very sco

Going to and will

Use gang:

1 when you have made a decision to do something:
Could you please lt me ka if you are pot 10
cece the ob?

2. shen you have made some baste plans:

(em going to buy an old barr and do up.

‘ut when more definite plans are in place, use the

resent continuous
Weve signed the contracts and we're moving into
the Building on Monday.

3. 10 say what someone is just about 0 do:

{won't be a minute. ra just going to say goodbye ta
my cvleague.

44 for predictions when there is clear evidence that an
events about to take place
ase om ne fst page, ie Un going o emo
osa this book

For neural’ predictions that ae based on personal

Lele, rather than clea evidence, See will beine:

{Use will and won:

1 to ask for and give information about the future.
‘which is often a simple mater of fact:

‘Te tran standing ot pdf 3 wil stop at Oxford
“The work went rake long: the builder sai

2. 10 express the nea future when there has been 10
conscious planning or premesiiaien. For example,
the spot dees
FU have a mushroom omelte und a green salad.

Wut you marry me?
= Na, Fuerte

3 to pret who you think wil happen i the urate,
based om what you believe or guess wil happen
Soon, we will all pay om bills by mobi phone
Video machines went be avaiable in a few years

BB Grammar Reference

Bur hen thene clar evidence about what

16 happen, use greg tor
‘The bilder looked at the ol house an
sorry, bt i's going to fall dor:

Future continuous
Use the future continuous 10 talk about an
vil bein progres at à cera ire inthe

"Tras time next week PU be ing on a beach.
Future ime pluses ace common wit this

in few months" time

Before tn

‘This time next year

By December.
“The question form ofthe future continuous is

sed for polie requests a avolds the ungen
other tenses:

WA you be checking out of your rom by

Future perfect simple
se the future perfect 0 talk bout dings that
ave bappenied by a certain time in che far.
often used witha phrase staring with y 10
completion before a certain faut tine:

By Monday.

By nehme.

By this time next year

By the time you ren this

he wilt have
is regent

Future pertect continuous

Use the future perfect continues to talk about
Long things will have been happening by a
in dhe future (and perhap beyond that tine)
ten used with a phrase starting with fro
‘duration:
‘ent moni he wit have been working at 0
for rompe years

170. The future in the past

Use the following forte inthe past tetes when
rta taking about the past, and wart 0 soy tha
Something was sill in he future at shat time:

1 pest continuous et wasfuere going o (+ infiel
Lenny wate outst th station. He was meetin,
his daughter at 2 deck and they were going to
Auch the Cup Final,

‘The planned or expected future action often doesn't

happen:

He uns planning o sl the house, rail cought
fre

2 eld (+ inte)

‘Nene of us thought the exam would be so eus:

3 augure 10 (+ infinitive)

A pain was to give a speech, but she didn’t
un up
Use mas ere just abot on he same way:

‘They were just aout to disappear round the comer
en oy aa me wens

future sibertinate
se. Use a fue fr In the main clase
Hei ring o Barcelo, wine gts tick
(Nor “when he vil pe)
‘As soon as he aries he's gang o buy a weekly
trae ia. (Net: Aa soon as le will arte")

Cemuncions that Imoduce these clauses include:

Ue dhe present perfect after as so as or when 10,
press completi:

James sg to ave a party as soon as is

Ports have gone ay:

A huh your work for yu wer you have finished.
Ae the present continuous afer while 10 show hat the
seen sl conti:

Msp dr while ou are ing to work

Non-continuous verbs

any English verbs express a state rater than activity,

they are not normally used in any ofthe conti

tenes, These verbs fal no several go

1 Verte that describe wants and les and preferences.
eg. want, Be, prefe, hope, wish

2. Verbs shat describe thought processes and opinions,
(eg, thnk, blew, kx, rind, understand.

3, Vert forthe sense, e. hr, see, ste, stall
touch ee. Bt sense vera that describe an
activ, deliberate use ol tse senses are used in the
‘ontinucus tenses, e, ch, Lok, stare ste.

4 Vers for belonging and containing, e cum,
possess, belong.

Many of te verbs above and other ‘tative’ verbs

an sometimes describe ‘actions’, wt a change of

‘sani. With the new meanlag ls usually possible

to use continuas forms. Remember that continuous

forms imply a temporary action:
‘She is sully quite honest. (0 permanent

rate)

She ist being ver honest, (a temporary condition)
1 thnk you're unreliable and ever ambitions.
(= have the opinion)
ra thinking of changin my solito. (= consider)
He appears 4 be quite mature, but he's actualy
‘uate the oppeste. (> seca)
‘Several comedy acts wl be appearing The Veloce
“Theatr during the summer. (> take pat in)
1 don’ expe peut ke tis, bot Fm leaning the
‘company: (= tink)
Tre been expects you o are sinc $ lok this
morning. (= anticipate)
1 don’t have much experience ef negotiating prices
(= possess)
Tra hauing inner withthe Pre Miner after the
ert. (= eat)
li is how you shoudl present your CU Do jou soe
vota Taran? (> understand)
How tong have you been ect a poche
(= consult)

171. Passives

Form and structures

Most active sentences have a corresponding paste,
Al anse verbs (cts tat ake direc jc)
an have a pashe fm. anse vers ke
‘he, aie, dep, te. Conga hav a pasivo foe.
‘The obje of an active sentence isthe ubica ofthe
corresponding sive sentence
Aue: We howe eur lf he vous, and we
{an nw cnc the ners. al he ves and
{te winners ace he object)
Passive: AI the wes have ben courted ad the
bares con be asnos, (ll the votes and the
inner ae the sujet).
‘ou ean form pases fon al eases tae forms
and lso moda such as ca mut, ae À passive is
fered with be appropriate en of e+ the past
reticle:
present simple: Fepde who want ls are equi
do comple eng application fra.
presen continous: The pla s hing prepared
perales
present perfect: cant phone ou. My phone has
pores
ast simple/past pare The man wast
ed to se ás oi unt eer hal ew
Antes bythe police
as comics The hr wer Bios tanga
Ih to use a empate
the fur: You are rin o ten o pre,
tte yea wl be ger Paire and teas
medal: Cri cord un he used 10 confirm the
Ta hocking.
The evidence must touch ae it as been
a ro he plastic bas
The prisoners shout bo lol to make a phone
callo discs
‘Alt te res or have be obey
“There ae various passive sutures that use the
Anniv and are ofen tein news reporting, Tor
Sample
‘The neater of he gang ts onght be Spar
ans for the new sports cnt are sido be under
dt
crains am Beten rumores 10 be coming to
sents.

[ER Grammar Reference

Use have + past participle inthe past:
‘The ringloater ofthe gang is thong to have flat
to Spat.

Plans forthe new spots cere are sui to ha

Peer shied.

Use to 4 inf

verbs se, Near, make and ello:
Three very suspicins men were sen to lc he
uti earning Back: sacks.

‘A young boy atthe back o the hol wes heer o

ang during the Prime Minister speech

(One ing he hated choux prison fe wes being

made 0 pe! potatoes

“Te passes were nor allowed to ge off he plone
Note: When the verb ers used in an active sentence,
lus must be used in the equivalent passive serna

(active) The pole didn’t et tin phone his

taupe.

{passive} He wast’? alloued to phone his ayer
‘When mote than one verb is used in the passive, the
auxiliary verb De does net have to be repeated:

Forese evidence will be collecte, se to

laboratory and analyse

‘Sou eat change the subject of à passive sentence

midway through the sentence, Again, the verb dede

‘ot have wo be repeat:

Fingerprints ere taken and the rests (rs) fd ints
‘compute,

the

When to use the passive
Passe structures are used when the ation are
porn than who di (ihe agen). The nest
‘portant normalen in English fen etes a de
eng of serene, aná ne normale e
ctas con at heen
Toe pasive is fen se
1 nadverisng because the produa become be
focus orion:
Our spots ds este Dy ras and worn
werd hangons.
2 in formal, impersonal ots
Your pp hasbeen reed and you el
Arf eur air due cae
2 in ein tes, fell wrling ad nen
Headlines
‘Many breaks te he aint
en me ver he pct fe years

172. 4 when the agent is unknown or isn
ds obwious fom the context
‘The whet was inverted about 5000 years ago.
5 tw avoid the overuse ox repetition of personal
‘pronouns or vague words such as peopl:
‘The 1425 motorway is being repre and shouts be
node forthe nex noo weeks
You can menton the agent ina passive structure if ti
important Use by + name or nour:
“The boxer was knocked out in te fist round
(The agent I not named, so we assume l wast
‘anything remarkable)
The boxer was knocke out ithe frst round by
rock thrown: fm the spectctor’s are,

Important or

havelget something done
Use the sie have + noun/proneun + past
particle we someone eke does something fr You.
Ter exemple, your cor neds a service, your eyes need
ine ested, ete:

‘Som Lean’ folk. Hr just ing y hei ont.

Neu con we thie erueture to refer o tinge hot are
dane by someone elie and are beyond your control:
‘The boy had his locker broken into and I camera
stolen
‘ou can often use ger with the same structure, bu it
‘often more informal or mote urge
Luis get these documents signed.

Gerunds and infinitives

verb + do + infinitive

Certain verbs are ofen followed by to + Infinive of
another verb:

Is a pty he st the race, because he dese 1 in.
Whot id you expect to fa wine you cpened the tea?
To can stand alone 10 avold repeating the verb or
Phrase:
rm not sure Pm ging to oss my driving est fst
time, Par J certainly hope 10.

With many verbs, an object comes before ter
“The Soles Director asked the Editor to give an ontline
ofthe proposal

verb + object + 10 — infinitive

“The verbs that use this construction fll oughly Into

tw groups:

1 Verbs that convey the idea of asking, fling,
ceompeling, allowing, fering:

2 Verbs that convey the dea of wanting, needing, ete:
[Note that ‘thar clauses’ are not possible with the verbs

in tis group:
1 ry don want thatanyomemisunderstomds me

verb + infinitive
“The infinitive without 1 is used after
1 ad Deter and would rather
‘There's a storm coming, We had heuer go home.
would rather no it the back ofthe car
2. the vers make (meaning fos) and ler (meaning
‘alow:
souearit mate me do anything that dore want todo.
A yu tee me bo your ear, will you expect me o
y for de peral
Not that mae in
infinie
‘Tha soldiers were made to sand for hours in the sun.
3. the objects of vert of perception (sce, eur, cc.
When she was wolkig through the car park, she
haar soon call her name.

passive flowed by to +

verb + «ing form

Certain verbs are oy followed by the ¿ng forn of

cab vet (That i, ne ng form of the second verb

cs asa rind, the object ofthe fst vet) Vert
takeing forms often convey likes and dislikes:

rent Reference FEY

173. ‘thee vert convey the idea of saying, thinking,
seserihings

‘other common, miscellaneous verbs ae als followed
Dy an ing form:

"Note that verb tht fallow prepositions are always in
being form:
Da apolagise fo ring ely. Is pret 1 se you.
He would probably get more done if he was better at
ati af gl

verb + infnitive/ng form

‘A fee sert can be followed by an infinitivo or an
forn, with litle oF no change of meaning, or example:

Wher the limousine dove pst te coud, some
people Depa: to row bear toning floue onto
the ref.

Some common verbs canbe followed by an infinitive

‘or anny fon, but with a change of meaning. ef.
remember. I don’t care Row busy you are. you must
remember o pay your cre can PL (= rerumber
todo someting tthe furwe)

1 remeraber goin Png lo whe Las a toy Dut
1 done remember cating many fi (= remember
doing something in the est)

regret: Lt to infor you that ra es
as company serretan. (= be sory for a present or
future action)

‘Nether of my parents regret geting more when
they were so young. (= regret doing something a
te past)

Stop: “Cora on said he man i the mas "If
you stop o ook a al the pat, ue never gut
round! (= stop one thing to do anche)

se went 10 China ast month and he has stepped
vall about i sine. (> give up doing sorna)
ED: She red eo reach the Book or the op seth, but
Mas co gt. (= make an effort)

Have you ever tried doing a maria art (= tryout
as an experiment)

EE tono etree

men: OR, | meat tel you something, But Pue
orsoten hat as (= trent)

buying this house mcr paying a higher mort
[= become necessary)

Relative clauses

Defining relative causes

"efg relative clauses ae a vital part of the meaning
of a sentence, They inf the subject or object or
ad val Information about then. Therefore you cam
leave them cut. They define who or at you are
"allan about. The vital information can come in the
middle of a sentence or a the end:

‘The chiktror tha he knew would sucreod were thee

ao were motive,

Car you gue me good reson toy yn nee 10

or so much money?

Who, at, whieh are often omited when they eer to
the object ofthe sentence (no the subject).

Fave you evr had ore of those days that starts bat

‘and ges worse! (that refers 1 the subject: one of

these days’)

Fave you ever though (that) längs cult gt

worse? (thar refers 1 the object: Things’)

{ou can't omit use. You ean omit whe refers,
the object:

Sit our and tll me the exact time ten) it

happened.

‘ou can emit ster, but only if you add an approptte
preposition:

‘The old fisherman's ut (where we stayed) we

sae in wes smell and warm end i smel off
You can omit uy when it refers 10 the beet:

“RAL me the exec reason (ety) you went 10 eave.
You can omit the relative pronoun and the aay
‘veh, hut only when the relative pronoun refers to the
subject

Bin (et were) corstrsctod before 1960 ll be

emlshed.

174. Non-defining relative clauses
“nen defining” relative causes are quite foral and
el on in written or literary styles. They M
maraton tor not wal lo the mer 0 à
sentence They an usualy be omted without sing
ae e the main sentence. This tea ration
ao cone the mide ofa sentence ce a thee

Hate, which are sorermes called "sa cous’,
‘an be pund in the warm waters around Rovida.

‘The recs were fl of large. black hin, all o which
made a tremendous note.

au sa formal relative pronoun that refers 10 he
co
The young arts. wom we hed heard so much
tout sumbi oo the stage collet the or.
“emily a certain number of people or things rom
ara use: nonefone/two/most of whom wtih
Ste wailed into & mom that was fal of tocnagee.
rane of to looked wp fr the tk.
‘Wx cannot omit relative pronouns in non-defiung,
eave ses.

Direct and indirect speech

“Tense changes
ies you report what someone sad, you often “move
ack the speakers verb tense:
“Hoek dl He sal he fet ect
“Varn summing about = The git said shows

10 ülnetes a week! sulmning about 10
aereos @ week.

= be sat he had ber.

‘the athletics captain
at schont

= Ste said thet she hod
jst one a ungern.

“Iwas he athletes
pra at school:

“ane pit become
arenero

“We Rove been He said they ad been
Planning he ep planning the tip for a
fora long time: lor time.

“Tuas rang in = She said she had been
Trodlond when hc raving m Thailand
ie news ‘wher she Rear the

KK you move hack the ters, then the speakers words
were true when they were spoken but nt necessary
true when they were reported. Don't move back tenses
ifthe sivacon is stil tr or sl relevant:

"Bob ond Anna ore = He said har Bob and

Focas Mia Amas oder
he sl. Austen. (they are st
Tearing i)

He sid hat Bob and
Anna were tering
Russian, (tay may.
ave stoped)

‘A reporting verb can be nthe present tense (€.

Says), n which case the speakers verb tense does not

change

“The medicine is = My decor says the
working” medicine te working.
Modal verbs

“These modal verbs change for reported space

“vou wil fee beter = The doctor said out
by Friday? fut beter by Frida:
“You won't lose weight = She seid Y woulda’ ose
unless you do some uwigte unless Idd
exe" some exercise

“You must ain every He said had o ran
dy if you want wo be every day if! waraet
de chape" lo be a champion.

‚These medal verbs do not change for reported speech:

“vou sheuilé“oughe 10
see à good spots
yeholagis?

= He said 1 shouldioushe
to se a good sports
Psjchalagi

Grammar Reference

175. Other changes.
‘when reporting, make logical changes to pronouns and
possessive:
‘My personal aire
has helped me build
up my confidence”

= Ste sauder personal
aire had helped her
build up er confidence.

“sometimes speak = He send that he
o myself sometimes Spek 0
inset

‘Moke lpia changes to “place” words:
“Tm coming over here = She said she coming
(ose you" ‘over here to see us

“The words ds, hay, ise, these are usually reported

as the
This det does seem = She suid the din didn’t
tobe uen" ern to be working,

When chs or that these or those are used as subi,
they usually change tot or they:

Tristar is an = Hesaid tt wasn
Incredible amount incredible amunt
of money! of money.
“hese/Those are wey = He said they were
dificult protien to very feu probes
solve to sale,

Make logical changes o time’ words:
an hour ogo = an hour beforefpreviousty
dg year = the previous year
ester = de day before
tomorrow = te following day
inaueckstime = a werk later
next month = she follwing month
“Thad a heart attack = He said he had had a
couple of yeurs ago” heart attack a couple

of pears tj
He said he was going
dote up yen
sometime te Plaine
mont.

‘tr pag to take up =
peus maine ne

Questions
Feponted questions are not mal questions The we
te is Ue same a for statements. They do at
{question marks, Ver tenses, modal, et. angel
the same way as reported statements.
Aa-No questions are usually introduced by for
sometimes utah):
“Have you ever work = He asked me
coo ever ward ar
(no: He ast r
had Leur.)

Would pou the @ The tas drive
‘hand with your me if vou hea
leger tet ny gs
The ra dre
me would Fe)

‘To report wlequestons, use the eu fl
the reported louse:
“Hew long have you.
Deen working in he
sports centre?

= He ast me bal
1 Hd em we

‘When aid you fst

feel pair in your em het fra
ack! pain in my bad
‘The dace ae
when a
Summarising verbs

‘There are a lange number of verbs whieh sm
what people say, rather than report the exe
These ves an fllewved by vats

Some veils have mee than ene corsa.
For example; sugges is not sed with an obj
( suggested hr 1090). Is followed y a

176. ‘Use car 10 describe an ability tn the present:

Profesor Smith can speak fv languages ur he
‘an rementber his mane.

Dont use ca 1 desert ability in he pas or future.
Use could or aforo of be able to forthe pest and be
‘able forthe futur:
Use could fr general ability any inthe past:

es could write befee he ould rd,

ee wine ehe ters ae ta for ene parton action
concerning ability inthe past:
‘They had 0 roel fst loss because they weren't
able o get che ticks.

When Last Professor Smith what his name wes,
he ult remember.
Use wil be able o for ability fn the future
‘Ate is menus of intensive training you willbe
able ca ya helicopter:
Note: You have 10 use à Horn OF De able ater verbs
‘or phrases that are followed by the infinitive or ing
form:
would Uke to be able 10 stm every day: but don't
have time.

Permission: canicould
Use can to ask for and give permission in the present
In forma situations. may can also be use:
Gan Fas you a personal question?
oa cua now nur over Your examination papers
‘end yon may sur.
Could is aso a polite way of asking for permission. But
um is used in replies
= Could 1 use your dictionary fora moment?
= Ves of cena you ca
(Could and usure able 0 ae used 10 talk about
perte activities in the pat:
“The schookchiléen cold sexe able 0 wear casual
elotes on the last day of er.
Wat De able 10 used for he Ferre:
TU be able to drive without "plates un I pass
my test

Use either might or may to express posit the
foture:
A we leave before midnight, we migty/may ame
in. me for breakfast,
Present possibilities can also use mght/may when ja
are making a deduetgn based or cute! kro:
Due tothe hea defeat inthe recent election, seme

party members mighty mow be unhappy wth
their later.

‘Grammar Reference [TE]

177. Use ghey post participle 1 talk about a
possibilty in the past implies some uncertainty
about whether the action happened er no:
Lim not sure, bur rulshtjmay have read dis book
‘uh Tons your.

‘Necessity: need (to)
‘hough nea! i often used as a normal vb,
can als act Ike modal verb to express a necessity
(usualy one thatthe speaker fees). In the present
positive ase need to + inf
une nes
Mus need to apply for a new passport, you est
yours. Yor ean simply get a replacement
Use needn’y/don does’ need 1 0 say that
something is not necessary in the present or future or
wast’ necessary in te past
Yon needtidon’t need to pur your seatbelts oı ye
We have to nat for one more passenger.
An ie pe
Aider net (+ ft)
{didn’t nou to send my CV. (perhaps À di send a
CV. but war necessary, or I did send tt and
de didn't meer,
need have (+ past participle)
‘ned’ have sent my CV. (ent HE, but it wast
necessary)

there ane two negative for.

Obligation: must/have to
Use must or have 1 o express a positive obligation
in the present or future. M is often used when the
speaker fois an obligation himself/herscit:

1 must lose u bit of ete befor Lo em holiday
“Have tos used when te speaker fees an obligation
from outs (a rule, la; egulaion) or 15 just
expressing a fat:

We have 1 pur the paper wo be rl in the green

hoz
Must is sed to express negative obligation (an
ligation noc 10 do something):

‘pu miners pork atthe sie sens during normal

werking hous.

Advice and recommendation: should/ought to
Use onght to and shuld for strong advice and
recommendations. They are very similar in meaning
Wher you go shiny on your un you shouldought
to tell scene wre you're going, ease yu have
an accident.
IM you're not strong summer you hou 4
‘ugha’ to ou of your depth

Assumptions/Deductions: must belcan't be; must
havelcan' have
Use must for a logical deduction about the present,
when you want to express certain
lt aust be very born to ive a small village
there nothing happens.
‘The oppestte of must in this case is can't
The tee can’t be from your Aart Hari. t's go
à use stamp on tt.
Use must ave + past participle and cent have + past
participle te make logical dedvetions about the past
‘The burglars mus hae got in through the lle
suchen wenden.
‘Dave con have ployed fetal yesterday. He Broke
is lg los week.
Use may have/might hawe/ovuld have 1 past par
16 make assumptions that you are not entirely sue
aber
was expecting o package today. but ft ast

arte. I suppose te mayfmighteculd have gut
Tosti tho pest

178. Participle clauses

Use participe clauses:
1 10 simplify sentences
Wher the runner Finished the rave he wes gas
Ar breath
‘The rer fished the race gasping for th.
2 to reduce two sentences to one sentence:
Bes broken his arm. He have co wach te match
ram the sine.
Having broken ser, he ave to welche
mate from me scene.
Sentences with participle clases can eften sound
‘quite formal. Some uses would not normal be
Wed in everyday spoken English:
Being te richest person there, Fina pai fr he
real forma)
lor was he chest person there. so he pal for
{ero (infor and mua)
‘When you use participle clauses tke adverts
Bey ye tion atthe ma
er. For example: they may describe the way
serncone walked, how someone acid, somcene or
seanething’s general manner or bebaviur, ce
“The main elause would normally come fist

“Meare jot in rue to check in he
the clock an the well.

4 otal about two things happening atthe same Hane:
Sam and le sa on the jet talking abou their
an.
one long action is “interrupted y anche shonter
ation, the loge action usually come at the end
‘ofthe sentence. The word whe (weaning “when”
cat the time) can ofen be use:

The ait worker dod poceflly na remote African
lee, (ute) doing he job he loved most.

5. total about two actions that happen within a short
time pero
‘The fire suept trous the Australian town, leavin
ur out hawses bina
‘ten the second atin i à diet consequence or
result of the Rist action:

‘he file has been & runaway sucess, pay the

ay fo ie or x sequels

looking at

Sometimes there fs an cbvicus sequence ~ one
‘action ren another eto. The pape clan
‘would normally come atthe beginning:

Taking off his heavy encon, sat down on the
re leathers.

6 to imp a reason:

[Nat owing were he was, e stopped and checked
the map. (= because he didn’t kn where he was)

‘Rote: verbs tha can normal be used in continuous

tenses can have a present participe for

Propositions are always followed by the present
parier
On hong the news, they sted 0 cebra.
Before getting on the plane, she President and his
wife waved und sled atthe smaller,

which the relative pronoun and the audi} ver have

been omit:

Ruby Stone, sing and uentng co the cows,
ger cut ofthe limousine. (ho uns sli and
waving

Note that the structure noon + present participle

indicate an activity in proses
‘The man siting over here eat.

there no activity progres. you can use a

participle couse:

‘The sentia inventé the robtie washing machine
till ule à pri. The scientist who inverted the
Fable wasting machine wil vin a prie.

Ath passive relative clause, use the past participe:
‘Tee meeting, speed for 10 cock, has ee,
cual. (hat wes scheduled)

“These can eften imply a condition:

Watered once a day, the plant will row relly well
(cts waren)

179. Main Clase
Present Simple

"Use the zero conditional to talk about scientific acts,
constant Laws of nature, unchangeable rules, customs
and personal routines. ihr for wher can be use
in the ¿fot

HW is lance In London, tis rookfse time
in New York,

rca
Present Simple

First conditional
Tue Main Clause
Present Simple don't + infinitive

{nthe fst conditional the present terse usualy refers
to possible/prabable conditions inthe future:
Aare is much mere ran, the while village with,
probably gt fondé.
foo! Madrid pean doesn't play, hey won
in te gene.
Don’t use alan inthe clau
there wie much more rain, the toe village
dl probably get flooded.
{se th fst conditional fr tres or warnings
involving direct action:
If you dont go aes, Tal the poli. (= Go
try or FU all he pice.)
ou can use an imperative in the main clause
If yom hear the fire alarm, walk quickly 10 the
ares fie et
If you are fight of hehe. don’ pup there,
‘ou can use the present enntinuous or the present
peri instead of the present simple
Af you are dng your via proce, FU phone ater.
Af you ho rod my CY yous wal know alt abou me:

‘Second conditional

cias Main Cause.

Past Simple volcada? + infinie
In the second comtiinal the past tense sees to “wea?
‘or hypothetical conditions inthe present or future:

I had a daughter, | would ene her Ruslan
(unreal present)
A started my eus business, 1 ann werk en
‘Friday ofterroors. Obypothetial future)
Don't use would inthe ¿clases
II weni my oun business, would’ work
on Friday afternoons
Use the second conditional to give advice to lr people
If the solito was rade o you, ' compl to his
manager
You can use the past continuous instead ofthe post
simple:
hey were looking eur wey: they would see us
‘The past tense in second condiinals distances
caning, from wally {in the same way thatthe past
is distanced rom the present). Compare Fist and
second constionals:
Fir contional: I 1 bevome President Ll
Increase taxes for high samen (spoken by à
Presidential candidate)
‘Second condition: | became President wc
spend more money on efter school clubs. (spoken
by a schoo)

Third conditional

awe Wan me
Ft Fret teu avec hae
pos pte

Use the thie! conditional for past events tht are untrue
Ifyou had Used tothe Instructions. you wo
have known what 0 do.

If here hade been an earthquake, there would
have Deen a tuner

Don't use would hate have tothe else:
I there onde have beer an carthavae, there
woul’ have been tsunami.

‘ou can use Ihe past perfect continuous instead ofthe

past perfect:

A they had been looking more ref: they wal
have see the senpost.

180. ‘ou can use could (nee) ha instead of woud fave to
express possibility:
1 Sal Ra bee a entimatre tale, she could have
Become a poli offer
ou can use might (nor) have instead of would have 10
press ‘penaps/peshaps not:
‘phe had known the fre west very pod, mise
ot have one 1 se de

Formal forms.

conétonals, you can use should before the
ine if-eouse o add uncertainty or increase

politeness:
I he hasa problem
ih is,
he should have u
[problem th Fis visa,
Ifyou nes any help,
you should rent
any help,

In second conditional, you can use mee 0 ike

shonld, above:
{ve complainod
about the tack of
dean water,
Af we were to complain
bout the lack of
oat ctr

I sa ou for i

FI be in that ofi

what would you do
‘about it

Alteenatives to if

Sou can usually use pronded (or providing) aud as

lag as instead ef
im wl end safely on the ground proteases lone
as his parachute opens.

eppesine (or suppose) means “what itt can replace

47 in questions and comes fst tn the sentence:
‘Supposing ou missed the pone, what would
you dot

‘Unless can be used to mean IE. nor

‘nui 100 metres

Yow ean | oc
sess |S on | een
pe Fam
Dare [ter etnia
es [aies | pre
ca | ah hi) | ds
ft ase seo] ns some

de

Mixed conditionals

‘Mined conditional sentence are fore from two
clauses with different time references. The most
common ‘mined condtionals imolve a cause
fron a second conditional and a clause from a third
conditional. The if-lause can sate the ‘cause? ar
*reason' and refers to the pot (hi condiional), wih
Abe “resul in the main cluse refering o te present
(second conditional:

Ga, nd)
1 If Sally Badr uned her viol tal sound
tery nice,
Ge
2 if Tom had rd the instructions mene area
nd)

he would know what do
“These conlitionals answer the question why?”
1. Why does Sally vi snd okey? Berne she
tuned à.
2 Wy doesn't Tom know what 1 do? Besa he
ide’ rod the strc wey fa
‘Mined conditional ef is type een expres regret
(or satisfaction) in presen or something that
happened in de past:
had mid Tor, told be lin m
Australia,
‘They can expres present posites based on past
events
fou heal kee the eig, we would ve yo

‘The elo ota or ant ean u
1 had stated sry ca business tn years ag,
Lg be better of by na
AY sh had sue orange a universo she

lá ee translate.

‘Te time reference ofthe clauses an be ever The.

Af-couse (the cause or reson) ean of the present

(second conditional), the main clause (he resul can

refer tothe past (hit concile

oa Gat)
hé eyes censo bat, he would have sen the
mad sigh
(Me dur see the roa sign berause His ejes ate bad)
(na) ab)
Af Anna was so deve she woul have kaum
‘how to take my Hood presa
(anna knew bo to ta iy Heed pes

ce eb dot

181. An mised condiiopals of this ype, the reference to the
reset makes it lear that dhe station exists now. In
‘pure’ tied conditions. the ine reference only refers
10 the past.

(ena) Gray
I Jack wasn't interest in people he wouldn't have
studied scelolgy at univers.
{lack ws and sil interest in people)

a Gn)

A Jack hear Ben intersted in people, he wordt
ane studied sociology al unter

(Gack was imeret In people, perhaps he sl
but we are not sure)

Wishes and regrets
Use wish + past simple for situations in the present
{tat you would He tobe dire
Ts dat gt so many unwanted era
‘ou can ote use wer et of wns, party in
foro Boel
‘Te young man iss unhappy that he often wishes
heuer seach ee
Use wish + the past medal eeu not wont 10
copes à set aout à psec of ily
Ts eval son Farmer tit taking ur
Use wish + the past medal dd Ame to express
Tick of sica aout an obligo:
sh ie have to cay my tr) papers with
ime verre Tan.
ou can ute um + would to ico eer pele
ex an aspect of he peer sation that yo are
‘apy wath
Tuleh she wool ep ng abo Per er
1 oth hs computer wen sop rung
Now m ao une wf à ould o al about flue
situations that you wan o chang:
Y some ut fs cr ea
Yi cat we se + past peto espeso rg
eu the pe
Y wish the eri no had though fa eter
rand name,

ou eas often use if ey instead of it But the
results move à thovelt than a voiced regret:
it ave o comte to work.

amd.
trusty | Leu gt are in aver.
Men | Enga pet wes ser.
ri rd companies wel hc
Send me thts.
Comparatives and
superlatives
Comparatives
Use as. of. 10 sy a to clement ate equal

some way. There are several structures you can
use. The words fast and ty often como before
the st ass
adie
as | advert as
muelymany + noun
Ho plays tenis nou as wel as his rend.
1 ga ead just as much money as you.
“There an just as mary cafés in London as (here
are) in Puri.
Object pronouns, nouns and clauses can follow the
second os:
‘That carts near as old as me.
“The food in Le Select Just as godt asf was tn
years aga.
Vi in London is ofen jus as fast as taking
aus
{Use the opposite structure as … .. 10 alk about
two elements that ave unequal in some way
‘The worts nowhere near, nothing lke and ro quite
often come before the fst as:
‘The sports car was nowhere eur as fest as Thad
expert it 10 be
con play the piano. but rt qui as well as (0 can
Ploy) the guitar.
ing na hot air ballon wns nothing like os
rigerung as Though it wonid be

182. {Use comparalves to compare people, gmups and
things. Use comparative adjective (hen, more
exciting, et. or adverb (cre, more carly,
You won the ser rada bur Era Dvan beat ou
‘ah a much faster me
‘ould you lke to have your insrvino where tere ts
ca greater degree of pro?
Use than Ww make comparisons Len suo le
things ofthe same type
‘The weather in many contes is now warmer end
voor thar usd 10 be
ns are ls expensive than Feres

Drting ir a Mercates is rea deu more
comfortable than riding asco.

Book 2 in the serie sgh longer than Bok: 1.
‘She always does abit beter at English shan maths.

Sou can also use the expresion no (move)
the same way as ust as. as:
‘The fm was no more fentes ther the book.
‘The book was pst as frightening es the fm.
‘ou can use the following structure 10 talk about to
things that happen togetber
the + comparative clause + the + comparative clause
‘The bigger the waves the bene it for surfing
“The heavier the boxer the slower he moves round
eins.

than in

Supertatives
Use supertatves to compare one member of a
ou withthe sede gro. Always use the with 3
Super:

the est fm the most ex journey
ou can qualify a superbe
expressions:

Shane Walker ts arora te best yourg writers in
Ae menu,

Crossing the; ridge was one ofthe most file
parts ofthe expedition.

I these wonts and

Degree: enough, 00, so, such, as, tke
enough
Use erough (ith the meaning of ‘suffeinn/
sullen’) ater adjectives an! adverbs:
His exam rests were okay, but they werent sod
enough to ge ant his ever) plo
u're playing well nog o ete e sm, bet
o well mul atthe omens to be team pic
‘You often use to + infinitive after enough:
‘naw youre pst ft bet are you sea
ent to keep pg?
too
{Use too {with dhe meaning “mor than enough’) before
adjectives and adverts:
Sally auditione fora par in a Broadway play, but
the said she wes 10 srl for the part.
{He wind to take a photo of he Tour de France riders,
‘bu they ree pas fr too quickly.
‘You often use 100. o + infinitive:
lt was 38 degrees inthe shade yesterday Far to hot
tosunbathe
{ran cut of tne rte 00 slot to finish cl the
questions
so and such
{ses before actives y adverbs, but not when a
oun follows:
‘Thre probably are ether planers, bu they are so far
‘acy that esironomers ean see tern.
The tes are so until (at) is no wonder
comme get ang
[Note that you can use so much or o many with à neun:
“You've go so mary problems; sid the poche.
"hardy Row wre 1 star
Use such before a noun (with or without an adjective):
Laver been othe einem for such a long ine
(aa) ca hardy remember dhe tat fm aw.
‘Advertisers alwoys want us do think they have sue
dere pres, whens mos fs such uD,
sand like
{Use as a a prepesiton to mean ‘in the role of
tr Peter has been werking as an account for
Even years.
But use tie as a preposition when it means similar":
‘tr Rete does Lok lke acotar, es bot
more lke a professional athlete.

Grammar Reference (OT

183. You also use as wih adjectives to make comparison

‘Nothing seems as fäghtening he second ame you
dot,

Emphasis
Inversion
‘se the wort ede you use fr questions to phe
Dies
1 have ner ha uch a prenne ns
er have | eat sc 1 rot:
can ie ie:
1. aller cenan ‘negative’ verbal:

arty hat ke sat owe wen he rd 1 tal.
Scare had she gut home ul the phone rung.

[ete di they expect se many supports 0 write
1 them.

after expressions with only or n=

‘The erty way 10 go apuro quick isto fy
Alıhaugh the wip wasr er) pleesart at ro time
Ai à foe in any danger

Yen can use inversion to replace ifn conditionat

sentences that inch shed, were ox hadı
you should neat ay hp with your bags, please
det the receptionist ko
Should you need
Ifyou were o stop messing around with your mobile
phone, you might leer te more.
ere you o stop
you haan’ tried to do three things at once, this:
would never here happened.

Hed you nec tre.

FER cronmor Reference

Emphatic structures with it and what
You can use ris. ras
particular par of à sentence:
There were five members ofthe citing teu, bot
fas Ba who reached the summi fst
lt was very dsoppeinaing tha I dnt reach the op.
(Use What is... Whar was. o emphasse the subject.
oF object of steve:
What they saw chen they rahe the sunt was à
French fig fer inthe wid
‘There are various ober expressions that can be added
tw the start ofa sentence for emphass
‘The season Tm ere today st rl you about cur
aw products.
‘The ding 1 ik most about Hay Is hs genesis
Alt he cou al about was hs work

ete 10 emphasise à

ing forms as subject of a sentence
Yin an ae a0 -ing Foe a the subis of à sentence
tw give emphasis:

‘Arguing wth waffe wardens is a waste o me.

Phrasal verbs

Adverbial phrasal verbs.
serbia phasal verb are made from a verb + an
‘adverb Some phrasal vers are intransitive (hey have
ra cbjet):
The wines broke dew when he wes asked abe
her husband.

He packed hs rucksack and se off

1 between the verb an the particle:
‘The police woke the deriorstration up
(Can you set your ideas down in wrt

2. or after the particle:

‘The police broke up the demonstration.
(Can yon st dour: your idos in writing?

But ifthe obje i pronoun, you must putt betwen

the verb and the particle
‘The polis broke tt up
Plone set your dens down in tng

184. Prepositional phrasal verbs
Prepositional phrasal verts are made from verte
4 a preposition, The verb and the preposition are
“inseparable, so ell ebjects whether they are nurs
‘or pronouns mt allow the partic:

You should torn off the motor a function 2.

bte mete your complaint ara! wel ok so à
Aves partes can have several different meanings.
For example, off ean suggest:
1a beginning of some hind:

Go w bet early bus we ore sting off den,
2 Finishing or delaying:

‘Were got 0 fish of the lesson with a quiz.

in busy. PU have 10 put the mening off une
domo

3 some kiné of separation or disconnection:

Moreno off the road wo do malnuenune
work.

Come in and take off your wet jacket
‘My phone has bee ut ff becs didn't pay
‘he bit

‘The particle we con suggest

1 some kin of participation:

Bob never fs the fu

2. some bind of deception

She was av clever 10 be taken in by the salesments
‘smth tlk,

3. some Kind of collapse/tetirement due to pressure

"Do you gue in? asked the wrote, uit te

Son pana veils duane ate meaning when wert

‘with oF without an object For example the particle

ou can suggest

failure
y ol car made a horibi nets and gave ou: fu
Homer from the garage

2 isbn
She scan the market und ve out los about
er new shop.

Three-part phrasal verbs.
‘A few phrasal vets have tree pots: verb + particle
+ preposition. You cannot separate the vec from
the other paris ll objecs must come after the
preposition:
= He's pat
Phones!
‘Ie he going to completely get rd of them
Poe just run out of ime.

do wey with all hs old mobile

Grammar Reference [EE]

185. OXFORD
ey Fenn on ets Une O cas,
a ep
Be E ara

tern agate Hn

‘eis Jas rll Oe ac apt er Cee
Satie ltr at sty Ue We

nent din abate
Da owe Pan

napa lang concer
‘Slade opener Roepe,
Ste season soo
a a

rt perry Depa ase srry
Can ar para rece

sm om tens

‘eae pny utes te

nera
‘eee ingen e ee a nan

E
Es

O pt

Saenger
Energie m nsustantet
ee
BES

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