CALCIUM IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

ANKIT JOSHI SEMESTER 3

1. SAMRAT PRITHVIRAJ CHAUHAN GOVERNMENT COLLEGE , AJMER SEMINAR SESSION – 2021-22 SUBMITTED TO – DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY SEMINAR REPRESENTED BY – ANKIT JOSHI M.Sc. FINAL CHEMISTRY SEM . - (III) CALCIUM IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

2. CONTENT :- INTRODUCTION SOURCE DAILY REQUIRMENT ROLE OF CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION OF CALCIUM DISEASE

3. INTRODUCTION :- Calcium is a bulk essential element which is a macronutrient require in a large quantity for healthy growth development & survivability. Calcium in contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms cell. Calcium is divalent cation (0.95A) radius . Since there is a plenty of it in most natural water. Calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide nitride layer when exposed to air. The most common calcium compound on earth is calcium carbonate (CaCo 3 ). Gypsum (CaSo 4 .2H 2 O), anhydride (C 4 H 6 O 3 ) fluoride & apatite Ca 5 (PO 4 )OH are also source of calcium.

4. SOURCE :- It is an important nutrient the daily intake is approximately 1000mg/day. Widely distributed in food substance such as. Milk -27-35% Cheese -33% Beans & Lentils -24% Nuts -8% Yogurt -30% Source : Recommended Directory intake.(by U.S.)

5. Daily Requirement :- Age – Adjusted daily calcium recommendation. (from U.S. Institute of medicine RDAS) Age Calcium (mg/day) 1-3 years - 700 4-8 years - 1000 9-18 years - 1300 19-50 years -1000 >51 years - 1000

6. Role of calcium :- Calcium is major cation is a structural material like bones, teeth etc. This biological material consist largely of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate is being deposited & reabsorb and as well act as buffer far body. Calcium & Phosphate ion controlled by hormonal action the form of calcium phosphate that occur in bone & teeth has some composition as mineral repitate. It also involve in enzymatic system including regulator of muscle contraction transmitter of nerves pulse & agent of blood coagulation.

7. Distribution of calcium :-

8. Calcium distribution in the body around 99% of the total calcium in the body is in bone with the remaining 1% present in the extra cellular fluid (0.1%) and cellular organelles (0.9 %). In the extra cellular compartment, calcium exists as a free, ionized or active form bound to protein and complexes to anions, such as bicarbonate, phosphate, citrate and lactate. In horses, serum ionized calcium represents 50% to 58 % of the total extracellular calcium. 4-6% ionized and complex calcium are filtered through the glomerulus (ultra filterable) but are rapidly reabsorbed by the nephron.

9. Disease :- 1 . Hyperparathyroidism :-

10. Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of your parathyroid glands become overactive and release (secrete) too much parathyroid hormone (pth.) This causes the level of calcium in your blood to rise, a condition known as hyperkalemia. Decrease in serum phosphate. Raised urinary calcium and phosphorous from bone decalcification and dehydration. The extra calcium and phosphorous is cost from soft tissue and bones destroying activity.

11. 2 . RICKETS :-

12. This disease is characterized by faculty calcification of bones in children showing phosphate values 1-2 mg/100 This may be due to Vit. D Deficiency A Deficiency of calcium and phosphorous in the diet. Poor absorption of calcium from intestine. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity.

13. 3 . Osteoporosis :-

14. Osteoporosis means “Porous Bone” viewed under a microscope, healthy bone looks like a honey comb. When osteoporosis occurs, the holes and spaces in the honey comb are much larger than in healthy bone. Osteoporotic bones have lost density or mass and contain abnormal tissue structure. De-calcification of bones as a result of calcium deficiency in the diet. Low vitamin D content of the body. Fracture of the brittle bones occur even after minor accident. Pain due to fracture of vertebrae which may radiate round the drunk, to the buttocks or down the lages.

15. REFERENCES :- Essential of Bio-organic Chemistry :- By Vinay Prabha Sharma Biochemistry :- By Gurdeep R. Chatwal (3 rd Edition)

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