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1. Pre-natal Development

2. Pre-natal Prenatal development refers to the process of growth and development that occurs in the womb before birth.
Prenatal development is a critical period during which the developing organism is highly susceptible to environmental influences, so maternal health and lifestyle choices play a significant role in the outcome of the pregnancy. Prenatal development. It's typically divided into three main stages:

3. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development Germinal Period (First 2 weeks after conception) – This includes the a) creation of the zygote, b) continued cell division and c) and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall. The following are the details of development during this period a) 24 to 30 hours after fertilization-the male (sperm) and female (egg) chromosome unite

4. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development b) 36 hours-the fertilized ovum, zygote, divides into two (2); 2 cells c) 48 hours (2days) – 2 cells become 4 cells d) 72 hours (3 days) – 4 cells become a small compact ball of 16-32 cells

5. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development e) 96 hours (4 days) hollow ball of 64-128 cells
f) 4-5 days – inner cell mass (blastocyst) still free in the uterus
g) 6-7 days blastocyst attaches to the wall of uterus
h) 11-15 days blastocyst invades into uterine wall and becomes implanted in it (implantation)

6. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development In the germinal period, the differentiation of cells already begins as inner and outer layers of the organism are formed. The blastocyst, the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period, develops later into the embryo. The trophoblast, the outer layer of cells that develops also during the germinal period, later provides nutrition and support for the embryo (Nelson. Textbook of Pediatrics, 17 th ed., 2004).

7. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development 2. Embryonic Period (2-8 weeks after conception) – this stage, the name of the mass cells. Zygote, become embryo. The following developments take place:
a) cell intensifies
b) life-support systems for the embryo develop and
c) organs appear

8. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development When a fertilized egg sticks to the womb, it forms two cell layers. The inner layer turns into the digestive and breathing systems. The outer layer splits into two parts. The outermost part becomes the nerves, senses (like eyes and ears), and skin stuff like nails and hair. The middle part becomes the blood, bone, muscle, waste, and reproductive systems. This two-month process of making organs is called organogenesis .

9. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development As the baby grows, three important support systems also develop quickly. These are the placenta, umbilical cord, and amnion. The placenta is a disk of tissues where the mother’s and baby’s blood vessels are close but don’t mix. The umbilical cord, with two arteries and a vein, links the baby to the placenta. The amnion is a bag filled with clear fluid where the baby floats. These support systems all come from the fertilized egg, not the mother.

10. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development 3. Fetal period (2 months to 7 months after conception) – Growth and development continue dramatically during this period. The details of the developmental process are as follows (Santrock 2002):
a) 3 months after conception fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce; fetus has become active, moves its arms and legs, opens and closes its mouth, and moves its head; the face, forehead, eyelids, nose, chin can now be distinguished and also the upper arms, lower arms. Hands. And lower limbs; the genitals can now be identified as male or female.

11. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development b) 4 months after conception – fetus is about 6 inches long and weighs 4 to 7 ounces; growth spurt occurs in the body’s lower parts; pre-natal reflexes are stronger, mother feels arm and leg movements for the first time. C) 5 months after conception – fetus is about 12 inches long: weighs close to a pound: structures of the skin (fingernails, toenails) have formed; fetus is more active.

12. The Three Stages of Pre-natal Development d) 6 months after conception- fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs one and half pound: eyes and eyelids are completely formed; fine layer of head covers the head; grasping reflex is present and irregular movements occur e) 7 months after conception fetus is about 16 inches and weighs 3 pounds f) 8 and 9 months after conception – fetus grows longer gains substantial weight, about 4 pounds

13. Pre-natal Trimesters 1. First Trimester (Weeks 1-12):
- Conception typically occurs in the first week.
- Important developments include the formation of the neural tube, which becomes the brain and spinal cord.
- Many women experience symptoms like morning sickness, fatigue, and breast tenderness.
- The end of the first trimester marks the end of the most critical period for fetal development.

14. Pre-natal Trimesters 2. Second Trimester (Weeks 13-28): - This is often considered the most comfortable trimester. - The baby's organs continue to develop and grow. - You may feel the baby's movements, and your belly begins to show more prominently. - Many women have an anatomy ultrasound in the second trimester to check the baby's health.

15. Pre-natal Trimesters 3. Third Trimester (Weeks 29-40+): - The baby experiences a significant growth spurt. - You may experience increased discomfort, with symptoms like backache and swelling. - Braxton Hicks contractions prepare the body for labor. - The trimester culminates in labor and childbirth.

16. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development Teratology is the field that investigates the causes of congen (birth) defects. A teratogen is that which causes birth defects. It come from the Greek word “ tera ” which means “monster”.

17. Below are clusters of hazards to pre-natal development: 1. Both prescription and non-prescription drugs can be harmful. For example, antibiotics are prescription drugs that can cause harm. Diet pills, aspirin, and coffee are non-prescription drugs that can also be harmful. Remember the thalidomide tragedy in 1961? It caused birth defects. Cocaine use during pregnancy can lead to smaller babies with poor motor skills, slower information processing, and bad attention skills.

18. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development 2) Psychoactive drugs like nicotine, caffeine, and illegal drugs can harm the baby. Studies show that pregnant women who drink more caffeinated coffee are more likely to have premature and smaller babies. Heavy drinking during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), causing facial deformities, limb defects, and heart problems. These children often have lower intelligence, and some may have mental disabilities.

19. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development Fetal and neonatal deaths are higher among smoking mothers. There are also higher incidences of preterm births and lower birthweights among children with smoking mothers (Wang et al. 2000 quoted by Santrock, 2002)
On the average, maternal heroin addicts deliver smaller than average size babies with more incidence of toxemia. Premature separation of placenta, retained placenta, hemorrhaging after birth, and breech deliveries ( http://www.gale.edu/ynhu curriculum/units 1980/5/80 05.03x humley

20. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development 3) Environmental hazards – Certain factors like radiation at work, X-rays, environmental pollutants, toxic waste, and prolonged exposure to heat can be harmful. Research shows that fathers exposed to high levels of radiation at work may have children with chromosomal abnormalities. Radiation from X-rays can also harm the developing baby, especially in the early weeks of pregnancy when the woman may not know she’s pregnant yet.

21. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development Researchers have found that toxic wastes like carbon monoxide, mercury, and lead can cause defects in animals exposed to high doses. For example, early exposure to lead can impact the mental development of children ( Markowits , 2000 cited by Santrock, 2002). Remember the incident with children’s toys containing high levels of lead that were manufactured in China? It raised concerns in the USA.
Prolonged exposure of pregnant mothers to saunas or hot tubs can raise their body temperature, leading to fever that can endanger the fetus. The high temperature from fever can interfere with cell division and potentially cause birth defects or fetal death if the fever occurs repeatedly for extended periods of time (Santrock, 2002).

22. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development 4.) Other maternal factors such as Rubella (German Measles). Syphilis, genital herpes, AIDS. Nutrition, high anxiety and stress, age, (too early or too late, beyond 30.
A rubella (German measles) in 1964-65 resulted in 30,000 pre-natal and neonatal (newborn) deaths and more than 20,000 affected infants were born with malformations, including mental retardation, blindness, deafness and heart problems (Santrock, 2002).

23. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development Syphilis damages organs after they have formed. These damages include eye lesions, which can cause blindness, and skin lesions. When syphilis is present at birth. Other problems involving the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, ca develop. About one-third of babies delivered through a herpes-infected birth die: another one-fourth become brain-damaged.
Canal A mother can infect her child in three ways: 1) during gestation across the placenta, 2) during delivery through contact with maternal blood or fluids, and 3) postpartum (after birth) through breast-feeding

24. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy can lead to inadequate growth in the fetus. Insufficient nourishment can seriously hinder the rate of cell division, resulting in a significant reduction in brain cells. In extreme cases of deprivation, the fetus may have 20% fewer brain cells than normal. If malnutrition persists from the prenatal stage to infancy, the brain size of the child may be as much as 60% smaller than that of a normal child ( Vore David, 1973). More research is needed to further investigate the effects of emotional states and stress on fetal development for conclusive findings.

25. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development Folic acid is crucial for pregnant mothers as it can reduce the risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, which can cause paralysis and mental retardation (source: CDC). Maternal age also plays a role in the risks of numerical chromosomal abnormalities, with the mortality rate of infants born to adolescent mothers being double compared to those born to mothers in their twenties (source: Wikipedia). The risk of having a baby with Down syndrome increases with maternal age, with the probability being slightly over 1 in 100 by age 40 and almost 1 in 10 by age 50 (source: Santrock).

26. Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development 5.) Paternal factors Fathers’ exposure to lead, radiation certain pesticides and petrochemicals may cause abnormalities in sperm that lead to miscarriage or diseases such as childhood cancer.
As in the case of older mothers, older fathers also may place their offspring at risk for certain defects. (Santrock. 2002).

27. Assessment Enumeration 1-3 Give me the three stages in Pre-natal Development 4-6 Give me the three Pre-natal Trimesters 7-10 Give 3 examples of Teratology Hazards to Pre-natal Development

28. THANK YOU 😊❣️