Cancer Immunology

Presented By: ASNAD KHAN
To give AKNOWLEDGMENT about cancer and Its treatment..

1. CANCER IMMUNOLOGY PREPARED BY: SUBMITEED TO: ASNAD KHAN(19) MADAM KALSOOM

2. DEFINITION Branch of biology that is concerned with understanding the role of immune system in the progressions and development of cancer. ASNAD KHAN

3. WHAT IS CANCER? ORIGIN: The origin of the word “cancer”is credited tothe great physician Hippocrates (460-370BC) who is considerd as the “Father of medicines”. MEANING: The word“cancer”is derived from“ carcinos ”and“ carcinoma ”which means non ulcer forming cells and ulcer forming cells. ASNAD KHAN

4. DEFINITION It is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with te ability to invade or spread in other parts of bod y. Cancer is uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in the body. These abnormal cells are called cancer cells. ASNAD KHAN

5. EXPLANATION: In our body each and every cell have the a specific job to perform. Normal cell divide in our orderly way.They die when they are worn out or damaged and new cell take their place. Insted of this in cancer the cell start to grow abnormally or out of control. The cancerous cell keep on growing and make new cells. ASNAD KHAN

6. CONTINUED... They crowd out the normal cells and cause problem in part of body where cancer started. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of body. E.g: Cancer cell in the lungs can travel to the bones and grow there . ASNAD KHAN

7. METASTASIS When cancer cells spreads from one place to another (e.g organs, tissues etc) throughout the body.This spreading is called metastasis. Metastasis is reponsible for 90% of deaths caused by cancer. ASNAD KHAN

8. ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM IN DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER Beside the protection against pathogen, immune system is strongly involved in cancer prevention,development and defense. ASNAD KHAN

9. CHRONIC INFLAMATION: it can cause DNA damage and lead to cancer.For example: People with chronic inflammatory “ Bowel disease ” such as “ ulcerative colitis ” have an increased risk of colon cancer . ASNAD KHAN

10. 2.CHEMOKINES AND CYTOKINES: Certain soluble molecules such as chemokines and cytkines play role in development of cancer through the suppressions of immune system . KINASE ENZYME: When cancer cells organize into saturated tumor.The tumor mass become more complex that consist of not only tumor cell but other cells i.e epithelial & immune cells. ASNAD KHAN

11. To form this complex kinase act as glue and form this complex. Molecular weight of this complex is greater so they can't degrade by immune cells easily. ASNAD KHAN

12. HOW DOES IMMUNE SYSTEM FIGHT AGAINST CANCER: KILLER T CELLS: Killer T cells attack cancer cells. Killer T cells recognize the cancer cells using specific marker present on the surface of T cells. The killer T cells release toxins that kill cancerous cells i.e a)Perforin b)Granzyme ASNAD KHAN

13. a) PERFORIN A pore forming cytolytic protien found in Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. Perforin binds to the cell membrane of the target cells (cancerous cells). And after binding perforin create holes in the membrane of cancerous cells. ASNAD KHAN

14. MECHANISM ASNAD KHAN

15. b) GRANZYME Granzymes are cell death inducing enzymes stored in the cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T-Cells. It enters cancer cells to activate programme cell death. The cancer cells are break down into pieces and then elimanated from body. ASNAD KHAN

16. TRETMENT OF CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPHY: It is a treatment that uses our own immune system to help fight against cancer. Nowadays immunotheraphy drugs are designed to expose cancerous cellsto immume cells. Some other boost up immune system to work better against cancer. ASNAD KHAN

17. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPHY: ASNAD KHAN CYTOKINES VACCINES TYPES

18. TYPES OF IMMUNOTHERAPHY: 1. CYTOKINES: Protien molecule that helps to regulate and direct immune system. E.g Kidney (IL-2, IFN-alpha) Melanoma (IL-2, IFN-alpha) Hairy cell leukemia (IFN-alpha ASNAD KHAN

19. 2. VACCINES: Which are used to both treated and prevent cancer . E.g Sipuleucel-T, a cancer vaccine designed to treat prostate cancer. ASNAD KHAN

20. IMMUNOTHERAPHY CAN BE GIVEN IN NO.OF WAYS: ASNAD KHAN

21. IMMUNOTHERAPHY CAN BE GIVEN IN NO.OF WAYS: 1.INTRAVENOUSLY: It can be deliver directly into vein. 2.ORALLY: Deliver through pills that can be swallowed. 3.TOPICALLY: A cream that can be rubbed onto skin (only in early stages in skin cancer) . ASNAD KHAN

22. ASNAD KHAN T H A N K S