Cancer.ppt

Here i have disscussed about the prevention and cure of the disease

1. Contents… Introduction Problem statement In India Cancer pattern Environmental factors genetic factors Cancer control Breast cancer Cervical cancer

2. Cancer may regarded as a group of diseases characterized by an Abnormal growth of cells Ability to invade tissue and even distant organs The eventually death of the affected patient if the tumor has progressed beyond the stage when it can be successfully removed Introduction

3. Major categories of cancer are Carcinoma Arises from the epithelial cells lining the internal surface of various organs (e.g. mouth, oesophagus , uterus) Sarcoma Arises from the mesodermal cells constituting the various connective tissues (e.g. fibrous tissue, bone) Lymphoma, my eloma and leukemia Arising from the cells of the bone marrow and immune system

4. Worldwide Every year 10 million people are diagnosed and more then 6 million die 22.4 million peoples were li ving with cancer in 2000 Most common cancer worldwide are Lungs cancer (12.3%) Breast cancer (10.4%) Colorectal cancer ( 9.4% ) Problem statement

5. Respiratory tract cancer is most common site of cancer in India, Indonesia, srilanka and Thailand Cancer of cervix is most common in India and Indonesia Cancer associated with tobacco constitute 44.6% of cancer in men and 20% in female

6. The four most common cancer in India are Male-oropharynx, esophagus, stomach and lower respiratory tract Female-breast, cervix, oropharynx and esophagus Tabaco is used widely used in India 91% cases of oropharynx is due to Tabaco use 60% cases in female are breast, cervix and ovary cancer India…

7. There are lot of international variations in the pattern of cancer which are attributed to a number of factors such as environmental factors food habit lifestyle genetic factor inadequacy in detection and reporting of cases Cancer patterns

8. Tobacco Tobacco in various forms of usage can cause cancer of lungs, larynx, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, bladder, pancreas and probably kidney Cigarette smoking is now responsible for more than 1 million death each year Alcohol Excess intake of alcohol can cause esophageal and liver cancer Beer consumption may be associated with rectal cancer Alcohol contributes about 3 % of all cancer deaths Environmental factors

9. Dietary factor Smoked fish is related to stomach cancer Dietary fiber to intestinal cancer Beef consumption to bowel cancer High fat diet to breast cancer Food additives and contaminants have fallen under suspicion as causative agents

10. Occupational exposures These includes exposure to benzene, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, vinyl chloride, asbestos, polycyclic hydrocarbons, etc. The risk of occupational exposure is said to be increased if the individual also smokes cigarette Occupational exposure is usually reported 1-5% of human cancer

11. Virus Hepatitis B & C - hepatocarcinoma HIV infection – kaposi’s carcinoma AIDS – non Hodgkin’s lymphoma Epstein – bar virus – Burkitts lymphoma and naso – pharyngial carcinoma Cytomegalovirus – Kaposi’s Sa Pappiloma virus – cervix cancer Human T cell leukemia virus – T cell leukemia

12. Parasite May be a cause of cancer Schistosomiasis can produce Ca of bladder Customs, habits and life style May be associated with an increased risk of cancer Smoking and lung cancer Tobacco and beetle chewing and oral cancer

13. Others Sunlight, radiation, water and air pollution, medication and pesticides These are related to cancer as environmental factors

14. Genetic influences have long been suspected Retinoblastoma occurs in children of the same parent Mongols are more likely to develop leukemia There is probably a complex relationship between hereditary susceptibility and environmental carcinogenic stimuli in the causation of cancer Genetic factors

15. It consists of prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment, after care and rehabilitation, reducing incidence and prevalence Primary control Reducing the exposure to the risk factors Control of Tabaco and alcohol consumption Control of these two will reduce the total burden of cancer by 1 million cases per year Cancer control

16. Personal hygiene Improvement in hygiene may decline the incidence of certain types of cancers Radiation Effort should be made to reduce the amount of radiation received by each individuals to a minimum without reducing the benefits Occupational Exposure Should protect workers from exposure to industrial carcinogens

17. Food, drugs, and cosmetics Should be tested for carcinogens Air pollutions Control of air pollution is a preventive measure Treatment of pre cancerous lesions Early detection and prompt treatment of precanerous lesions Legislation It comes under primary prevention

18. Cancer Education Should be directed in high risk groups To motivate people for early diagnosis and treatment Remind early warning symptoms A lump or hard area in the breast A change in a wart or mole A persistent change in digestive and bowel habits A persistent cough or hoarseness Excessive loss of blood at the monthly period or loss of blood outside the usual dates Blood loss from any natural orifice A swelling or sore that does not get better Unexplained loss of weight

19. Cancer registration Hospital-based registries Population based registries Early detection of cases Treatment Secondary Prevention

20. Breast cancer

21. Commonest cause of death in middle aged women Causes 5,19,000 deaths a year worldwide About 9 lakh women are diagnosed every year Mortality rates have increased during the past 60 years in all countries

22. Age Uncommon below the age of 35 Incidence increased rapidly between ages of 35 and 50 There is a dip in incidence at the time of menopause A secondary rise in frequency occurs after the age of 65 Women who developed their first breast cancer under the age of 40 have 3 times the risk of developing a second breast cancer Mean age of occurrence in Indian women is 42 Risk factors

23. Family history High in those with positive history in their family Esp. if mother or sister has developed breast cancer when premenopausal Parity Related to age at which women bear their first child Those who had their first child in the late thirties are at a higher risk than multiparous women Unmarried women tend to have more breast tumors than married Single women and nulliparous women have the same risk

24. Age at menarche and menopause Early menarche and late menopause are risk factors Risk is reduced for those with surgically induced menopause Forty or more years of menstruation doubles the risk of breast cancer as compared with 30 years

25. Hormonal factor Elevated levels of estrogen and progesteron are important factor in increasing breast cancer risk Prior breast biopsy Prior breast biopsy for beningn breast diseases is associated with increased risk of breast cancer Diet Breast cancer can be linked with high fat diet and obesity

26. Socio-economic status It is higher in socio-economic groups Age factor Other Radiation Women exposed to radiation may develop breast cancer Oral contraceptic pills Prolonged use of pills before first pregnancy and before the age of 25yrs can cause breast cancer

27. Primary Prevention Aim should be towards elimination of risk factors Promotion of cancer education Increase the average of menarche by reducing childhood obesity and increased stannous physical activities Or decrease the frequency of ovulation by increased stannous physical activities Prevention

28. Secondary Prevention Screening leads to early diagnosis which influences treatment To detect recurrence as early as possible To detect cancer in opposite breast at an early stage To generate research data that might be usefull

29. Cancer Of The Cervix

30. Second most common disease in women 5,24,000 estimated new cases in in 1995 Most common in developing countries Which accounts around 80% of cases Cases and death rates are declined markedly in the last 40 yrs due to reduction of the risk factors and extensive screening programs

31. The disease (a progressive course) Normal epithelium Dysplasia Cancer in situ (persists for 8yrs) Invasive cancer Natural History

32. Causative agnt Human papiloma virus-sexually transmitted-cancer This virus is found in more then 95% of the cancers

33. Age- Affects relatively young women Age of 25-45 yrs has increased incidence Genital warts Past or present occurrence of clinical genital warts has been found to be a important risk factor Early marriage Early marriage, early coitus, early childbearing and repeated childbirth have increased risk Risk Factor

34. Oral contraceptive pills Using of pills can cause cancer of cervix It is because of high level of estrogen Socio-economic class More common in lower socio-economic groups It is because of poor genital hygiene

35. Primary Prevention Personal hygiene and birth control Secondary Prevention Early detect of cases through screening Treatment by radical surgery and radiotheropy It is difficult to cure once the symptoms are develop Prevention

36. Thank you…