Cancer_PPT.pptx presentation of oral, breast cancer

Cancer_PPT.pptx presentation of oral, breast cancer

1. Cancer (Malignant Neoplasms)

2. Introduction Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Accounts for about 10 million deaths globally (WHO, 2020). In India, cancer ranks as the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases.

3. Definition Cancer: Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. The term 'neoplasm' means 'new growth'. May invade nearby tissues and metastasize to distant organs.

4. Magnitude of the Problem Globally: ~19 million new cases annually. In India (ICMR data): 1.5–2 million cases at any point, 1 million new cases each year. Common cancers in India: Men: Lung, mouth, esophagus, stomach, prostate Women: Breast, cervix, ovary, gall bladder

5. Epidemiological Triad of Cancer 1. Agent factors: Chemical, physical, biological agents 2. Host factors: Age, sex, heredity, hormones, immunity 3. Environmental factors: Lifestyle, diet, occupation, pollution

6. Agent Factors Chemical: Tobacco, alcohol, aflatoxins, dyes Physical: Radiation (UV, ionizing) Biological: Oncogenic viruses (HPV, Hepatitis B/C, EBV)

7. Host Factors Age: Risk increases with age Sex: Some cancers are sex-specific Heredity: Genetic predisposition Hormones: Estrogen, androgen Immunity: Immunosuppression increases risk

8. Environmental & Lifestyle Factors Diet: High fat, low fiber Tobacco: Leading cause of oral and lung cancers Alcohol: Linked to liver, mouth, esophagus cancers Occupational exposure: Asbestos, benzene

9. Common Cancers in India Men: Oral cavity, lung, esophagus, stomach Women: Breast, cervix, ovary, gall bladder Both: Colorectal, liver, leukemia

10. Pathogenesis 1. Initiation: Genetic mutation 2. Promotion: Reversible proliferation 3. Progression: Irreversible, invasive, metastatic cancer

11. Stages of Cancer Stage I: Localized Stage II: Local invasion Stage III: Regional spread Stage IV: Distant metastasis

12. Clinical Features Unexplained weight loss Fatigue, appetite loss Persistent cough, bowel/bladder changes Non-healing ulcer, abnormal bleeding

13. Diagnosis Screening: Pap smear, mammography, PSA, colonoscopy Confirmatory: Biopsy Imaging: CT, MRI, PET scan

14. Screening & Early Detection Breast: Self-exam, mammography (>40 yrs) Cervical: Pap smear (30–65 yrs, every 3 yrs) Oral: Visual inspection Colorectal: FOBT, colonoscopy

15. Levels of Prevention Primordial: Health education, anti-tobacco laws Primary: Avoid risk factors, HPV vaccination Secondary: Screening, early diagnosis Tertiary: Treatment, rehab

16. Primary Prevention Tobacco control (COTPA 2003) Balanced diet, exercise Avoid alcohol, obesity Vaccines: HPV, Hepatitis B Occupational safety

17. Secondary Prevention Periodic screening programs Health education on self-examination Early treatment to prevent metastasis

18. Tertiary Prevention Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy Palliative care, counseling Rehabilitation and reintegration

19. Cancer Control Program in India National Cancer Control Programme (1975) Integrated into NPCDCS Focus: Prevention, detection, treatment, palliative care

20. WHO Steps for Cancer Control 1. Surveillance and research 2. Prevention of risk factors 3. Early detection 4. Effective treatment 5. Palliative care

21. Role of Health Workers & Nurses Education and awareness Screening camps Vaccination (HPV, Hepatitis B) Supportive and palliative care Counseling

22. Example – Tobacco-Related Cancers India: 270 million tobacco users Causes 30% of cancers (oral, lung, esophagus) Example: 'No Tobacco Day – 31 May'

23. Recent Trends Rising breast and colorectal cancers Decline in cervical due to screening Better survival from improved therapies

24. Summary Cancer = uncontrolled growth & metastasis Major modifiable risks: tobacco, diet, inactivity Prevention, early detection, rehab are key Programs play vital roles

25. Conclusion Cancer is preventable and curable if detected early. Focus on awareness, screening, and healthy lifestyle. Multisectoral approach ensures effective control.