Canine Distemper in Pet Animals_Complete Review.pptx

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ادوية علاج الدواجن من المضادات الحيوية ومستخلصات الأعشاب
Poultry medications (antibiotics and herbal extracts)
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امراض الدواجن البكتيرية والفيروسية واساسات التحصينات ومناعة الطيور
Poultry diseases, vaccination, and immunity
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كورسات التنمية البشرية
Soft skills courses
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أمراض وأدوية المجترات
Ruminant Medical and Nutritional Topics
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أمراض وأدوية الحيوانات الأليفة
Pet Animals Medical and Nutritional Topics
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1. Canine Distemper

2. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

3. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

4. The disease was first reported in Spain (1761) and from there is believed to spread across the world. Edward Jenner was the first person to mention the disease name “canine distemper” and Carre first studied its etiological agent in 1905 Introduction

5. Canine distemper is an acute, highly infectious viral disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV). CD is common in young unvaccinated dogs, usually in their first year of life, but many cases are also seen in adults. Once a dog is infected, the virus quickly spreads throughout the entire body and significantly weakens the immune system, leaving them susceptible to secondary infections. Infected dogs become contagious to other dogs several days before they show any signs of illness, which can vary from less than a week up to six weeks. Even mildly affected dogs can look well but shed significant amounts of the virus. Introduction

6. It is the most important worldwide disease of domestic dogs. Its fatality rate is second only to that of rabies affect carnivores and domestic dogs of any age. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), “distemper is often fatal, and dogs that survive usually have permanent, irreparable nervous system damage.” Importance

7. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

8. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is enveloped negative-RNA virus, which is relatively large (150–250 nm) single-stranded RNA virus. CDV was first isolated in 1905. It is a highly contagious viral pathogen causing lethal disease in both domestic and wild, land and sea-living animals CDV is classified in the; Genus: Morbillivirus genus Family: Paramyxoviridae . Etiology

9. Morbilivirus genus includes; Canine distemper virus (CDV) Measles virus (MeV) Rinderpest virus (RPV) Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) Phocine distemper virus (PDV) Cetacean morbillivirus ( CeMV ) Feline morbillivirus ( FeMV ) Cont. …

10. The virus is fragile and extremely susceptible to; Ultraviolet light Heat Desiccation Disinfectants such as formaldehyde, phenolic compounds, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Although usually short-lived in the environment, the virus can survive for; 48 hours at 25° 14 days at 5° Cont. …

11. The genome comprises of; Six structural proteins; Nucleocapsid protein (N) Phosphoprotein (P) Matrix protein (M) Fusion protein (F) Haemagglutinin protein (H) Large protein (L) Non-structural protein (C) is encoded from the gene sequence of P protein byan overlapping open reading frame Cont. …

12. The H protein of the virus is immunodominant and is responsible for interacting with host cellular receptors; SLAM (Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule): is the entry receptor for the virus Nectin-4: is responsible for cell-to-cell spread within the host. The H protein possesses a high percentage of mutations which undergoes positive selection to adapt to its new host. It is considered to be main force behind virus affinity towards different cells and acquiring the ability to infect a new host. SLAM receptor possesses mutations at several amino acid residues among the different hosts. The 76 th amino acid position of the SLAM receptor plays a key role in host cell recognition and virus binding. The Histidine residues at 28 th position of N-terminal of SLAM receptors of Macaca are responsible for the stable interaction with H protein of CDV. H Protein & SLAM Receptor

13. After the 1990s, different genetic lineages of MeV, RPV, PPRV, and CDV were identified, which are now one of the criteria for characterizing viral isolates based on their geographic origin. By 2019, there are 18 genetic lineages were reported based on H protein sequence identity (more than 95%); America 1 to America 5 Asia 1 to Asia 4 Europe/ South America 1 South America 2 and 3 Europe wildlife Arctic Rockborn -like: it was found to possess the residual virulence causing post vaccination encephalitis, therefore its use as vaccine strain was withdrawn in the mid-1990s. Africa 1 and Africa 2 India-1/Asia-5 CDV Strains

14. Vaccines are the most important component of a viral disease control programs, CDV strains used for vaccination are; Formalin-inactivated virus vaccine strains They were used earlier to provide active immunity to dogs. They induce less antibody titre and is found to be less efficacious. They are best used in susceptible wildlife species. The cell-culture attenuated strains – Live vaccines Ferret-passaged and egg-based vaccines of CDV have also been used for vaccination. They are: Ondersteepoort , Synder Hill, Lederle , Convac , and Rockborn are widely used. These vaccine strains provide effective immunity up to 4.4 years in dogs. Recombinant vaccine stratins Canarypoxvirus and Equine Herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) viral vector-based CDV vaccines are also found to protect dogs as well as wildlife species. Cont. …

15. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

16. The most common source of infection is direct contact between the susceptible dog and infected dogs. The major mode of CDV transmission is through; Aerosolization of respiratory exudate containing the virus. Other body excretions and secretions (e.g., urine) can result in infection. Transplacental infection has been documented in domestic dogs. Incubation period ranges from about 1 weeks to 1 month. Viral shedding may follow infection for 60–90 days. Infected animals should be quarantined from other animals for several months due to the possibility of prolonged viral shedding during this time. Transmission

17. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

18. The virus usually enters via the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract, multiplies in macrophages and spreads to tonsils and regional lymph nodes, where viral replication can occur within 2 to 4 days post-infection. Within a week, CDV proliferates in lymphoid organs such as the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Kupffer’s cells in the liver, and the lamina propria of the stomach and small intestine. Fever and leucopenia are associated with viral spread due to loss of T and B cells. Eventually, virus spreads to epithelial cells throughout the body. Pathogenesis

19. Animals with adequate immunity; They show clinical signs They are able to clear the virus from most tissues within 3 weeks. Possible exceptions might include the CNS, lung, and skin where the virus can be shed for several months. Animals with inadequate immunity; They show severe clinical disease at 2-3 weeks Death by 3-4 weeks. Dogs that recover can shed virus for 2-3 months. Cont. …

20. The pathogenesis within 9–14 days depends on the humoral and cell-mediated host immune response. Dogs with the neurologic disease may develop hyperkeratosis (thickening) of the footpads and nose as a result of epithelial damage caused by the virus. This manifestation in dogs gave rise to the term “hardpad disease” as an alternative common name for canine distemper. Death percent is; Adult dogs: less than 50% Puppies: about 80% Cont. …

21. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

22. Clinical signs of CDV infection are modulated by; Viral virulence Environmental conditions Host immunity Generally, the symptoms associated with distemper in dogs are classified into two stages; Stage one Stage two Clinical signs

23. The symptoms associated with distemper in dogs during the first stages of infection are: Fever 3-6 days after infection Clear nasal discharge Purulent eye discharge Lethargy Anorexia Coughing Vomiting Diarrhea Pustular dermatitis (rarely) Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord Stage One:

24. If a dog infected with distemper survives the acute stage of the illness, he may also develop hyperkeratosis of the paw pads and nose, which gives distemper the nickname “hard pad disease” This distemper symptom causes the pads of a dog’s feet to harden and enlarge and is uncomfortable. Cont. …

25. One of the other risks associated with distemper in dogs is a secondary bacterial infection, due to compromised immune system, which causes respiratory and GI symptoms, including: Vomiting Diarrhea Difficulty breathing Change in respiratory rate Pneumonia Cont. …

26. Some dogs develop neurological signs as the disease progresses and attacks the central nervous system. Neurologic manifestation may occur 1–3 week after recovery from acute generalized infection. They may occur in dogs of any age that had no or mild systemic signs and may manifest as chronic progressive neurologic dysfunction in older dogs (usually over 6 years of age). Stage Two:

27. Neurologic manifestation depend on viral distribution in the CNS and may include; Hyperesthesia Cervical rigidity Cerebellar and vestibular signs Paraparesis ortetraparesis with sensory ataxia Head tilt Circling Partial or full paralysis Seizures Nystagmus (repetitive eye movements) Muscle twitching Convulsions with increased salivation and chewing motions Cont. …

28. Puppies with distemper develop; Pneumonia Conjunctivitis Rhinitis Tracheitis The lungs are typically edematous Microscopically there is; Broncho-interstitial pneumonia with necrosis of the epithelium lining the small airways Thickening of the alveolar walls Cont. …

29. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

30. Lesions of CDV infection are similar in nondomestic carnivores and in domestic dogs. The most significant gross lesions are; Pneumonia Depletion of lymphopoietic organs Hyperkeratosis of the nose, foot pads, and eyelids. In uncomplicated CDV infection, the only consistent pathologic finding is thymic atrophy. Postmortem Finding

31. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

32. Physical Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Diagnosis

33. In non-vaccinated domestic dogs, acute CD infection is often diagnosed by; History Clinical signs 1- Physical Diagnosis

34. Laboratory tests are necessary for a definitive diagnosis and to exclude other diseases with similar clinical manifestations; RT-PCR Antibody detection tests Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays (ELISA) Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) Blood analysis may show; Absolute lymphopenia Regenerative anemia Decreased albumin Increased α-and γ- globulin concentrations 2- Laboratory Findings

35. Central spinal fluid (CSF) may show; Increased protein (˃25 mg/dl) and cell count (˃10 cells/ml with a predominance of lymphocytes) Increased pressure associated with inflammation. Increased anti-CDV antibody in the CSF is definitive evidence of neurologic CDV infection. Cont. …

36. The clinical signs of CD are similar to other viral diseases; Canine parvovirus (CPV) Canine coronavirus ( CCoV ) Canine adenovirus (CAV) Rabies virus Influenza virus Differential Diagnosis

37. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

38. There is no specific treatment for CD, but symptomatic and supportive aim to; Limiting secondary bacterial invasion Supporting fluid balance Controlling neurologic manifestations Supportive treatment include; Parenteral nutrition Balanced electrolyte solutions Supportive treatment include; Broad-spectrum antibiotics Antipyretics Analgesics Anticonvulsants Treatment

39. Introduction Etiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs PM Findings Diagnosis Treatment Prevention and control

40. Canine distemper is best prevented by vaccination. A number of vaccines against canine distemper are available for dogs and other domestic and nondomestic animals. Type of vaccine Commercially available vaccines containing the modified live virus (MLV). These viruses are attenuated by serial passage in tissue culture. Role of maternal immunity Successful immunization of pups with MLV depends on the lack of maternal antibody interference. To attempt to overcome this issue, pups are vaccinated with MLV vaccine at 6 weeks old and at 3- to 4-week intervals until 16 weeks old. Prevention and Control

41. Vaccination program 6 weeks age: 1 st dose – to over come maternal immunity, may be replace by MLV measles vaccine 12 weeks age : 2 nd dose 16 weeks age : 3 rd dose Repeated annually MLV vaccines should not be administered in late-pregnancy or early-lactation bitches. Cont. …

42. Measles and canine distemper viruses are very closely related morbilliviruses; their fusion proteins are almost identical. As a result, an attenuated measles vaccine has been used for many years to provide early protection of puppies against distemper. The differences between the HA antigens of these viruses are such that maternal antibodies against distemper virus cannot completely neutralize the measles vaccine. As a result, measles vaccine may be administered somewhat earlier than distemper vaccine to effectively immunize puppies. FYI - The Use of Measles MLV

43. MLV vaccines can produce disease in; Some immunosuppressed dogs. Nondomestic species, because they are more susceptible to CDV than dogs. A recombinant canarypoxvirus -vectored vaccine is now available that is safe, does not contain live virus, and cannot cause distemper. FYI

44. There are currently 50 licensed distemper vaccines available in the United States; however, only one of these is directed against canine distemper virus alone. Distemper vaccine is usually combined with those against canine adenovirus 2, canine parvovirus, and canine parainfluenza. These combinations may also contain coronavirus, leptospirosis, and Borrelia vaccines. Commercially Available Vaccines

45. Three different types of vaccine are available; Inactivated CDV vaccines Modified live virus vaccines A canarypox vectored recombinant vaccine Cont. …

46. Three different types of vaccine are available; Inactivated CDV vaccines They give inferior protection and are best used in susceptible wildlife species. Modified live virus vaccines A canarypox vectored recombinant vaccine Cont. …

47. Three different types of vaccine are available; Inactivated CDV vaccines Modified live virus vaccines They contain attenuated virus strains such as the Snyder Hill and Rockborn strains They are attenuated by prolonged canine cell culture, or the egg adapted. Onderstepoort strain, now adapted to tissue culture. Antigenic differences between these strains are not significant and all are protective when used appropriately. Note that the modified live virus (MLV) distemper vaccines, although safe in domestic dogs, can cause disease in related wildlife such as gray foxes and the black-footed ferret. Indeed, the black-footed ferret, a highly endangered species was nearly wiped out as a result of the inappropriate use of MLV distemper vaccines. A canarypox vectored recombinant vaccine Cont. …

48. Three different types of vaccine are available; Inactivated CDV vaccines Modified live virus vaccines A canarypox vectored recombinant vaccine It is available in some countries. The genes encoding two immunogenic CDV antigens, the hemagglutinin (HA) and fusion proteins have been inserted into an ALVAC canarypox vector. This vaccine is able to overcome some maternal immunity and appears to immunize puppies about four weeks earlier than conventional MLV vaccines. The vectored vaccine has the additional advantage that it is unable to cause post vaccinal distemper encephalitis. Onset of immunity: similar to MLV. Duration of immunity is least five years. Cont. …