Capturing-fishes-in-the-ocean-finals.pdf

Reviewer for Capture

The fishing gears in the
estuary are best classified
as

stationary or non-
stationary

Stationary fishing gears include the:

shrimp traps, tidal traps, fish
corrals, filter nets, lift nets
and barrier nets

Except barrier nets, all other stationary fishing
gears are primarily made of bamboo and
netting. The bamboo poles that serve as
framework of these stationary gears are
staked into the muddy or sandy substrate
making these gears fixed in place.

Stationary Fishing Gears

Local name of shrimp trap

Tigbacoe

Is a stationary gear operated in
shallow waters and is primarily
made of bamboo and netting.

Tigbacoe

Its main parts are the wings and codend. At
the codend area, a light source is
suspended above seawater presumably to
lure target species such as shrimps.

Tigbacoe

* Fishing operation is usually conducted by a
single person and typically starts late afternoon
when the fisher goes to his unit and lights the
kerosene lamp.
* The fisher then goes home and returns to the
tigbacoe before sunrise to haul the codend and
retrieve catch.

Fishing operation starts _______
and retrieve it ______

Late afternoon
Before sunrise

could be operated all throughout the
year. Peak season is from September to
January.

Tigbacoe

The _____ herd the fish
towards the codend.

wings

A _______ is a paired row of bamboo poles and
netting. The bamboo poles are buried
_____ into the substrate and are spaced about 1
m from each other. Its opening width is usually
around 12-15 m, length is 18-25 m and height is
3-4 m.

Taktakon
1-2 m

The ______ is the area where trapped
fish are retrieved.

codend

The codend is constructed using bamboo and
netting. Each side of the codend is
about 0.57 to 0.64 m long. The shape of the
codend is usually square, although it may
also be rectangular or round.

Fishers believe that _____ lures
shrimps and fish into the codend.

light

A tigbacoe is a ______ fishing
gear.

passive

When ______ occurs at night time and
catch is plenty, the tigbacoe fisher
may retrieve catch during _____. He
then returns early in the morning to
check for additional catch.

low tide

TIDAL TRAP
Local Name:

Taba

A ______ is a passive fishing gear
used mainly to trap shrimps and
fishes.

taba

Fish and shrimps are guided by the
wings into the playground and
eventually into the codend where they
are collected.

Fishing operation is dependent on
the tidal cycle. The codend is
hauled about ____ before ____

1 hour before low
tide.

A taba could be functional up to more
than 10 years if properly maintained
and is not completely damaged by a
typhoon. Maintenance includes repair
and cleaning.

The ______ opening faces the water
current during ebb tide. This allows the
____ to guide the fish towards the
playground.

wing

The wings are made of bamboo poles and
netting. The bamboo poles are buried 1-2m
into the substrate and are spaced about 1 m
from each other. Its opening width is usually
around 80 m and length of each side of the
wing is about 100 m.

The _______ functions as a temporary
holding area of fish after being led by the
wings.

Playground (tambahan)

The _______ has a 4-m opening at the end
of the taktakon. This section is
heartshaped and is about 20 m long at the
side.

playground

The inner chamber of the
tidal trap reduces chances of
fish escape.

Second Chamber

The _____ has a small opening at the end of
the tambahan. It has the same shape as
the playground, although much smaller in
scale.

ligaw

The ______ is the area where
trapped fish are retrieved.

codend

Each side of the _____ is about 4 to 5 m long.
The shape of the _____ is usually square. Atop
the _______, a platform made of bamboo is
constructed to allow fisher to perform setting
and hauling of net.

codend

Peak Season

Sep to Feb

Lean Season

March to August

Number of fishers

Usually one person,
sometimes two

Time codend is hauled

About an hour before
low tide

A ______ is a passive fishing gear that relies on
water current in catching fish. The gear has a pair
of wings that lead fish into the playground and
eventually to the codend. The _____ fisher hauls
the codend about an hour before low tide

taba

FISH CORRAL
Local Name: Taba

A ________ is a stationary fishing gear that is
primarily made of bamboo and netting panels.
It has three to five sections. Simple designs
have a leader net, a playground, and a
codend. Bigger versions may have two or more
additional chambers.

fish corral

_______________ variants are found
nearshore while _________ are usually
located in the deeper part of the estuary.

Small fish corral variants are found
nearshore while large variants are
usually located in the deeper part of the
estuary.

Fishing is tide dependent. A fish corral targets fish
carried by tidal currents. Dominant catch includes
shrimp, crabs, rabbitfishes, mullets, milkfish and
other fish.
Because the use of the gear is tide-dependent,
time of fishing operation varies according to the
time of flood and/or ebb tide

The ______ guides fish towards the
playground.

leader net

The leader net is about 70-100 m long. Bamboo posts
are buried about 1 m into the substrate at an interval
of about 1 m. The netting is attached to the bamboo
posts using PE twine (locally called ____) that has a 1-
mm diameter. To keep the bottom part of the net fixed
in place, bamboo pegs are used to tack the lower end
of the net into the substrate. The pegs are spaced
about 0.5 m apart.

plehe

The __________ traps fish that
have been guided by the leader
net.

Playground or
tambahan

The ________ is constructed at the
seaward side of the leader net. The
materials and construction are
essentially similar all throughout the
gear. The _______ has an area that
ranges from 200 to 400 sq. m.

playground

The ___________, if present, are
additional enclosures that further
reduce the chance of fish escape.
These chambers lead to the codend.

second and third
chambers
Second Chamber (Palibod or
Tambahan) and Third Chamber
(Ligaw)

The additional chambers decrease in area
until the codend. The ______ may require
about 24-30 bamboo pieces and about 15
m netting. The ________ has a smaller
enclosed area and uses about 18 bamboo
posts and 6 m netting.

tambahan
ligaw

The area where trapped
fish are retrieved.

Codend (Bunu-an)

The entrance to the codend is about 9 cm wide.
Fish corrals in the estuary are tide dependent.
These units may have two codends located at
opposite ends of the playground. One codend is
retrieved during high tide while the other is hauled
during low tide. A taba that is constructed in
deeper waters usually has a single codend,
located at the deeper waters.

Number of fishers

Usually one person,
sometimes two

Time fisher hauls net
and catch

before low tide

The fisher may use a _____ when
retrieving catch

scoop net

If the weather permits, taba fishing may be
conducted at least 22-23 days in a month. Because
the gear is tide-dependent, there is no operation for
4 days each during the first and third quarter phase
of the moon. During these neap tide periods, water
movement in the estuary is slow resulting to
minimal fish transport by tidal currents.

In a taba fishing operation, fish is retrieved at
the codend section. When hauling, the
fisher closes the entrance of the ligaw and
bunu-an. Both the ligaw and bunu-an can
be closed by pulling PE twines from the
respective openings.

_______ is a stationary fishing gear that is
primarily made of post and netting
panels that form a conical bag.

filter net

The mouth of the _______is set facing the
current flow. At the farthest end of
the net bag is the codend where fish is
trapped and ultimately caught.

filter net

there are two types of filter nets according to
design –

the winged type (locally called
saluran) and
the non-winged type (locally called
tangab).

4. Success of fishing operation is highly dependent on
tidal cycles.
5. Because the use of the gear is tide-dependent, time
of fishing operation varies according to tidal cycles.
6. In New Washington-Batan estuaries, hauling of filter
net codend is performed during ebb tide.

A filter net targets species that are carried
by tidal currents. Dominant catch
includes shrimps, sergestid shrimps,
crabs, fish and other invertebrates.

Peak Season

Oct-Dec; Apr-May

Lean Season

Jun-Aug; Feb-Mar

In the estuary, the filter net is set during high tide with
the mouth of the net facing the current flow. The net
bag is opened by dropping a pair of anchors that are
individually attached to a used tire which in turn is
attached to the bamboo post. When the anchors are
dropped, the used tires pull down the attached net,
thereby stretching the net mouth open. The upper
corners of the net mouth are tied to the bamboo poles
for proper vertical and horizontal alignment.

A _______ is a bamboo pole (indicated by
arrows) that is used to push the footrope into
the muddy or sandy substrate to properly
open net mouth

sundong

A filter net is retrieved about an
hour before the ______

low tide

FILTER NET WITH WINGS
Local Name: Saluran

A saluran net mouth preceded by a paired
row of bamboos that serve as wings. The net is
attached to the main bamboo posts, locally
called _________.

tularok

The bamboo poles serve as attachment area to
keep the mouth of the net open.
The pair of wings provide additional stability of
the structure. In addition, the ______ allow the
construction of a platform above the water
surface where the fisherman performs fishing
operations.

wings

Each _____ may have about 8-25 bamboo
poles that are arranged almost like a
letter “V” . The interval between each
bamboo may be from 0.3 to 1 m.

wings

The ___________ are the poles where the
net mouth is attached.

main posts (tularok)

The ________ allows the entry of fish,
shrimps, crabs, and other organisms
carried by the tidal current into the net. It
is imperative that this part of the net is
wide open. Otherwise, fish cannot enter
the net and fishing operation would not
be successful.

Mouth of the Net
(Baba-an)

The mouth of the filter net is framed by a
headline, groundline and skirtlines. It
usually spans from the bottom (_______) to
about _____from the surface.

Seafloor
1m

To keep the net properly opened, anchors are
attached to both ends of the groundline. The two ends
of the groundline are similarly attached to used tires,
which in turn, are attached to bamboo posts. When
the anchors are dropped, the used tires, along with the
groundlines, sink with the anchors thus effectively
opening the net mouth (see picture on the left)

The ________ sieves the water
column to capture fish

net body

1. The body of the filter net assumes a conical
shape.
2. It is made of netting materials with at least
three mesh size openings.
3. The mesh opening decreases in size from the
net mouth area towards the codend.

The ______ is the part of the net
where fish is retained.

codend

The _____ is at the farthest end of the filter net.
To close the _______, a twine is used to tie the
opening. It also allows for easy opening after
fish retrieval.

codend

Filter nets are constructed in areas where there
is a presence of tidal currents. The saluran in
the Aklan estuaries are mostly located in the
New Washington area. They are present in both
deep (~9-12m) and relatively shallow (~4 m)
areas. Some units are present in the upstream
areas.

FILTER NET
Deep-water, Non-winged Type
Local Name: Tangab

A _______________, set at 10 m
depth, uses coconut trunks as
posts.

deep-water tangab

It is more costly and targets
species carried by tidal currents,
mainly penaeid and sergestid
shrimps, crabs, fish, and other
invertebrates

deep-water tangab

Sieves the water column to
capture fish.

NET BODY

A pair of trunks serve as pillars for the tangab,
keeping the net mouth open. A bamboo
bridge between the posts acts
as a platform for fishing operations

POST AND PLATFORM

LIFT NET, BAITED
(BATAK-BATAK)

it is a type of fishing net that is submerged in
water and then lifted to catch fish. The net is
often baited to attract fish and its typically used
for small-scale fishing. it’s a traditional method
that involves lowering the net into the water
and lifting it quickly to trap fish inside

LIFT NET

These nets are baited with food to
attract fish. Bait is placed inside
the net or attached to it, luring fish
into the area.

Baited Lift Nets

"Bataktal" refers to the method of fishing beside the
seashore, using simple tools and traditional
techniques. Fishermen typically operate these nets by
hand or with small boats. The nets are lowered into the
water and quickly lifted to catch the fish that have
gathered around the bait.

Bataktal Lift Nets

The main part of the net, often made
of durable materials, shaped like a
square, parallelepiped, pyramid, or
cone

Netting Panel

Provides structural support for the
netting panel. Typically made from
wood, metal, or other strong materials.

Frame

Horizontal supports attached to the frame to
maintain the net’s shape.

Crossbars

Points where different parts of the frame are
connected, offering flexibility for assembly
and disassembly.

Connecting Joints

Strong ropes or cords used to lower and raise the
net.

Lifting Cords

Help keep the net afloat in the water.

Buoys

Ensure the net sinks to the desired
depth when deployed.

Weights

Specific spots where the netting is
secured to the frame.

Attachment Points

Optional elements used to attract fish
over the net's opening.

Light or Bait

it is a type of fishing net that is submerged
in water and then lifted to catch fish. The
net is often baited to attract fish and its
typically used for small-scale fishing. its a
traditional method that involves lowering
the net into the water and lifting it quickly
to trap fish inside

BARRIER NET

Barrier net including those classified as
“_______," are a type of fishing gear used to
create a physical barrier in the water to
control the movement of fish and other
aquatic creatures. They are often used in
fish farms, reservoirs, and other bodies of
water to manage fish populations and
protect hatcheries.

sagpang

The main component of the barrier net, typically
made from durable and strong materials like
nylon or polyethylene.

Netting Material

These keep the upper edge of the net afloat,
ensuring the barrier remains vertical in the
water.

Buoys or Floats

Attached to the bottom edge, these ensure
the net sinks and stays taut underwater.

Sinkers or Weights

These are used to secure the net in place,
preventing it from drifting with the current.

Anchor Points

These ropes connect the buoys, weights, and
netting material, providing additional stability and
ensuring the net maintains its shape.

Support Ropes

These lines help to maintain the net's tension and
structure, preventing it from collapsing or folding.

Tension Lines

Visible indicators, such as flags or buoys, that mark
the position of the barrier net to ensure it is easily
identifiable.

Markers

The net's mouth allows fish, shrimp, crabs, and
other organisms to enter with tidal currents.
Keeping it wide open is crucial for a successful
catch.

NET MOUTH

The part of the net where the fish is retained.

CODEND/PUYO

FILTER NET
Shallow-water, Non-winged Type
Local Name: Tangab

A _________, set at 3–4 m depth, uses
bamboo posts and costs 3,000–7,000
pesos.

shallow-water tangab

Operated by one person, often with family
help, it relies on non-motorized boats. Its
bamboo construction makes it cheaper
and easy to relocate.

shallow-water tangab

The net's mouth allows fish, shrimp, crabs,
and other organisms to enter with tidal
currents. Keeping it wide open is crucial for a
successful catch.

NET MOUTH

Sieves the water column.

NET BODY

The part of the net where the
fish is retained.

CODEND/PUYO

A ______ is a fixed fishing gear made of bamboo
and netting panels.

lift net

Set at night, it uses light to attract fish and is
hauled with a pulley system.

LIFT NET/BINTAHAN

Operated by one person, it can be used 1–4 times
per night.

LIFT NET/BINTAHAN

It mainly catches juvenile anchovies, mullets,
sergestid shrimps, and other fish.
Construction costs range from 15,000 to 50,000
pesos, depending on depth and net size.

LIFT NET/BINTAHAN

A bintahan's framework consists of bamboo
poles buried for stability, with netting attached
at four corners. The fisher operates from the
platform, which includes a small hut for
shelter and a pulley system for net handling.

The _________ is made of PE Raschel square
knotless netting with a 4 mm mesh opening,
reinforced with PE twine as a skirtline.

bintahan net

The _________ maintains the net’s shape and
connects to the pulley system. ______ help sink
the net and keep it near the substrate.

Skirtline
Weights

A bintahan fisher uses a _________
of PE ropes attached to a bamboo pole,
operated with a bamboo lever to raise
or lower the net.

pulley system

A bintahan uses _____, typically a
pressurized or fluorescent lamp, to
attract fish over the submerged net.

light

- are passive fishing gear made of bamboo and
netting, used to catch crabs, shrimps, and fish
with bait.
- They have various entrance designs and
shapes (circular, rectangular, square). The
frame is usually bamboo, and netting is made of
bamboo or nylon.

Pots

Pot fishing uses bait like small fish, crabs, and
shells, placed in netting pouches or perforated
plastic containers. The operation depends on
bait availability and prices, which can fluctuate
due to ______________.

tidal currents

A ___________made of bamboo frame and PA
netting with single opening at the side.
- made of bamboo slats.

cylindrical panggal

A_____________ made of bamboo
and PE netting with a pair of non-
return valves at the opposite side.

rectangular-shaped
panggal

-A ______ constructed using
bamboo with a single non-
return valve at the side.

Bubo

____________ is a pasive fishing gear used mainly to
trap crabs. composed of bamboo frame and netting
material.

Crab Lift Net/Bintol

in bintol fishing operation is performed
at_______; early morning or late in the
afternoon.

high tide

-are made of nylon mesh and reinforced with
twine.
- vary in design, placement (surface or bottom),
and mobility (fixed or drifting) depending on the
target fish.
- Fishing times vary (day or night).
- Soaking times range from one hour to overnight.

Gillnets

In gillnets some fishers use a "_________"
technique, striking the water to startle fish.

pomanti sibot

Occurs in shallow water using a net spanning
the entire water depth.
Fishers in a small boat encircle areas where
fish gather.
One fishers create noise to scare fish into the
net.
Process takes15-20 minutes

Encircling Gillnet

Involves two people: one setting the net
anchored to the bottom before sunset while the
other rows the boat.
Process takes 10-15 minutes.
Net is soaks overnight, and the fiher retrieved in
the next day, removing crabs and preventing
tangling.

Crab Entangled Gillnet

Used in the late afternoon by two people: one set
the net and the other rows.
The net is released as the boat moves, taking 10-15
minutes.
after soaking overnight, fishers retrieves the net the
next day, remove any catch.

Bottom-set Gillnet/
Pantihan Palugdag

Used in strong currents, this net is set and hauled
manually to catch bottom-dwelling species like
shrimp and crabs.

Trammel net

types of trammel net
-Set in 5-10 deep water during flood tide and lift to drift
for aboutr an hour. The whole fishing operation can
last 4-6 hours.
- Drifting _________for penaeid shrimps,

Pakalot

types of trammel net
- Set during high tide to avoid boat damage, it is
retrieved after 4-6 hours.
- Anchored _______ for rabbitfishes, spotted scats,
and slipmouths.

Palubog

A___________ uses a scareline to herd fish into
a net.
Primary target species is gobies, but crabs,
slipmouth, and shrimps are also caught.

drive-in net ( ugnat )

Ugnat fishing occurs during the day at low
tide.
- The proces involves setting up a triangular
net with _____________ and using a ________
to herd fish into the net.

bamboo posts
scareline

drags the substrate and
herd fish into the waiting
net.

Scareline

_______ is a type of drive-in net fishing
primarily targetting mullets.

Sigbi

Process of Sigbi:
- scareline: PE rope with coconut fiber attached at
1m intervals.
the net is held in place by 2-3 persons.
two other person handle the scareline, moving it
towards the net to herd fish.
when the scareline reaches the net,the bottom of
the net is raised to trap the fish.

A __________ or a ___________ is a fishing
gear used in shallow waters that
captures fish by seining the water
column.

Hila-hila or Panabyosan

Fishing is performed by two persons.
This fishing gear is often set in shallow
areas including spaces within a mangrove
area.

Panabyosan

operated in shallow area. Fishing ground
is usually sandy, as the gear is towed
towards the shore.
Operated by two persons.

Hila-hila

- A _________ is a portable fishing gear that looks
like a big scoop net with a fixed or collapsible
frame made of bamboo.
-A sagudsod is operated by a single person.
-Fishing operation can be operated either at low or
high tide, early morning or dusk.

PUSH NET
LOCAL NAME:
SAGUDSONG,
SAGUDSOD

_______ is a fishing method that
utilizes a fish shelter, which functions
as a fish aggregating device

Gango

GANGO
-Function: The shelter is a fish aggregating device.
-Description: The shelter is set at the bottom. The
area occupied by the shelter may range from 4-16
m2. The quantity of materials needed to erect a
shelter depends on the shelter area.?

The gango is set in shallow waters,
about ___ and ____ at low tide and
high tide, respectively.

1.5 ,3 m

___________ employs hooks attached to PA
monofilament that is weighted with lead or
stone.

-This fishing method includes the use of
simple hook and line, multiple handline and
bottom-set longline.

Line fishing

Handline fishing uses a single J-shaped
hook attached to a weighted PA
monofilament line (9–15 m long), with
hooks mainly from Mustad and sizes
depending on the target species.

SIMPLE HANDLINE
Local Name:
Taplik, Pamunit

A _______ has several hooks to increase the
chance of catching fish.
- 15-20 hooks
- Each hook is attached to a branchline (PA
No. 25 to 50) which in turn is attached to the
mainline (PA No. 30 to 50) at an interval of
about 0.5 - 1 m. The branchline is about 0.5
to 2 m in length.

MULTIPLE HANDLINE
Local Name: Tiw-tiw,
Into-into

A_____ consists of a PA monofilament mainline with
about 200-400 PA monofilamen branchlines.
-Each branchline has a single hook. Distance
between branchlines is about 1 m.
-Both ends of the mainline are provided with stone
or lead sinkers to keep the fishing gear submerged

BOTTOM-SET
LONGLINE
Local Name: Kitang

A_____ is a small fishing gear made
primarily of conical-shaped netting
with a bamboo frame and handle.

scoop net

- It is locally called___________ because the
primary target species are serg- estid
shrimps (hipon).
- ______ operators are skilled skin divers who
can stay underwater for a long period.

panadyap hipon

-A___________ is often used as a fishing accessory.
This tool has a longer handle usually made of
bamboo.
-The long handle allows fisher to scoop fish from the
fishing gear aboard a boat or atop a platform.
-This is often used in the operation of gears such
as fish corral, shrimp traps, lift nets and filter nets.

scoop net (sibot)

-A manual _____ resembles a scoop
net. It is an apparatus for dragging the
sea-bed to collect benthic organisms.

dredge

- A ________is used to locate and
unearth eel that has buried itself in
the substrate.

MODIFIED SCYTHE
Local Name: Karet

______ are lured to the surface by
sprinkling the substrate with water
soaked in bait.

Eels

-in karettTarget species are
freshwater eels Anguilla locally
called___________.

pueoy

A _____________ is used to catch fish while
diving underwater. Spear fishing is
performed in areas with relatively clear
waters.
- Target catch are large fishes that
aggregate near stationary fishing gears.

SPEAR
Local Name: Pana

ADDITIONAK DETAILS:
BIG SPEAR- use in morning
SMALL SPEAR - use in evening
RASCHEL - knot less
PULSE STICK or BAMBOO STICK - use to
scare fishes
SIENE NET - local name sa bais SAHID

involve all activities related to catching, handling,
processing, and transporting fish and other aquatic
organisms.

FISHING OPERATIONS

This includes the use of different fishing methods,
gear, and boats in both small-scale and commercial
fishing.

FISHING OPERATIONS

These operations aim to harvest fish while ensuring
Sustainability and minimizing environmental impact.

FISHING OPERATIONS

refers to the amount of fishing activity exerted to
harvest aquatic resources over a specific period.

Fishing effort

It is typically measured by the type and quantity
of fishing gear used, the number of fishing
vessels, and the time spent fishing.

Fishing effort

Factors Influencing Fishing Effort

Number of Boats and Vessels
Fishing Gear Used
Fishing Time
Technological Advancements
Socioeconomic Factors

The size and capacity of the fishing
fleet directly impact the level of
effort

Number of Boats and Vessels

The type and efficiency of fishing
gear (example nets, traps or lines)
determine the effectiveness of the
effort

Fishing Gear Used

The duration of fishing activities
including time spent searching for fish
significantly affects the overall effort

Fishing Time

Modern equipment such as
sonar and gps can enhance
fishing efficiency

Technological Advancements

Availability of alternative livelihoods
market demand and economic incentives
can influence fishing intensity

Socioeconomic Factors

__________ in fisheries is assessed to ensure
sustainable practices and the long-term
viability of fish stocks. It involves evaluating the
relationship between the fishing effort and the
resulting catch.

Productivity

Indicators used to assess fisheries sustainability
*Habitat quality and quantity
*Economic performance
*Fish stock assessments
*Catch per unit effort (CPUE)
*Biodiversity metrics

Assesses the impact of fishing
activities on marine ecosystem and
habitats

*Habitat quality and quantity

Analyzes the profitability and
economic sustainability of fishing
operations

*Economic performance

Evaluates the proportion of fish
stocks in biologically sustainable
levels

*Fish stock assessments

Measures the amount of fish caught per
unit of effort serving as a key indicator of
stock abundance and fishing efficiency

Catch per unit effort (CPUE)

Tracks changes in species diversity and
population dynamics to monitor
ecosystem health

Biodiversity metrics

refers to the rate at which fish in a
population die over a specific period. This
mortality can result from natural causes or
human activities such as fishing

FISH MORTALITY

• Measures fishing effort indirectly by
evaluating how many fish die due to fishing
activities.
• High fishing mortality (F) relative to natural
mortality (M) Suggests excessive fishing
effort.

Deaths occurring due to natural causes
like predation, disease, and environmental
factors.

NATURAL MORTALITY (M)

Deaths resulting from fishing activities,
including capture and handling.

FISHING-INDUCED
MORTALITY (F)

Understanding the balance between these
mortality types is crucial for effective fisheries
management. ___________________
can lead to population declines, especially if it
surpasses the rate at which the population
replenishes through reproduction.

Excessive fishing-induced
mortality

________ occurs when fish are harvested at a
rate exceeding the population's capacity to
replenish

Overfishing

Overfishing leads
to:

• stock depletion
• altered ecosystems
• economic consequences.

measures the quantity of fish caught relative to
the amount of effort expended, such as the
number of fish per 1,000 hooks per day or
weight per hour of trawling.
It's often used as an index of fish abundance.

CATCH PER UNIT EFFORT
(CPUE)

Directly measures fishing effort and
productivity by calculating the amount
of fish caught per unit of effort (e.g., per
boat, per fishing hour, per net)

CATCH PER UNIT EFFORT
(CPUE)

indicates greater fishing efficiency and
potentially healthy fish stocks.

HIGHER CPUE

suggests that more effort is needed for
the same catch, signaling overfishing or
stock depletion.

DECLINING CPUE

is the largest average catch that can be
continuously taken from a fish stock under
existing environmental conditions without
compromising the stock’s long-term
productivity.