Carbohydrate and glucoslysis and sucrose

Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates 2

2. Sugar derivatives
Sugar acids

3. Calcium gluconate

4. iv-SugarAcids CalciumGluconate
✓It is the calcium salt of gluconicacid.
Prepared by Electrolytic oxidation of glucose
(at C
1) in the presence of calciumcarbonate.
CalciumgluconateD-glucose
It is prepared on a
commercial scale by
bacterial fermentation ofa
solution of glucose in the
presence of calcium
carbonate.

5. Uses
•Usedasasourceofsoluble,non-toxic,welltolerated
form of calcium, given orally, I.M. orI.V.
•Calcium gluconate therapy is indicatedin:
✓Parathyroid deficiency(Tetany).
✓General Ca deficiency in women &children.
iv-SugarAcids CalciumGluconate

6. Ferrous gluconate

7. 16
iv-SugarAcids FerrousGluconate
✓It is the ferrous salt of gluconicacid.
It is prepared from calcium gluconate by adding
ferrous sulphate solution.
✓Hematinic (a nutrient required for the
formation of blood cells).
✓employedorally or by
injection in iron deficiencyanemia.
iv-SugarAcids

8. Glucuronic acid

9. GlucuronicAcid
Relief of certain arthritic conditions, as it is an important
component of cartilage, joint fluid and jointcapsules
Remember the previous lecture???????
CHO
CH
HO C
OH
H
H C OH
OHCGlucose
H
CHO
C
C
C
H C
HO
OH
H
OH
OH
H
H
Glucuronicacid
Enzyme
iv-SugarAcids
CH2OH COOH
D-glucose Glucuronicacid
Obtained by Selective
enzymatic oxidation
of glucose at C6.
Natural Occurrence
(Gums, mucillages)
Obtained by Selective
enzymatic oxidation
of glucose at C6.

10. Ascorbic acid

11. Ascorbicacid
(Vitamin C)
Synthetically fromglucose
iv-SugarAcids
✓It is essential for the normal functioning of
livingcells.
✓Itisrequiredforthedevelopmentof
cartilage, teeth and bones, woundhealing.
Natural occurrence:
Citrus fruits, tomato and
capsicum
Ascorbicacid
(Vitamin C)
Synthetically fromglucose

12. Ascorbicacid
Synthetically fromglucose
Ascorbic acid
NaturalOccurrence
VitaminC
✓It is required for aiding the absorption of iron
from theintestine.
✓Its reducing and antioxidant properties are
utilized in the food & pharmaceuticalindustry.

13. Scurvy.
Severe vitamin C deficiency
causes scurvy

14. Disaccharides

15. Disaccharides

16. Lactose

17. Lactose
(Milk sugar)
iv-ReducingDisaccharides
Wheyis the portion of milk that
is left after the fatand
casein have been removed to
produce butter andcheese.
Lactose
(Milk sugar)
iv-ReducingDisaccharides

18. Lactose
(Milk sugar)
iv-ReducingDisaccharides
4-O(β-D-galactopyranosyl)α-D-glucopyranose
OH

19. Maltose
(Malt sugar)
iv-ReducingDisaccharides
Maltextract
4-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-α-D-glucopyranose
Nutrient for adults andinfants
It occurs only as a constituent of polysaccharides
particularly of starch from which it is liberated as
an end productof the action ofamylase (hydrolytic
enzyme).

20. Non-Reducing sugars

21. Sucrose
SugarCane
iv-Non-ReducingDisaccharides
Natural Occurrence (Saccharumsugar)
2-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)B-D-fructofuranose
SugarBeet
✓Preparation of syrups.
✓Diluent and sweetening agent in
pharmaceutic products e.g. lozenges
and powdered extracts.
✓Bacteriostatic and preservative in an
aqueous solution (66% w/v)..

22. Synthetic disaccharides

23. 26
Synthetic DisaccharideDerivatives
Syntheticderivative ofSucrose
Treatment of peptic and duodenal
ulcers
Sucralfate
✓Sucralfateisthebasicaluminumsaltofthefullysulfated
derivative ofsucrose.
Frequent adverse effect
isconstipation
✓Doses: 1 g four timesdaily.
Tablets &Suspension

24. Mechanism ofaction
•Sucralfate exerts its action by formation of a large complex with proteins that
adheres to theulcer.
•Sucralfate suspension adsorbs bile acids and pepsin, thereby diminishing their
concentrations in thestomach.
•In other words, Sucralfate is a complex of aluminium hydroxide and sucrose
octasulfate. It dissociates in the acid environment of the stomach to its anionic
form, which binds to the ulcer base. This creates a protective barrier to pepsin and
bile and inhibits the diffusion of gastric acid.
Sucralfate

25. 28
Synthetic DisaccharideDerivatives
Semisyntheticderivative ofLactoseLactulose
✓Lactulose is a semisynthetic sugar prepared by
alkaline rearrangementoflactose.
4-0-(β-Dgalactpyranosyl)D-fructofuranose
Osmotic laxative for chronic constipation

26. Semisynthetic Lactosederivative
Treatment of chronic constipation(laxative).
Lactulose
✓Lactulose is broken down by bacteria in the colon into lactic
acid and aceticacid.
✓Lactic acid will create osmotic pressure and increase the
fecalbulk.
PrimaryAction

27. Semisynthetic LactoseDerivative
Decrease the blood ammonia concentration in portal-
systemicencephalopathy
Lactulose
✓Most significant therapeutic use of Lactulose (blood ammonia
levels may be decreased by 25 to50%).