Carbon and its structure

Carbon...Its structure and compounds...Made particularly for a school assignment......

1. Carbon.. Its Structure and its Components

2. Introduction Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements. These other elements commonly include hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P).

3. Properties of Carbon The atomic symbol is C The atomic number is 6 The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. The atomic mass is 12.01g The mass number is the total protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus. The freezing point is 3500°C The boiling point is 4827 °C

4. Electron Configuration Diagrams Carbon has 6 electrons, 6 neutrons, and 6 protons. The electron configuration of carbon is [He] 2s 2 2p 2 The atomic radius is 77 pm or 0.91 Å Its oxidation states are 4 and 2

5. Electron Configuration Diagrams (continued) The electron dot notation of carbon is: The shell model of carbon is: The crystal structure is hexagonal and is represented as:

6. Carbon Compounds Graphite (2 types of graphite) Alpha Beta Diamond Fullerines “White” Carbon It was discovered in 1969. It is a transparent birefringent material.

7. Carbon Compounds One of the compounds that carbon forms is Carbon Dioxide. The reaction is as follows: C + 2O CO 2 Carbon dioxide, also knows as CO 2, is commonly used in soda. It gives soda carbonation. When a soda is bottled, before it is sealed, the space at the top is filled with carbon dioxide. This bottle is under presser, which causes the carbon dioxide to dissolve into the soda. When the bottle is opened, the pressure is released causing the dissolved carbon dioxide to leave solution, creating bubbles.

8. Carbon dioxide Characteristics The chemical formula is CO2 The molecule weight is 44 The Triple point is -56°C 4.28 bar rel. The sublimation temperature ( atm ) is 78.9°C The critical temperature is 31°C The critical pressure is 73.96 bar rel. The sublimation heat at -78.9°C is 136,89 cal/kg The specific weight in the gaseous phase at 0°C and at atm is 1.977 kg/m³

9. Compounds in Food Acetic Acid CH3COOH 10 million carbon compounds Carbohydrates Can be found in many sugars including: Sucrose Glucose Fructose Galactose

10. Carbohydrates Carbon is part of the essential nutrient carbohydrate. An example of a carbohydrate is glucose.

11. Isotopes of Carbon Carbon 14 is one isotope with a half life of 5715 years. It has been know to date materials such as wood.

12. Molecular Structure of Carbon

13. Saturated Hydrocarbons A Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon. In a saturated hydrocarbon, all the bonds are single bonds. Alkane is another name for a saturated hydrocarbon.

14. Ethane

15. Characteristics of Hydrocarbons Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are: The number of carbon atoms How the atoms are arranged: Straight chain Branched chain Ring

16. STRUCTURE OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS NO. OF CARBON ATOMS NAME FORMULA 1 METHANE CH 4 2 ETHANE C 2 H 6 3 PROPANE C 3 H 8 4 BUTANE C 4 H 10 5 PENTANE C 5 H 12 6 HEXANE C 6 H 14

17. Straight Chains A hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in cellulose.

18. The Ring Or Cyclic Carbons can be arranged in the form of a ring or cyclic, such as cyclobautane , Benzene etc .

19. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, known as allotropes of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the element's atoms are bonded together in a different manner. For Example – Graphite,Diamond ..

20. Graphite In g r a p h I t e e a c h c a r bo n a t o m Is b o n d e d t o t h r e e o t h e r Ca rbo n a t om o n t h e s a m e pl a ne I n a h e x a g o n a l A r r a y .

21. Fullerene This is also a form of carbon allotrope. The first one to be identified was C-60 which has carbon arranged in the shape of a football. As it resembled to the geodesic dome designed by US architect Buckminster Fuller , So the molecule was named fullerene.

22. Diamond In diamond, each carbon atom is tetra headedly attached to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid three dimensional structure. Thus it is the hardest substance known.

23. Thank You for watching….. Name:-Kuber Bathla Class:-9 th ‘Jasmine’ Roll no:-20 Subject:-Computer Submitted to:-Mr.Neeraj Nagpal