Carbon sequestration

Civil engineering presentation on carbon sequestration

1. CARBON SEQUESTRATION 1

2. The newest way to manage carbon is through……. “ carbon sequestration ” 2

3. INTRODUCTION WHAT is Carbon sequestration ? Capturing atmospheric carbon and converting it into forms. Unable to contribute to global warming. Greenhouse gases like methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) 3

4. Contributing to overall climate change. Where carbon dioxide is playing a major role. In future, CO2 emissions might double. Need to overcome this problem. Carbon fixation by photosynthesis - consideration for Carbon sequestration. Major strategies used for reducing the carbon concentration in atmosphere. 4

5. The first strategy is Reductions in CO2 emissions in the global atmosphere. Carbon capture and long-term storage. Developing alternatives for carbon-based fuel. 5

6. The second strategy, Carbon capture and long-term storage means carbon sequestration Which involves capture and storage of CO2 using various method Include oceanic, geological, chemical and terrestrial sequestration methods. 6

7. MAIN OBJECTIVE To balance the atmospheric carbon pool To keep the CO2 concentration below a threshold level. It analyzed in terms of 1.Efficiency 2.Cost and environmental impacts. 3.Stability of sequestered carbon. 4.Time-scale of sequestration . 7

8. NEED OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION 8

9. 9 Shows the Increase in CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere, As measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, 1960 to 2013.

10. 10 The rising graph means we have increased CO2 in the atmosphere by 30% in just 50 years of monitoring. This increase is a problem because CO2 in the atmosphere

11. Acts as a warming blanket for the earth. According to the International Energy Agency (2012) Largest contributing sector to global CO2 emissions is from the generation of electricity and heat – this made up 41% of world CO2 11

12. 12 And demand for heat and electricity is set to dramatically increase over the coming years

13. 13 Figure shows the CO2 emissions by sectors 10 % of carbon emission by other sector Including commercial/public services, agricultural/forestry etc ;

14. MODES OF SEQUESTRATION Based on Methods of sequestration Types of organisms involved in sequestration On the basis of possible carbon sinks and many more. 14

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16. 16 The major classification system is based on 1. Non-biological sequestration strategies . 2. Biological sequestration strategies . 3. Engineering approaches

17. Non-biological sequestration Oceanic sequestration Geological sequestration Chemical sequestration by mineral carbonation 17

18. Oceanic sequestration Store atmospheric carbon into deep oceans Ocean contains 50 times more inorganic carbon than the atmosphere, Thus providing a significant proof that oceans could also serve as a sink for storage of atmospheric carbon. 18

19. Oceanic sequestration Distribution of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere is affected by many factors including 1.Temperature 2.pH 3.Salt concentration in water For eg higher concentration of salt and high temperature negatively regulate CO2 solubility in oceanic water . 19

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21. Geological sequestration Provides an attractive opportunity for carbon storage using various underground geological formations. Various petroleum industries have been using this method 1.Reduces greenhouse gas emission 2.It contributes in oil recovery process 21

22. Chemical sequestration by mineral carbonation Here chemical reactions convert atmospheric CO2 into a modified and stable compound For eg ; CO2 reacts with various mineral metal oxides which are present in the form of rocks, leading to formation of mineral carbonates. 22

23. Biological sequestration Basically performed by living organisms including 1.Plants 2.Microorganism 23

24. 24 OCEAN FERTILISATION

25. Ocean fertilization Biological method helps in carbon sequestration by the phytoplanktonic photosynthesis process. Increment in fertilization of the oceans, i.e. enhancing the concentration of limiting nutrients That would stimulate growth and production of phytoplankton’s will ultimately enhance carbon fixation 25

26. 26 Terrestrial sequestration

27. Terrestrial sequestration Storage of CO 2 in vegetation and in soils, in the above ground and below ground biomass, Soil carbon sequestration Phyto sequestration Include sequestration by soils, vegetation, forests and wetlands 27

28. Soil carbon sequestration Various ways for increasing soil organic carbon pool such as: No-till farming Bio char Perennial crops Nitrogen fixation Bioenergy crops Wood burial Various plant products 28

29. 2. Phyto sequestration C 3 photosynthesis C 4 photosynthesis CAM photosynthesis Cyanobacteria carboxysomes Algal pyrenoids 29

30. Engineering approaches Provide combined effects of both biological and nonbiological approaches - in terms of carbon capture and storage In C3 photosynthesis - need to improve performance of RuBisCO . RuBisCO needs to be modified in such a way that its specificity decreases towards O2 So that CO2 fixation is enhanced. 30

31. CONCLUSION Sustainability and long-term effects are not guaranteed - carbon sequestration. It is not possible to overcome this problem By using any of the single approach due to various drawbacks associated with every strategy. 31

32. Concluded that for efficient carbon sequestration - more than one strategy needs to be used in combination To achieve sustainability. 32

33. REFERENCES Bacastow RB, Dewey RK. Effectiveness of CO2 sequestration in the post industrialocean . Energ Convers Manage 1996;37:1079–86. Bergman PD, Winter EM. Disposal of carbon dioxide in aquifers in the U.S. Energy Convers Manage 1995;36:523–6. 33

34. Ehleringer JR, Cerling TE. C3 and C4 photosynthesis. In Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2002, 186–90. Lal R. Carbon sequestration. Phil Trans R Soc B 2008;363:815–30 34

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