carboxylic acid

carboxylic acid, classification, nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties and its applications

1. “TOPIC OF PRESENTATION”:- “ CARBOXYLIC ACID”

2. “CONTENTS” Introduction To Carboxylic Acids Classification Nomenclature Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid Physical Characteristics Chemical Properties Reaction involove H atom of Carbonyl Group Reaction involove OH atom of Carbonyl Group Reaction involving carboxyl group Applications

3. “CARBOXYLIC ACID” A  carboxylic acid  is an organic compound that contains a (-COOH). (-COOH) itself made up of Carbonyl Group Hydroxyl Group General Formula will be :-

4. “CLASSIFICATION” It can be Alipatic Or Aromatic Acids. It can be furthur classified as mono,di,tri or poly carboxylic acid depending upon the number of carboxyl groups

5. “NOMENCLATURE” For IUPAC name,These acids derived from the name of alkanes containing the same number of carbon aton as th eacid.But the ending “-e” of the alkane name is replaced with suffix “- ioc acid”. Methane Methanoic Acid Propane Propanoic Acid For Common Name, it is named on the bases of source from which it was isolated. Butyric Acid Butyrum means butter Formic Acid Formica means Ant

6. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid”

7. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid” OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS:- Primary alcohols and aldehyde are Oxidized to their corresponding carboxylic acid. Oxidizing agent like potassium dichromate is used.

8. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid” FROM ALKANENITRILE:- Hydrolysis of alkanenitrile on boiling with mineral acids or alkalis yeild corresponding carboxylic acid.

9. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid” FROM GRIGNARD REAGENTS:- Carboxylic Acid can be prepared by the action of grignard reagent with carbon dioxide.

10. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid” FROM HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS:- Ester on boiling witg conc. Sodium hydroxide yeild sodium salt of the acid.Salt when treated with dil.HCl gives carboxylic acid.

11. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid” BY OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE OF ALKENES:- Alkenes when heated with KMnO4 are cleaved at the double bond to form carboxylic acid.

12. “Physical Properties”:-

13. “Physical Properties” Smell:- First three aliphatic acids C1-C3 are colourless and have pungent smell.The next three acids are colourless and has unpleasent smell. Solubility:- C arboxylic acids are soluble in organic solvents.They are also soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding.As , mass increases, the solubility decreases.

14. “Physical Properties” Boiling Point:- Boiling point is higher due to H- bonding.It increases as size increases.

15. “Physical Properties” Melting Point:- It increases with increases irregularly with increase in molecular mass.Carboxylic acid with even number have higher melting point than next lower and higher member containing odd number of carbon atoms. Propanoic acid (-22°C ) Butanoic acid (-6°C) Pentanoic acid (-36°C )

16. “Chemical Properties”:- Reaction involove H atom of Carbonyl Group Reaction involove OH atom of Carbonyl Group Reaction involving carboxyl group

17. “Reaction involve H atom of Carbonyl Group”:- Reaction with bases:- RCOOH + NaOH → RCOONa+(aq) + H2O Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonate:- 2RCOOH+Na2CO3 →2RCOONa(aq)+H2O+CO2(g) RCOOH+NaHCO3 →RCOONa (aq)+H2O + CO2(g) Reaction With Metals:- 2RCOOH+2Na →2RCOONa +H2

18. “Reaction involve -OH atom of Carbonyl Group”:- Reaction with PCl5 and SOCl2 :- CH3COOH+PCl5 → CH3COCl+POCl3+HCl CH3COOH+SOCl2 → CH3COCl+SO2+HCl Formation of Ester:- When carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of conc. H2SO4,ester is formed known as esterification .

19. “Reaction involve -OH atom of Carbonyl Group”:- Reaction with Ammonia:- Carboxylic acid reacts with ammonia to form ammonia salt which on heating results in formation of Amide. CH3COOH+NH3 → CH3COONH4 CH3COONH4 → CH3CONH2+H2O Formation Of Acid Anhydride:- Carboxylic acid is dehydrated in the presence of P2O5

20. “Reaction involve Carboxyl Group”:- Partial Reduction Of Alcohols:- Carboxylic acid reacts with LiAlH4 and reduced to alcohols. Complete Reduction To Alkanes :- Carboxylic acid reacts with HI andred phosphorus gives alkanes . CH 3 COOH + 4[H] → CH 3 CH 2 OH+H 2 O

21. “APPLICATIONS”:-

22. “APPLICATION”:- Carboxylic acids are also important in manufacture of greases, crayons, and plastics . Higher fatty acids are used in the manufacture of soaps. Organic acids are used in foods, cold drinks, etc. For example, acetic acid is used as vinegar. Organic acids are used for the preparation of many drugs such as aspirin, phenacetin etc. Acetic acid is used as coagulant in the manufacture of rubber. Acetic acid is also used in the manufacture of various dye stuffs, perfumes and rayon.

23. “REFERENCES”:- http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/orgrxs/carbox/carboxsy.htm http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/chemistry/organic-chemistry-ii/carboxylic-acids-and-their-derivatives/preparation-of-carboxylic-acids http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/orgrxs/carbox/carboxsy.htm http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Carboxylic_Acids/Synthesis_of_Carboxylic_Acids/Preparation_of_carboxylic_acids http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch19preparecarboxylic.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid#Carboxyl_radical\ http://www.preservearticles.com/201101022309/uses-of-carboxylic-acids.html