Cardiac arrest

cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of heart beat and normal cardiac function resulting in loss of effective circulation. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the immediate first aid treatment in case of a cardiac arrest. CPR has to be initiated within 10 seconds after cardiac arrest. cardiac arrest can be determined by palpating for carotid pulse. carotid pulse is absent in case of cardiac arrest.

1. CARDIAC ARREST Adarsh S A 3 rd year B.Sc. Nursing Assisi College of Nursing

2. definition Cardiac arrest can be defined as the sudden cessation of heartbeat and cardiac function, resulting in the loss of effective circulation.

3. etiology Influx problems in heart Congenital heart disease Valvular heart disease Cardiomyopathy Heart attack Coronary artery disease Electrical abnormalities

4. Risk factors Family history of coronary artery disease Smoking High blood pressure High blood cholesterol Obesity Diabetes Sedentary lifestyle Previous episode of cardiac arrest Age Nutritional imbalance Chronic kidney disease

5. Symptoms of cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac arrest signs and symptoms are immediate and drastic and include; Sudden collapse No pulse No breathing Loss of consciousness Sometimes other signs and symptoms occur before sudden cardiac arrest. These might include; Chest discomfort Shortness of breath Weakness palpitations

6. Post cardiac arrest syndrome Post cardiac arrest syndrome is a combination of pathophysiological processes which include; Post cardiac arrest brain injury Post cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction Systemic ischemia/ reperfusion response Persistent precipitating pathology

7. Diagnosis of cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest is synonymous with clinical death. Lack of carotid pulse is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is usually diagnosed clinically by the absence of a pulse, but lack of pulse may be a result of other conditions (e.g. shock). Chest X-ray Echocardiogram CT scan MRI scan ECG Coronary angiogram

8. management The management of cardiac arrest includes procedures and supportive care. This is a medical emergency and needs immediate CPR or use of a defibrillator. The treatment includes; Supportive care Medications Devices

9. Supportive care The supportive care consist of; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Defibrillation Tracheal intubation Targeted temperature management

10. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a technique of basic life support for the purpose of oxygenation to the heart, lungs and brain until and unless the appropriate medical treatment can come and restore the normal cardiopulmonary function. INDICATION Road traffic accident Drowning Electric shock Airway obstruction Cardiac arrest

11. CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

12. EARLY RECOGNITION Assessment is of crucial importance. It includes; Unresponsiveness No breathing or no normal breathing No pulse within 10 seconds

13. CPR SEQUENCE CPR involves; Compressions Airway Breathing

14. Chest compressions: Patient must be placed on a hard surface The palm of one hand is placed in the lower half of the sternum The other hand is placed over the hand on the sternum Shoulders should be positioned directly over the hands with elbows locked straight. Use upper body weight to compress. Sternum must be depressed at least 5 cm in adults, and 2-4 cm in children, 1-2 cm in infants. It must be performed at a rate of 100-120/ min The ratio of chest compressions and rescue breaths must be 30:2

15. Airway: Head tilt, chin lift Jaw thrust Finger sweep Heimlich maneuver

16. HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT JAW THRUST

17. FINGER SWEEP HEIMLICH MANEUVER

18. Breathing: Mouth to mouth breathing Mouth to nose breathing Mouth to mouth and nose

19. defibrillation Defibrillator is a device that deliver a dose of electrical energy to the affected heart to force the heart to produce more normal cardiac rhythm. Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for life threatening cardiac arrhythmias.

20. Implantable devices An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a small battery-powered device placed in your chest to m onitor your heart rhythm and detect irregular heart beats. An ICD can deliver electric shocks via one or more wires connected to your heart to fix an abnormal heart rhythm. ICD constantly monitors for abnormal heart rhythms and instantly tries to correct them, it helps when the heart stops beating in case of cardiac arrest.

21. prevention T he cardiac arrest can be prevented by; Eating a healthy diet. Avoid foods that are oily, high in cholesterol, sugary and high in carbohydrates. Doing regular exercise reduces risk of cardiac diseases. Maintain healthy body weight. Reduce stress level by meditation and other relaxation activities. Avoid the use of tobacco and alcohol. Avoid unnecessary use of over the counter drugs. The people at risk of heart diseases has to control blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels and regular medical check-ups.