CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM new [Autosaved].pptx

This ppt was done for Imaging Technique III

1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM By : Ranita Ganarajah

2. Overview Introduction Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System Common Cardiovascular Disease Types of Medical Imaging Devices Patient Preparation & Procedure Conclusion References

3. I N T R O D U C T I O N Function Organ System that distributes blood to all parts of the body Major function – System carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones and other substances vital for body homeostasis and to form cells. The force to transport blood around the body is provided by the pumping heart and blood pressure

4. A N A T O M Y

5. It is enclosed within the inferior mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax, and flanked on each side by the lungs The pointed apex is directed toward the left hip and rests at about the fifth intercostal space The broad aspect, or base, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib A N A T O M Y

6. The heart has four hollow chambers: 2 atria – receiving chambers 2 ventricles – filling chambers Blood flows into the atria under low pressure from the veins, and continues into the ventricles The heart functions as a double pump The right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump Receives relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body through the large superior and inferior vena cava A N A T O M Y

7. Cardiovascular Diseases Coronary Artery Disease Heart Failure Arrythmias Valvular Heart Diseases Aortic Aneurysm Peripheral Artery Disease

8. Coronary Artery Disease Narrowing or Blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Due to over time build up plaque (including cholesterol) in the artery that limits the flow of blood that is going through our heart muscle. Types of CAD Acute Coronary Syndrome Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Symptoms

9. Complications Preferred Imaging Device

10. Conventional X-Ray Coronary Angiography CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy Images the heart and surrounding thoracic anatomy Shows Heart Size And Shape Reveals whether the heart is misshapen or enlarged due to disease. Abnormal calcification (hardened blockage due to cholesterol build up) in the main blood vessels and fluid in the lungs (possible indication of CHF) can also be seen. Also be used to image pacemakers and artificial heart valves to check for correct pos

11. Conventional X-Ray Coronary Angiography Echocardiagraphy Asked to remove any kind of jewelry, eyeglasses, body piercings, or other metal. Inquire to confirm if patient has artefacts such as surgically implanted device, such as a heart valve or pacemaker. Before taking X-ray, patient is asked undress and change into a hospital gown. P R E P & P R O C E D U R E

12. CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy Performed in a cardiac catheterization laboratory, Minimally invasive Involves placing a catheter in a major blood vessel whilst injecting a radio-opaque material to create an image of the heart and coronary arteries. To image blockages in the coronary vessels. Able to image the beating heart in real time and will be useful in evaluating the function of the heart chambers. P R E P & P R O C E D U R E Coronary Angiography

13. CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy Asked to remove any kind of jewelry, eyeglasses, body piercings, or other metal. Inquire to confirm if patient has any allergies before the procedure Confirm with patient if they have been fasting for the past 8 hours Check for site infection or skin infection P R E P & P R O C E D U R E Coronary Angiography Guiding therapeutic treatment of the coronary arteries (e.g. angioplasty). Able to also diagnose or treat children with congenital heart diseases Used during pacemaker implantation to help position the pacemaker leads.

14. CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy Asked to remove any kind of jewelry, eyeglasses, body piercings, or other metal. Inquire to confirm if patient has any allergies before the procedure Check for site infection or skin infection D U R I N G P R O C E D U R E Coronary Angiography Make sure to provide comfortable position in the catheter lab table Prepare the patient for site access Check for any allergic reaction while contrast is pushed

15. CT Angiography Non-Invasive imaging of the heart. Ultra-fast 2D and 3D imaging techniques coupled with the latest MR hardware Allow improved diagnosis in a single breath-hold. New techniques are also being developed that allow first pass perfusion imaging of the heart. To diagnose heart conditions without requiring the use of x-rays or contrast injection, as with conventional x-ray angiography. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging

16. CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy During check-in process, patient will be asked to fill out the MRI Safety Form During the scan, patient will be injected with CM ( ie : gadolinium) which is administered through IV line which is done during beginning of the exam. Before the scan ECG leads will be placed on patient’s chest.. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging P R E P & P R O C E D U R E

17. CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging P R E P & P R O C E D U R E Patient will be asked to lie supine Duration of scan : 90 minutes – 2 hours Patient will be given earplugs During the scan, patient is asked to hold breath for about 15-20 seconds Patient may eat and drink as usual.

18. CT Angiography Test using sound waves to produce live images of your heart. To provide details of the cardiac structures such as vessels, valves, and muscle. Non-invasive exam Real time Images No Radiation. Studying the beating heart and provides some information on functional abnormalities of the heart wall, valves and blood vessels. Echocardiagraphy

19. CT Angiography Echocardiography with Doppler is used to measure blood flow across valves, across septal defects (shunts), extent of regurgitations, etc. Color flow mapping capability is extremely useful in the detection of shunts. Abnormal operation of the valves can be detected by studying the opening and closing function versus normal valve function. Able to study congenital heart defects such as a septal defect (a hole in the wall that separates the two chambers of the heart). Echocardiagraphy

20. CT Angiography Size of the heart, for instance, if there is any change in the chamber size, dilation, or thickening Blood clots in the heart chambers Fluid in the sac around the heart Problems with the aorta, which is the main artery connected to the heart Problems with the pumping function or relaxing function of the heart Problems with the function of heart valves Pressure in the heart Echocardiagraphy

21. CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy A transducer will be placed on patient’s chest over your heart. Transducer sends ultrasound waves through your chest toward your heart. Computer interprets the sound waves as they bounce back to the transducer. This produces the live images that are shown on a monitor. H O W I T W O R K S ? Echocardiagraphy

22. CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy Patient is requested to undress from the waist up. Patient is requested to lie on a table, on either their back or their left side. Patient is injected with a saline solution or dye into the person’s veins, which makes the heart appear more defined on the echocardiogram. Attach three sticky patches called electrodes to patient’s body Gel is applied to the transducer or camera Echocardiagraphy P R E P & P R O C E D U R E

23. CT Angiography Echocardiagraphy Transducer is move back and forth on your chest to record the sound waves of heart as an image. There’s a pulsing or whoosh sound: ultrasound recording the blood flowing through patient’s heart. Patient is requested to breathe in a certain way or to roll onto your left side. The test takes approximately 45 minutes Echocardiagraphy P R E P & P R O C E D U R E

24. Importance of Medical Imaging in Cardiovascular Care Essential role in early diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases. Contribution to improved patient outcomes and reduction in mortality rates. Enhancement of precision medicine through detailed anatomical and functional insights. Conclusion

25. References Heart disease - Diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Heart disease symptoms and diagnosis | Imaginis - The Women’s Health & Wellness Resource Network. (n.d.-b). https://www.imaginis.com/heart-disease-diagnosis/heart-disease-diagnosing-coronary-artery-disease-cad?r Krans, B. (2024, February 16). What is a chest X-Ray? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/chest-x-ray#follow-up Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Chest X-Ray. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/10228-chest-x-ray Heart disease - Diagnosing Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Heart disease symptoms and diagnosis | Imaginis - The Women’s Health & Wellness Resource Network . (n.d.-b). https://www.imaginis.com/heart-disease-diagnosis/heart-disease-diagnosing-coronary-artery-disease-cad?r

26. References UC Davis Health, Department of Radiology. (n.d.). Cardiac MRI, stress cardiac perfusion MRI or chest MRI. Copyright UC Regents. For More Information Regarding the University of California’s Copyright Terms, Visit https://www.ucop.edu/services/terms.html. https://health.ucdavis.edu/radiology/mymri/mymri.cardiac.html Krans, B. (2024, February 16). Heart Tests | NHLBI, NIH. (2022, March 24). NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-tests Echocardiogram - Mayo Clinic. (2023, January 31). https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/echocardiogram/about/pac-20393856

27. Thank You