CARP CULTURE 2.pptx

Criteria for selection of site and for selection of indian major carps in carp culture

1. PRESENTATION TOPIC : CARP CULTURE:CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SITE AND CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF INDIAN MAJOR CARPS PRESENTED BY : AKSHITA MENGI ROLLNO . 12

2. INTRODUCTION Carp culture is the oldest form of aquaculture known to the world . It is the process of growing improved variety of carp having good taste under controlled conditions and management for food and ornamental purposes. Cyprinidae are the family of freshwater fishes which includes carps and their relatives . This family is commonly known as carp family . Species of carp fishes referred by their geographic origins are : Indian carps : Catla catla , Labeo rohita , Cirrhina mrigal Exotic carps : Cyprinus carpio ,Hypopthalmichthys molitrix (silver carp ) Minor carps : Labeo bata Carps have been the backbone of aquaculture practice in India and it is the three Indian major carps Catla , Rohu and Mrigal together with three other exotic carps silver carp , grass carp , and common carp contribute over 85 % of the aquaculture production of the country .

3. CARPS Major carps are economically most important fishes for culture which possess following qualities . Carps feed on phyto and zoo planktons, decaying weeds and debris and other available aquatic plants . They can tolerate oxygen variation in water . Carps are resistant to relatively high temperature and turbid water . Their growth rate is fast They breed to a great degree . Their flesh is much nutritive . They can be handled out easily . They can be easily transported from one place to another. Major carps are the most preferred farm fishes because of their fast growth and higher acceptability to consumers .

4. Pre stocking management :SITE SELECTION The main criteria to be kept in mind while selecting the pond for carp culture is that soil should be water retentive , adequate supply of water is assured and that the pond is not in a flood prone area . The site should be easily accessible by road or any form of transport to reach the market for easy fish disposal . In addition to this , the accessibility of inputs such as feed , fertilizer and construction material should be available nearby site . The site should be free from pollution , industrial waste , domestic waste or any other harmful activities . For site selection various ecological , biological and social factors need to be considered . Ecological factors : SOIL : The soil quality influences the pond productivity and water quality. The properties of soil texture and permeability are determined to decide suitability of a site.

5. Pond bottom should have ability to hold water . Loamy , clayey loamy and clay silt soil are most suitable for pond construction . Selected site’s soil in its every 100 gm should contain 50 -75 mg nitrogen , 6-12 mg phosphorus and 1.5 -2.5 gm organic carbon . For good production – soil pH should lie between 7.5 to 8.5 . WATER : An adequate amount of water is required to build the fish farm because water depth need to be adjusted at regular intervals . Water should not be acidic or alkaline and if it is found to be so , then correction is to be done by applying lime or organic manure . Ideal water temperature is 20 -30 degree C for fish farm . TOPOGRAPHY : Type of pond construction is determined by land topography . Normally flood prone areas and poor rainfall areas need to be avoided . Areas such as industrial zones , fields with underground oil pipelines , irregular land area are also not recommended for pond construction .

6. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS : Biological factors include the species to be cultured , seed source and culture type and they need to be considered before site selection . SOCIAL ,ECOLOGICAL FACTORS : The social fabric , market , and its structure , services directly or indirectly linked with culture sector such as transportation , storage , wholesale market aspects need to be considered . The land identified for farm should be without legal issues and fish farming should be accepted by local people . Other factors include availability of labour , electricity etc . Availability of natural food resources , their better utilization and intensification (feeding of fish , pond fertilizers ). Fish needs to be fed with grass like para , maize leaves , banana leaves chopped green cattle fodder etc. These should be made available there .

7. Pollution free area. The insecticides used in agriculture are toxic to fish , heavy metals and various chemicals discarded from industries are also poisonous to fish . After the selection of the suitable site , pond is constructed . The place is cleared of ropes , cables and other items . Trees and bushes and other obstacles that hinder movement of heavy equipment around the site are to be removed . All the vegetation including wood are to be cleared in in the area . The surface soil which has highest concentration of roots and organic material is not suitable for pond construction . Hence about 30 cm of surface soil has t be removed . Specific kind of pond are required for specific life stage development of fish Parameters NURSERY PONDS REARING PONDS STOCKING POND AREA 100-500 metre square 500-1000 metre square 1000 – 20,000 metre square DEPTH 1-1.5 metre 1.5 – 2 m 2-2.5 metre FISH REARED UPT O ? Upto fry stage for 2 -3 weeks Upto fingerling stage for about 3 months Fishes are stocked until reaching the market size

8. The pond of a fish farm is constructed in two ways . DUG OUT POND : pond is constructed in plain area by digging the soil. Embankment POND : This type is constructed in undulating and Hilly areas . It is constructed by erecting embankments to suitable height for fish culture with provisions of inlet and outlet .Inlets are provided at the top of the pond and screen are used to filter the pumped water t o avoid entry of unwanted particles to the culture system .Outlet pipe is set at the bottom of the pond . It is used to dewater the pond during harvest partial draining of the pond water .

9. CONDITIONING OF POND : layer of lime is spread over the bottom of the pond for two weeks . It removes the acidity of the soil and facilitates desirable geochemical cycles and also kills soil organisms . Water is let slowly after two weeks and filled to desired depth . The quality parameters such as temperature , oxygen content , ph is maintained before stocking the fish . MANURING OF POND : after conditioning of pond organic or chemical manure is applied in order to develop the fish food organisms like phtoplankton and zooplankton . Use of chemical fertilizers varies according to concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil .

10. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MAJOR CARPS The following criteria should be considered before selecting a fis h for farming purpose . RATE OF GROWTH : Fish which grow to a large size in shorter period are suitable for the culture . ADAPTATION TO THE CLIMATE : The cultured species of fishes should be able to adapt to the local climate conditions of the farm . TOLERANCE : The fish should have the capacity to tolerate wide fluctuations in the physic chemical conditions such as oxygen , salanity and temperature etc of the water . ACCEPTANCE OF ARTIFICAL FEED : When more number of fish is to be accommodated in a limited space , there is the need for supplementary feeding on compounded diets . The fish should show ready preference for these feeds .

11. RESISTANCE : It is desirable that the cultured fish is hard enough t o resist the common diseases and attack of parasites . AMIABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY : The fishes proposed to be cultured together should be able to live together without interfering or attacking the other . CONVERSION EFFICIENCY : The species of fish which give more edible flesh per unit of food consumed is preferred . CONSUMER’S PREFERENCE : Food preference of people varies with geographic regions . Hence the species cultured should be marketable locally or t o the targeted consumers .

12. Should be tasteful and non poisonous and having high nutritive value Should consume small quantity of food for growth . Should be able to reproduce under confined conditions. Should easily be harvested . Should support high population density

13. Males and females can be identified through secondary morphological characteristics which develop during season of reproduction . . In males the milt runs freely when abdomen is gently pressed and females have a swollen abdomen due to development of ovaries . Secondary external morphological features of Indian major carps Characteristics Male Female Scale , operculum, pectoral fin Rough to touch Pectoral smooth slippery Abdomen Round and firm Swollen and soft Genital opening swollen Elongated slit, white in colour Round and pink Shape of body and size Body linear , swollen Slightly large When pressure applied on abdomen Milky white fluid oozes through genital opening A few ova may ooze out.

14. Labeo rohita Labeo rohita is common in North India , Orissa , and Bengal and it is called Rohu . Herbivorous , column feeder . FOOD : Adult as well as fingerlings feed o n vegetable debris and decomposed water material. The fish becomes sexually mature in on e year . The fecundity is 1.5 – 2.00 (lakh\g body weight ) Induced breeding in fish farms can successfully breed it . The economic point of view of Labe rohita and Labeo calbasu are profitable .

15. Cirrhinus mrigala The common Indian species is Cirrhinus mrigala but other like C.cirhosa , C.reba are also found in India . It attains an average length of about 40 cm . Omnivorous in nature . Found in rivers and lakes of Northern India . Both male and female mature at the age of two years . C. Mrigala breeds during monsoon and it is most suited for induced breeding . It is bottom feeder .

16. Catla catla It is found in lakes , ponds , rivers and reservoirs . BREEDING ; It breeds only in running water that is in rivers . It breeds in natural habitat during southwest monsoon and seeds available from may to august and could be collected from breeding grounds . Due to success in induced breeding this fish now can breed in stagnant water in fishfarm . It is highly suitable fish for composite culture along with fishes that are column and bottom feeders because it is surface feeder . It is omnivorous . Catla is fastest growing attaining a maximum size of 63 kg . It contributes about 60 percent to total production from polyculture systems and it is in great demand . The fecundity of female fish ranges from 24000 to 42000 eggs.

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