carpentry for group study let review.ppt

This is a reviewer for TLE.

1. CARPENTRY AND
MASONRY
By: IST

2. CARPENTRY

3. •CARPENTRY
–art and manner of cutting, forming and
joining wood parts together.
–involves shaping and assembling structural
woodwork.
•Carpenter – Builder or skilled craftsman
who performs carpentry works
•Woodworking – Skills developed in
terms of measuring, cutting, framing,
joining and finishing wood materials.

4. PARTS OF WOOD

5. PARTS OF WOOD

6. Bark
is the outermost layer of stem and root of
woody plants.
Cambium
layer
a
 thin layer of
generative tissue lying
between the bark and the
 wood of a stem
Sapwood
is the living, outermost portion of a woody
stem
Heartwood
inner part of the wood which is made up of
accumulated dead cells.
Pith
Or
 medulla is a 
tissue
 in
the
 stems
 
of vascular plants. It is
located in
the center of the stem

7. Types of Woods
1. Lumber
–Woods that came from trees, either
softwood or hardwood.
•Softwood – called as conifers
because many of them bear cones.
•Hardwood – comes from broad
leafed (deciduous) trees

8. 2. Yard lumber
–Prepared lumber for variety of uses.
•Select grade – lumber of good
appearance that can take different
finishes such as stain, paint, and
enamel.
•Common grade – suitable for rough
carpentry. It is not of finishing quality
(eg. Coco Lumber)

9. 3. Manufactured wood
–Also called man-made wood, this are timber sheets
which are produced by gluing
 wood layers
or
 wood fibers together.
•Wood veneer –thin slices of
 wood
•Plywood – a sheet material from thin layers or "plies" of wood
veneer
•Pressed wood or Fiber wood – also called as Medium-density
fiber (MDF), made from woodchips
•Particle board – also known as Low-density fiber (LDF) or
chipboard. It’s cheaper,
 denser and more uniform than
conventional wood and
 plywood 
•Laminated wood – logs are processed by sawmilling and
drying

10. •DEFECTS OF WOODS
Knot – Branch or limb has been exposed
Check – small crack or split.
Split – break or big crack in the board.
Decay – Rotting of wood
Stain – Discoloration
Wane – lack of wood on the face of the piece
Warp – crack, bow, cup, wind (twist) or any
combination of this.

12. •Lumbers are sold following the description:
Surfaced two side or S2S – planed or smooth on
two sides.
Surfaced four side or S4S – planed or smooth on
four sides.
Surfaced in two side and one edge or S3S – board
has been surfaced S2S first, then one edge is ripped
straight.
Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes exact
dimension in T, W, L.
Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually lessened
in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch.

14. •Prices of lumber ranges according to
the following:
1.Types of wood
2.Dimensions
3.Grades of lumber – either sun dried, air
dried or kiln dried

15. •Basic Consideration on the Quality of
Work Done:
1.Quality of wood selected
2.The design of the project
3.The skill and basic processes involved in
making the project
•Wood Preparation
1.Seasoning – process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
2.Finishing - beautification

16. Seasoning
•the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
–Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood
in open air
–Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven
to dry wood
–Treated – Use of Chemical compound before
seasoning

17. •approximate moisture content of
drying hardwood for home furniture
are:
20 % for softwood
6-12 % for hardwood

18. Finishing
•Scraper – used to produce a very smooth
surface.
•Sand paper – used to smoothen the surface of
wood.
•Wood fillers (Masilya) – used to eliminate deep
cuts and holes
•Stain – a wood finishing metal, derived from
different color of woods such as walnut,
mahogany and natural color.

19. •Shellac – came from gums substances of
insects
•a. Orange Shellac – natural type
•b. White Shellac – produced by bleaching
•Varnish – most used clear finishing material
•Paints – most widely use in finishing a project.
•a. Latex paint – is easier to work with and dries more quickly
•b. Enamel Paint – used for coating surfaces that are
outdoors
•c. Lacquer Paint – used for a number of hard and potentially
shiny finishes applied to materials such as wood and metals.

20. •Common Wood Joints
1.Dado Joint (across the grain) Groove that
runs on board, commonly use for making
cabinets and bookshelves.
2.Rabbet Joint (along the grain) Commonly
used for making frames to hold glasses in
drawers and other cabinetwork.
3.Mortise and Tenon (force fitting) Oldest
and strongest kind of wood joint. This is
considered best for quality chairs, tables and
benches.
4.Miter Joint Uses 45 degrees angle cut,
intended for making frames.

21. 5.Lap Joint Used for reinforcing wood length.
Wood assembling is overlapping each other.
6.Butt Joint Simplest type of wood joint, two
pieces of wood is nailed in one end.
7.Dovetail Joint Used on the corner of
drawers and chairs.
8.Tongue and Groove is widely used for re-
entrant angles, allow two flat pieces to be
joined strongly together to make a single flat
surface

22. Miter joint
Butt joint
Lap joint
Rabbet joint

23. •MITER JOINT – picture frame
•LAP or BUTT JOINT – tables
and chairs
•MORTISE and TENON –
chairs, table and benches

24. Si
TO –unge and Groove – Re-entrant angles
DO – vetail – corners of drawers and chairs
MO – rtise and Tennon – Strongest
RA – bbet - holding glasses in drawers
DA – do- bookshelves
MI – ter – picture frame , 45 degrees
BU – tt – simplest and weakest joint
LA – p – reinforcing wood length

25. •Cutting Tools
1.Back Saw – making wood joint.
2.Coping Saw – irregular shape and curves
3.Crosscut Saw – across the grain
4.Hack Saw – cut metal
5.Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and
circle shape in wood.
6.Long crosscut Saw – large and round
lumber
7.Rip Saw – along the grain

27. SAW
BA –ck – making wood joint
HA-ck - metal
CO- ping – irregular shapes and curves
KE-y – irregular shapes and circlr
CR-osscut – across the grain
RIP – along the grain
LONG-crosscut – round and large

38. •WOODWORKING METHODS

39. •DESIGN A PRODUCT
Designing processes to follow;
1.Clarify the purpose, condition and place of
use.
2.Draw a conceptual picture.
3.List the materials needed.
4.List the tools and equipment to be used in
processing.
5.Prepare technical drawings and parts
drawings.
6.Make prototype if possible.

40. •Wood Floor System
1.Girder – principal beam extending from wall to
wall.
2.Floor joist – placed on the girders where the
floor boards are fastened
3.Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation
4.Header – Short transverse joist that supports
the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
5.Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an
end portion of header.
6.Flooring – tongue and groove board which is
most common of wood flooring materials.

42. •Roof System
1.Shed or Lean-to-Roof – Simplest form of roof
consisting of one single slope.
2.Gable or Pitch Roof – Most common type and
economical form of roof
3.Hip Roof – Common form used in modern houses
4.Hip and Valley Roof – Combination of hip roof and an
intersecting gable roof forming T or L shaped building.
5.Pyramid Roof – Modification of hip roof
6.Gambrel Roof – Modification of the gable roof with
each side having two slopes.
7.Dome – Hemispherical form of roof

43. •Types of Roof Frame
Rafters
1.Common Rafter – extended at right angle from the
plate or girt to the ridge.
2.Hip Rafter – diagonally laid from the corner of plate
or girt to the ridge.
3.Valley Rafter – does not extend from plate or girt to
the ridge.
4.Jack Rafter – frame between hip rafter and girt are
called hip jack. The frame between the ridge and
valley rafter are called valley jack and those frame
between the hip and valley rafter are called cripple
jack.
5.Octagonal Rafter – placed on octagonal shaped
plate at the central apex or ridge pole.

45. Truss
–series of triangles used to distribute load and
stiffen the structure spacing
1.Girts – the structural member that supports
the rafters or truss of a building.
2.Collar Beam – ties between rafters on
opposite sides of roof.
3.Purlins – the structural member placed on
top of the rafter or top chord of a truss that
support the roofing materials.

47. Common Parts of a Stair
Rise Height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
RiserVertical face of stair step.
Run
Horizontal distance from the first to last riser of stair
flight.
LandingHorizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
Well Place occupied by flight of stairs
Well HoleOpening in the floor at the top of the flight of stairs.
Stair
Headroom
Clear vertical height measured from nosing of a stair
tread to any overhead construction.
Tread Horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
Step Stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.
WindersSteps not parallel with each other

48. The Stairs

49. Board foot (unit measurement of
lumber)
•(T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
•Example:
–7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per
board feet.
 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
 (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
Php 616.00

50. MASONRY

51. •Concrete – artificial stone as a result of mixing
sand, cement, gravel and water.
•Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water
used for binding stones, bricks, etc. or for
plastering.
•Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings
and hardened to produce smooth surface.
•Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with
water to form a hard stone-like substance.
–Two types of Cement
•Portland Cement (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
•Pozzoland Cement (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)

52. •CHB – most widely used masonry material
•Bricks – manufactured from clay
•Ashlars – stone blocks laid in parallel
horizontal courses.
•Rubble stone – irregular stones with good
face for wall surface.
•Aggregates – material bound together
into a conglomerated mass by cement and
water to form concrete, mortar or plaster.
–Fine sand
–Coarse crushed rocks, gravel

53. CLASSCEMENT SANDGRAVEL
HAND
MIXING
AA 1 1.5 3
½ kg
water + 1
kg
cement +
2 kg sand
+ 2.5 to 3
kg gravel
A 1 2 4
B 1 2.5 5
C 1 3 6

54. Tiles per square meter
TILE SIZE
(METRIC)
TILE SIZE
(ENGLISH)
NUMBER OF
TILES
20x20 8x8 25 pcs
20x25 8x10 20 pcs
30x30 12x12 11 pcs
33x33 13x13 9.25 pcs
40x40 16x16 6.25 pcs
50x50 18x18 4 pcs
60x60 24x24 2.7 pcs

55. CHB lay per bag of Cement
CHB Size No. of Pieces
4” x 8” x 16” 55 to 60 pcs
6” x 8” x 16” 30 to 36 pcs
8” x 8” x 16” 25 to 30 pcs

56. BLESSING NOTES

57. •Carpentry – referring to technology and
science of cutting, fitting, and assembling
•thumb – used as guide
•working with piece of materials as in
sawing, boring, filing and planing, always
use – Clamps
•marking the thickness – marking gauge
•squareness – Try square
•Angles – Sliding T bevel

58. •along the grain – Rip saw
•Across the grain – Crosscut saw
•retracts automatically by a spring – Push
steel rule
•Soft wood – needle like leaves
•Hard wood – deciduos trees
•Plywood – sheets of woods
•highest level of bending strength –
Diagonal the fiber direction

59. •hardwood – 6-12 %
•Softwood – 20 %
•angle used in sawing soft and thin wood –
30-45 degrees
•Seasoning - process of drying the lumber
•Sawing – preparation of wood for
commercial purposes
•common plywood is 4 x 8 feet
•provides greater holding power than nails
– screw

60. •process of smoothening using sand
paper – Sanding
•constructing tables and chairs – Mortise
and Tenon
•CHB – bound together by a material
called mortar
•artificial stone – Concrete
•most widely used masonry materials –
Hollow blocks
•manufactured from clay – Bricks

61. •conglomerated mass – Aggregates
•aggregate components of a total mass of
concrete – 90% (exact composition is
95%)
•1: 3: 6 – class C concrete mixture
•hand mixing ½ kg of water + 1 kg of
cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5 – 3 kg of
gravel
•vertical – Plumb bob
•classifications of masonry tools – none
of the above (2 only, Roughing Up and
Surface Finishing Tools)

62. •finishing a surface – Float
•fine textured concrete plaster – Rubber
foam
•Economy – NOT to be considered in
proportioning concrete mixture
•commonly used in small and large
construction – Portland cement
•practices in mixing cement EXCEPT,
Add plenty of water

63. •purpose of footing in masonry, It prevents
the foundation from sinking
•Has long period of curing time – Pozzolan
•smallest division of the metric scale –
millimeter
•one inch to centimeters – 2.54
•best to use – Kiln dried
•caliper – cylindrical object
•Fastening materials – nails

64. •Plywood – three or more veneer slice
•strongest form – mortise and tenon
•sanding – done before the application of
finishing materials
•S4S – four of its sides are smooth or
planed
•splicing or joining of wood using two side
blocks – Fishing
•simplest – Butt joint

65. •major horizontal support – Header
•series of triangles – Truss
•60 degrees –tooth of a cross cut saw
•solid color instead of a wood pattern –
Opaque finishes
•oldest and most commonly used building
material – Wood
•conifers – Soft wood
•binding agent – Cement

66. •rough – cutting marks are visible
•put through planking machine – dressed
•been dresses and matched, ship lapped,
or patterned – worked
•plank of wood that has been roughly cut –
Lumber
•Flat-grain – parallel to the face
•Edge-grain – 90 degrees to the face
•art of building with stone, bricks, concrete
– Masonry

67. •you hold on to – Handrail
•part do you step on – Tread (minsan
READ ang kalagay sa option)
•Door hinge – door swing when you close
and open it
•standard height of the riser – 6-8 inches
•protective equipment, EXCEPT – ear
muffs
•Helmet – protects the carpenter from
falling objects

68. •protects the carpenter from falling – Belt
and harness
•compress baked clay – Bricks
•closely together – Close-grain
•do not run parallel to the board – Cross-
grain
•picture frame – Miter joint
•shelves of a bookcase – Dado joint
•end of one member inserted to hole of the
other member – Mortise and Tenon joint

69. •Lap joint – one side over the other
•Butt joint – one end over the other
•rigid and durable – Mortise and Tenon
joint
•45 degrees angle – Miter joint
•protects the room occupants – Rabbet
joint
•middle of a bench – Bridle joint
•English system – inch

70. •Metric system – meter
•measure long distances – Pull-push rule
•mark very rough objects – Chalk line
•vertical line – Plum bob
•fasten and remove nails – Claw hammer
•smoothen wood surfaces – Plane
•smooth finish of concrete after floating –
Concrete trowel
•cut brick, block, or stone – Mason's
hammer

71. •repair mortar joints – Pointing trowel
•and move mortar – Brick trowel
•mix concrete – Shovel
•lays bricks – Hawk
•flat with handle at the back usually made
of wood – Float
•shaping and forming concrete edges –
Edger
•mix concrete for column and slab – 1 : 1
1/2 : 3

72. •class B mixture – 1 : 2 1/2 : 5
•mix concrete for a slab in the ground – 1 :
2 : 4
•mix concrete for hollow block filler – 1 : 3 :
6
•can be molded without segregation –
Plasticity
•degree of wetness or slump –
Consistency
•results from mixing cement, sand, and
water – Mortar

73. •results from mixing cement and water –
Grout
•process of finishing using mortar –
Plastering
•Start laying ceramic tiles – Center
•Start laying concrete hollow blocks – Left
•mix mortar for plastering – cement and
sand
•toilet and bathroom flooring – Non-skid
granite tiles

74. •Bricks longer side is exposed to view –
Stretcher
•regulate the strength of concrete, EXCEPT
, Dropping concrete mixture from high
elevation
•1:2:4 – Class A
•set-up the lateral level of a concrete fence
– Spirit level
 

•coarse aggregates – Gravel

75. •process of hardening of concrete – Curing
•widely used in small and large construction
including roads and highways – Portland
cement
•added to the batch immediately before or
during its mixing – Admixture
•the structural reinforcing member –
Stirrups
•structure that holds the poured concrete –
Forms

76. •days shall concrete be maintained above
10 °C temperature – 7 days
•4" x 8" x 16" concrete hollow blocks – 55
to 60 pcs

77. COMPUTATION

78. •A carpenter bought 7 pieces of 2”x4”x12’
lumber. If the price is 35.00 per board foot,
how much did he pay?
a. 1,980.00 c. 1,950.00
b. 1,940.00 d. 1,960.00

79. 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
(8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 35.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 35.00
= Php 1,960.00

80. •Find the total number of board feet of six
pieces of lumber with a dimension of 2" x
4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.
2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8
8 bd. ft. x 6 pcs = 48 bd. Ft.

81. 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8
8 bd. ft. x 6 pcs = 48 bd. Ft.

82. •If you have 2 ft length of a piece of wood,
how long is it in inches?
a. 25
b. 12
c. 22
d. 24

83. 2 ft x 12 inches = 24 inches

84. •If you have 2 yards length of a piece of
wood, how long is it in inches?
a. 82
b. 72
c. 84
d. 64
2 yards x 36 inches = 72 inches

85. •2 yards x 36 inches = 72 inches

86. •10 yards length of wood is how many feet?
a. 36
b. 35
c. 30
d. 24

87. •10 yards x 3 feet = 30 feet

88. •One decameter of G.I. sheets is how many
centimeters?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 100
d. 1,000

89. 1 decameter = 0.10 meter
1 meter = 100 centimeter
0.10 m x 100 cm = 10

90. •A 2" x 3" x 12' lumber is how many board
feet?
a. 2
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10

91. (2 x 3 x 12) /12 = 72/12
= 6

92. •5 pcs. of a 1" x 1' x 8' lumber is how many
board feet?
a. 30
b. 35
c. 40
d. 45

93. 1 x 1 x 8 = 8
8 x 5 pcs = 40

94. •50 millimeters length of a piece of lumber is how
many decimeter?
a. 5
b. 0.05
c. 0.005
d. 0.5

95. 1 meter = 1000 millimeter
1 meter = 10 decimeter
50 mm / 1000 m = 0.05 m
0.05 m x 10 dm = 0.5 dm

96. •How tall is a 10 meter building in inches?
a. 3.937
b. 39.37
c. 393.7
d. 3,937
1 m = 39.37 inches
10 x 39.37 = 393.7

97. •A mason wants to lay concrete hollow
blocks into a 10 sq.m. wall. How many
CHB are needed?
a. 100 pcs.
b. 120 pcs.
c. 122.5 pcs.
d. 125 pcs.
10 sq. m x 12.5 pcs (standard) = 125 pcs

98. •A mason wants to lay 16" by 16" ceramic
tiles in a 10 sq.m. room. How many tiles
are needed?
a. 60 pcs.
b. 61.5 pcs.
c. 62.5 pcs.
d. 63 pcs.
10 sq m x 6.25 pcs (16”x16”) = 62.5 pcs

99. •) How many CHBs are installed for a wall
having a dimension of 2.5 m width and 4.0
m height?
a. 125 pcs.
b. 122.5 pcs.
c. 300 pcs.
d. 400 pcs.
2.5 m x 4 m = 10 sq m
10 sq m x 12.5 pcs = 125 pcs

100. •How many 8" x 8" wall tiles are needed in
a wall 2.5 m width and 4.0 m height?
a. 300 pcs.
b. 500 pcs.
c. 550 pcs.
d. 600 pcs.
2.5 m x 4 m = 10 sq m
10 sq m x 25 pcs (8”x8”) = 250 pcs
(pwede yung 300 dahil nearest to 250)

101. •A carpenter bought 10 pcs. of a 2" x 3" x 8'
lumber. If the price of lumber is 50.00 per
₱
board foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,800
₱
b. 1,900
₱
c. 2,000
₱
d. 2,100
₱

102. 2 x 3 x 8 / 12 = 4
4 x 10 pcs = 40 bd ft x Php 50 = Php 2,000

103. •A carpenter bought 10 pcs. of a 2" x 4" x 6'
lumber. If the price of lumber is P50.00 per
board foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,800
₱
b. 1,900
₱
c. 2,000
₱
d. 2,100
₱
2 x 4 x 6 / 12 = 4
4 x 10 pcs = 40 bd ft x Php 50 = Php 2,000

104. •How many cubic yard of concrete do you
need to cover a space with an area of 25
square foot and a slab thickness of four (4)
inches?
a. 0.34 cu. yd.
b. 0.32 cu. yd.
c. 0.25 cu. yd.
d. 0.51 cu. yd.

105. •Convert 4 inches into foot
–4 / 12 = 0.33
0.33 x 25 sq m
8.25 sq m / 27 (cu. yrd)
0.30555 … or 0.31 cu. yrd
(0.34 is the nearest)

106. •To convert from feet to get number of
meters, multiply feet by?
a. 0.3048
b. 25.4
c. 30.48
d. 2.54
Feet to meter
1 ft = 0.3048 m

107. 1) The preparation of good quality lumber
includes several stages. When it is dried, the
process involved is?
a. seasoning
b. staining
c. lumbering
d. logging
Answer : A seasoning

108. 2) The smallest division of the metric scale
that you can find in the steel rule is
________.
a. decimeter
b. centimeter
c. millimeter
d. meter
Answer : C. millimeter

109. •3) What is the conversion equivalent of
one inch to centimeters?
a. 25.4
b. 2.54
c. 0.254
d. 0.0254
Answer : b. 2.54

110. 5.) A seasoned lumber is ideal for carpentry
works. Which among the following is best to
use?
a. Sun dried
b. Kiln dried
c. Air dried
d. Natural dried
Answer : b. Kiln dried

111. 6) There are numerous kinds of saw. When
sawing along the grain of wood, you need a
________.
a. back saw
b. cross cut saw
c. rip saw
d. circular saw
Answer : c. rip saw

112. 7) In measuring cylindrical object, what is the
appropriate tool to be used?
a. ruler
b. caliper
c. pull-push rule
d. meter stick
Answer : b. caliper

113. 8) Fastening materials are important in woodworks. The
most common of these materials is ________.
a. dowel
b. bolts
c. screw
d. nails
Answer : d. nails

114. • 9) A wood product made of three or more veneer
slice that are laid one upon the other and bonded with
glue or synthetic resin is ________.
a. Pressed wood
b. Plywood
c. Particle board
d. Soft wood
b. Plywood

115. 10) Which of the following tools is used in checking the
squareness of the corners and flatness of a surface?
a. Straightedge
b. Steel square
c. Sliding T-bevel
d. Try square
b. Steel square

116. 11) The strongest form of wood joint applicable
for table legs is ________.
a. miter
b. mortise and tenon
c. dado
d. butt and lap
b. mortise and tenon

117. 12) You are almost finished with your project. One of
the procedure below is done before the application of
finishing materials.
a. cutting
b. spraying
c. sanding
d. varnishing
c. sanding

118. •13) A surfaced lumber where four of its sides
are smooth or planed is called:
a. S3S
b. S2S
c. Rough
d. S4S
c. sanding

119. •13) A surfaced lumber where four of its sides
are smooth or planed is called:
a. S3S
b. S2S
c. Rough
d. S4S
•d. S4S

120. 14) In carpentry, splicing or joining of wood using
two side blocks is called:
a. Lapping
b. Scarfing
c. Fishing
d. Jointing
•c. Fishing

121. •15) There is considerable number of wood
joints. The simplest and easiest to make is
________.
a. Lap joint
b. Dado joint
c. Miter joint
d. Butt joint
•d. Butt joint

122. 17) A type of roof frame consisting series of
triangles used to distribute loads and stiffen the
structure of the roof is ________.
a. Girts
b. Rafter
c. Truss
d. Purlins
•c. Truss

123. •18) A triangular file is used to sharpen a saw.
What is the angle of the file set against the
bevel of the tooth of a cross cut saw?
a. 30 degrees
b. 45 degrees
c. 90 degrees
d. 60 degrees
d. 60 degrees

124. 19) What kind of wood finishing material is used
when you want a solid color instead of a wood
pattern finish?
a. Opaque finishes
b. Bleaches
c. Stains
d. Lacquers
a. Opaque finishes

125. •20) A saw angle should be adjusted depending
on the kind of wood. What is the recommended
angle for soft and thin wood?
a. 30-45 degrees
b. 60 degrees
c. 80 degrees
d. 20 degrees
a. 30-45 degrees

126. 21) Which is considered to be the oldest and
most commonly used building material?
a. Cement
b. Wood
c. Steel
d. Sand
b. Wood

127. •22) A wood which is obtained from conifers and
are used for framing?
a. Hard wood
b. Soft wood
c. Dark wood
d. Brown wood
b. Soft wood

128. 23) Which wood is obtained from deciduous
trees?
a. Hard wood
b. Soft wood
c. Dark wood
d. Brown wood
a. Hard wood

129. 26) A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible is
________.
a. rough
b. smooth
c. dressed
d. worked
a. rough

130. 29) Which is a plank of wood that has been
roughly cut?
a. Timber
b. Board
c. Lumber
d. Block
c. Lumber

131. •30) Which lumber has been cut from logs
radially to the growth rings and the fiber runs
about parallel to the face?
a. Edge-grain
b. Angle-grain
c. Flat-grain
d. Close-grain
c. Flat-grain

132. 31) Which lumber has been cut tangentially to the
growth rings and the fiber runs about 90 degrees
to the face?
a. Edge-grain
b. Angle-grain
c. Flat-grain
d. Close-grain
a. Edge-grain

133. 33) If you want to go upstairs, which part do you
hold on to?
a. Handrail
b. Tread
c. Handle
d. Riser
a. Handrail

134. •34) If you want to upstairs, which part do you
step on?
a. Handrail
b. Tread
c. Handle
d. Riser
b. Tread

135. 35) What makes the door swing when you close
and open it?
a. Door knob
b. Door lock
c. Door shutter
d. Door hinge
d. Door hinge

136. 36) A carpenter wants to construct a stair, what
could be the standard height of the riser?
a. 5-6 inches
b. 6-8 inches
c. 8-10 inches
d. 10-12 inches
b. 6-8 inches

137. 44) A carpenter fixes shelves of a bookcase. Which type of joint
is appropriate?
a. Dado joint
b. Mortise and Tenon joint
c. Lap joint
d. Miter joint
45) In which wood joint is the end of one member inserted to
hole of the other member?
a. Dado joint
b. Mortise and Tenon joint
c. Lap joint
d. Miter joint