CARPENTRY-module-2nd-sem-ind.-arts-2-2.pptx

This ppt discuss the nature of carpentry and introduction to carpentry.

1. CARPENTRY is the skill of creating furniture or other objects from wood using specialist carpentry tools and techniques, training is usually through apprenticeship.

2. Common Carpentry Tools TOOLS are defined as implements used to modify raw materials for human use. Tools can be considered as extension of the hand thereby increasing its speed, power, and accuracy. From the early age up to the present generation, tools can be considered as man’s partner in his struggle for survival. Knowing the different tools and equipment and their uses, facilitate work activities and project making and it helps every student to save time and effort in performing different tasks in woodworking. Tools are classified according to their uses.

3. Measuring Tools: These are tools used for laying out measurements. The following tools are included in this group: 1. Bench rule - This is one-piece rule made of one-or two-foot lenght. It is commonly used for general measurement in school shop.

4. 2. Two-foot four folding rule - This is generally used in measuring short distances. It is also used as a protractor with the aid of a table. It is made of four folds connected by three hinges that are 6 inches apart.

5. 3. Zigzag rule - This is used for rough layout. It is also used to measure distances greater than two feet.

6. 4. Pull-push tape rule - This is use to measure longer distances. It is available from one meter to 50 meters long.

7. 5. Slide Caliper rule - This is special tool used to measure the outside diameter of cylindrical objects.

8. Graduation of an inch

9. TESTING TOOLS: These tools are used to test the squareness of a corner, the end of an edge, the flatness of a surface, or the straightness of an edge. 1. Try Square - This used for squaring and testing smaller work.

10. 2. Combination Square - is similar in appearance with try square only that the head can slide and clamp it at any desired distance of the blade. It is also provided with a miter and level guide.

11. 3. Miter Square - is a square with blades permanently set at 45 degrees.

12. 4. Steel Square - This is sometimes called the carpenter’s square or the framing square. It is used effectively on various framing works. Parts: Tounge is the shorter and narrower part. Body is the longer and wider part of the square.

13. 5. Sliding T-bevel - This is a special square used to lay out angles of different degrees and to test miter joints.

14. 6. Plumb Bob - This is a tool used to check straightness of posts, studs, and the like.

15. 7. Level - is used for both guiding and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal position.

16. 8. Miter box is a device used as guide of the hand saw in cutting objects to form a miter joint.

17. EDGE CUTTING TOOLS These are the tools having thin, sharp edges and are used for cutting lumber/wood. The different edge-cutting tools are planes, chisels, spokeshaves, and adzes.

18. 1. PLANES - These are tools for shaping wood. They are used to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber or timber. Kinds of planes: 1a. Jack plane 1b. Smooth plane 1c. Block plane 1d. Fore plane 1f. Jointer plane 1g. Wooden plane

19. Kinds of Planes 1a. Jack plane - This is the most useful plane because of its convenient size and is used for planing pieces of wood that need to have straight edges and surface. With the lenght of 35-40 cm.

20. 1b. Smooth plane - This is used for smoothening a lumber surface flat and cleaning up flushed-framed work, chamfers, and rounding edges. The lenght is 15cm-30cm.

21. 1c. Block plane - This is a plane having a single-iron plane blade that is placed with the beveled side up. It is used for planing end grain. Five and one-half inches in lenght.

22. 1d. Fore plane - This is used for planing large surfaces of wood with the lenght of 55cm-60cm. Its lenght enables to skim off high spots as it bridges low spots, delivering a levelled surface ready for the smoothing plane.

23. 1e. Jointer plane - This is used for straightening long and uneven surface of wood. The size is 70cm-75cm. long.

24. 1g. Wooden plane

25. Parts of Jack Plane

26. 2. SPOKESHAVE This is used for curved surfaces that cannot be done with a circular plane. 2 kinds of spokeshave: 2a. Concave spokeshave 2b. Convex spokeshave

27. 2a. Convex Spokeshave - this is use for flat surface and curves.

28. 2b. Concave Spokeshave - this is used in concave curves surfaces of wood.

29. 3. Chisels - These are indespebsable tools used in carpentry. They are one of the most abuse tools. They are constantly used for prying, opening cases, as screwdriver, or an opener. Types of Chisel: 3a. Paring chisel 3b. Firming chisel 3c. Framing chisel

30. 3a. Paring chisel - This is light duty tool used to plane long surfaces parallel with the grain of wood.

31. 3b. Firming chisel - This is a heavy tool adapted to withstand severe strain, as in framing work and where deep cuts are necessary.

32. 3c. Framing chisel - This has a very heavy and strong blade used in rough carpentry work like shipbuilding.

33. Parts of chisel

34. LINING/MARKING TOOLS These tools are classifed according to the kind of work they are to perform, are used for marking or drawing lines. Kinds: 1. Pencil 2. Scratch awl 3. Scriber 4. Compass 5. Divider 6. Marking gauge 7. Chalk line

35. Pencil This is used in marking rough work.

36. Scratch awl This is used in drawing lines and marking off points in measuring.

37. Scriber This is used in marking fine work. It is made of hardened steel with a sharp point designed to mark fine lines.

38. Compass is a tool used to describe an arc or circle.

39. Divider is used in dividing distances into equal parts from an arc, circumferences including straight lines.

40. Marking gauge This is a tool most appropriate in marking lines parallel with the edges of the wood.

41. Parts of marking gauge

42. Chalk Line and Reel This is used for marking very rough work.

43. Toothed Cutting Tools In Carpentry Work, the toothed cutting tools are of utmost importance due to its versatility in service and demand. Toothed cutting tools are classified as: 1. Saws 2. Files 3. Sandpaper

44. SAW This is a tool that uses a hard blade, wire, or chain with a toothed edge to cut through softer materials. Kinds of Saw: 1a. Cross cut saw 1b. Rip saw 1c. Back saw 1d. Dovetail saw 1e. Compass saw 1f. Coping saw 1g. Keyhole saw

45. 1a. Crosscut saw - is a saw used for cutting across the grain of wood. The teeth of a crosscut saw look like a series of knife point.

46. Rip saw - is a hand saw used for sawing along the grain of wood. The teeth of a rip saw look like a chisel gang.

47. Back saw - is used for making accurate cuts on the line in wood. Its teeth resemble the cross cut saw teeth, but this saw differs in design.

48. Dovetail saw - is used for cutting very fine work in wood.

49. Compass saw - used to cut curves of very small radii and other such curves because of its exceptionally narrow point and sufficiently heavy blade.

50. Coping saw - is used for cutting curved shapes on thin pieces of board.

51. Keyhole saw -is similar to a compass saw, it is used to cut small, irregular curves. It is shorter than a compass saw.

52. Buck or Wood saw - is a hand-powered frame saw similar to bow saw and generally used with a sawbuck[1] to cut logs or firewood to length (bucking). Modern bucksaws usually have a metal frame ("H" or "C"-shaped) and a removable blade with coarse teeth held in tension by the frame. Lightweight portable or foldable models used for camping or back-packing are also available. It is often referred to as a bow saw in the North American hardware market, but that term traditionally refers to a different type of saw with a wooden frame.

53. Hack saw - is a fine-toothed saw with a blade under tension in a frame, used for cutting materials such as metal. Hand-held hacksaws consits of a metal arch with a handle, usually with a pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism is used to put the thin blade under tension. The blade can be mounted with the teeth facing toward or away from the handle, resulting in cutting action on either the push or pull stroke.

54. Driving/Fastening Tools These are tools used to fixed or connect parts of the work together with nails, screws, bolts, etc. Types of Driving Tools: 1. Hammer 2. Screw driver 3. Wrench

55. Hammers - are tools consisting of a solid head set crosswise on a handle. a. Claw Hammer - is used for driving and pulling out nails. The claw is used to extract nails and straighten bended nails.

56. Ball-peen hammer - used to make dents in metal as well as to expand.

57. Riveting hammer - is used to flatten the ends of rivets. The head is square to the face, while back of the head is shape like wedge aligned with the handle.

58. Cross peen hammer - This type of hammer is used for starting small nails held between fingers. It is a square-headed hammer with a leveled wedge-like edge.

59. Mallet - is made of rubber, plastic, or wood and should be used in preference over a steel hammer for driving chisels with wooden handle.

60. 2. Screw Drivers - These are used for fastening screws. Types of Screw Drivers: 2a. Phillips-head screw driver 2b. Plain screw driver

61. Phillips-head screw driver - is used for driving screws with recessed heads.

62. Plain screw driver - This is used to install slotted head screw. The size of the tool recons on the lenght and diameter of the blade.

63. Parts of screw driver

64. Wrenches - are the tools with handle and a jaw which may be fitted to the head of a nut used to tighten or loosen bolts. Wrench is classified as either plain, socket, or adjustable. Double End Type Plain wrench

65. Combination plain wrench

66. Adjustable Wrench

67. Back wrench

68. Socket wrench

69. Holding Tools These are tools used for holding metal or compounds while working. Kinds of Holding Tools: 1. C-clamp - this resembles the letter “C”. It is tool made of steel with a jaw and a thumbscrew. The screw works across the open part of the “C”. The size of the clamp is measured by the width of the piece that can be clamped in it. C-clamps are available i different sizes from 3” to 12”.

70. 2. Bar clamp - is used for giving up large surfaces, edge to edge, and for clamping parts together when assembling projects.

71. 3. Hand Screw Clamp - is used for giving stock face to face or for clamping together any work within the range of the clamp jaws. It is about 6”-20”.

72. Vise - is used to hold pieces of wood while they are being shaped.

73. Machinist vise - is an all-metal vise with a continous screw. The single parallel guide is at the lower part of the screw. It is bolted to the bench or to the table top instead of the side.

74. Bench vise

75. A solid bench vise is like an extra set of very strong hands, and having one can actually improve your work: As long as it's attached to a sturdy workbench, a bench vise will hold a workpiece in a still and relatively vibration free state and help you make smoother saw cuts, more steady plane strokes, or even get your sanding done faster. Even though many woodworkers would rate a bench vise as an indispensable tool, it's an easy one to put off buying. You can get by reasonably well with an arrangement of handscrew clamps and c-clamps for a while

76. Boring and Drilling Tools BORING TOOLS These are especially designed to make hole in wood. The different types boring tools are auger, drill, gimlet, expansive bit, and brad awl.

77. 1. Auger Brace - is used for boringholes on wood with a diameter ranging from 1/2” . Augers that are provided with a shank are commonly called bits.This woodworking hand tools are obviously used for boring & drilling holes into wood for a variety of purposes, and driving screws.

78. Auger brace and Bit parts:

79. 2. Hand Drill and bit-This is used for boring holes either in wood or metal. The tool that holds the drill is called hand drill.

80. 3. Gimlet - This is used for boring holes by hand pressure classified as twist and plain. .

81. 4. Expansive bit - This bit is adjustable to any size between 22 to 75 mm in diameter.

82. 5. Bradawl - This is a small tool used for punching or piercing small holes. It is generally used in starting a nail or screw into hardwood.

83. 6. Hollow Auger is intended for external boring or turning.

84. 7. Spoke Pointers cuts a conical hole. It is similar with the auger only that the cutter is lengthwise.

85. 8. Counter Sink is used to enlarge a conical hole at the sur face of wood.

86. 9. Nail set - is used to help the hammer drive the nail completely into the wood.

87. Sharpening Tools Experienced carpenters know the importance of sharpening tools in carpentry operations. Sharp tools assure the worker in accomplishing a refined quality work. For the amateur worker, too much can’t be written on the subject of sharpening tools and methods of sharpening. If an expert carpenter cannot produce good work with dull tools, what more can be expected from an amateur with dull tools.

88. Kinds of Sharpening Tools 1. Grind stone 2. Oil stone 3. Whetstone 1. Grind stone - is a flat disc, solid stone usually of sandstone mounted on a shaft used for sharpening, shaping, or polishing metal by turning.

89. Oil stone - this is used after grinding operation to achieve a smooth and keen edge of the tools. Oil is the lubricatingmedium.

90. Whet stone - is a natural or artificial stone used for sharpening cutting edge tools when moistened with water.

91. Equipment/Machines In most cases, woodworking machines are operated by electricity and are classifed according to use. These equipment are used for boring, cutting, forming, and plaining. 1. Portable electric drill 2. Portable electric saw 3. Electric drill press 4. Portable electric jig saw 5. Portable electric sander 6. Portable electric planer 7. Portable hand router 8. Electric wood lathe machine 9. Electric Band Saw

92. 1. Portable Electric Drill - This equipment is handy and the drill bit can be changed to desired size. It is used to bore a hole on a surface of the wood on a desired size. This type of tools needs regular maintenance to prolong the life of the drill.

93. 2. Portable Electric Saw/Circular saw - is a handy power tool for construction work. It is very effective tool in the construction of framework particularly on angular cuts for stair, jacks and truss members.

94. 3. Electric Drill Press - is also a power driven rotary tool for driving drill, bits, plug cutters, and many auxiliary attachments such as mortise chisels, grinding wheels and shaper cutters. The speed of the drill press varies from 300 to 700 rpm. The speed however, is controlled by shifting the drive belt on a set of cone pulleys operating on the principles of wheel and axle.

95. 4. Portable Electric Jig Saw/saber saw - when using jig saw always wear safety goggles and a dust mask. Long should be tied back. Makes sure to start the saw before cutting into the wood to prevent the blade from snapping. Also keep the power cable behind the saw to prevent it getting tangled of possibly cut. Be sure that the hands are kept out away to avoid accidents. It is a heavy-duty type all purpose saw designed for construction work. It holds a saber blade from 8cm. to 30cm. long and cuts flush to avertical or horizontal surface.

96. 5. Portable Electric Sander - is a power driven abrading tool classified into three types: 5a. Belt sander 5b. Disk sander 5c. Finishing sander

97. 5a. Belt Sander - a coated abrasive belt is run over a pad guided by an idler and driving drum.

98. 5b. Electric Disk Sander - A coated abrasive disk rotates on a motor spindle.

99. 5c. Electric Finishing Sander - A coated abrasive strip fitted over a pressure pad is powered in an orbital or in-line oscillating motion.

100. 6. Portable Electric Planer - is a power driven rotating edge cutting tool. The full width knives or blade are set equidistant along the circumference of the cutter head that rotates at a speed of 3600 to 7200 rpm. The planer blade cut under the principle of a continous set of cutting wedges.

101. 7. Portable Hand Router - is a power driven rotary shaping tool revolving at a spindle speed of 5000 to 2700 rpm scraping under the principle of continous set of cutting wedges. Hand router is to moldings, rout cut grains for inlay and cut dovetails etc.

102. How to used Portable Hand Router

103. 8. Wood Lathe Machine - is classified as powered rotary driving tool. The lathe is used to rotate the material for shaping, sanding or polishing. It is also used as holding jig for fluting, roughing and drilling holes.

104. 9. Electric Band Saw - is a power driven endless toothed hand cutting tool. It is more extensively used and preferred than the circular saw for heavy-duty work. The preference of band saw over the circular saw is due to the savings realized in the wood cut. It was designed as a thin strip of tempered flexible belt with rip teeth filed on one edge and run around two pulleys at a speed from 900 to 1500 meter per minute.

105. Safety Practices when Working Performing activities or doing a project in Carpentry can be both fun and satisfying. Any accomplished project can add to your experience since it can help develop your values and work habits. The following are som e tips to consider while performing woodworking activities or making projects. 1. All work done in the shop must have the teacher’s approval and supervision. 2.Use only the proper tools for a specific job to produce quality output. 3. Wear protective clothing such as an apron. 4. It is essential to to use protective device. 5. Keep the floor clear of cutting materials and others.

106. 6. In cutting any material, follow a simple practice like--measure the material twice and cut once only. 7. Get permission from your teacher each time you need to use a machine. 8. Do not use a machine or tool until your teacher has shown you how to use it correctly. 9. Turn off the machine after using it. 10. Always check the condition of tools and machines before using. 11. Do not play with sharp cutting tools. 12. Avoid using dull or broken tools. 13. Avoid throwing tools at anybody. 14. Lastly, do not try to do anything which you think you are not capable of doing.

107. CHAPTER 2: WOOD Wood is that fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between the pitch and the bark. More specifically, wood is defined as the lignified water conducting, strengthening and storage tissues of branches, stem and roots of trees. The trunk is cut down into timber, sawn into smaller size, lumber, and smoothened into a piece of wood ready for any type of construction or carpentry work. Properties of Wood as Building Material 1. Strong Material 2. Durable 3. Light in weight 4. Ease of working and fastening 5. With artistic and natural beauty

108. LUMBER Lumber may be classified into softwood or hardwood. Softwood comes from evergreen or needle-bearing trees. These are called conifers because many of them bear cones. Hardwood comes from broad-leafed trees that shed their leaves at the end of the growing season. Plywood is constructed by gluing together a number of layers of wood with the grain direction turned at right angles in successive layers. Plywood can be secured in thickness of 1/8 to more than 1" with the common Sizes being 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", " 5/8 ", and “ 3 / 4." A standard panel size is 4 feet wide by 8 feet l ong. Specifications of lumber that are prepared and sold according to the size and smoothness description are as follows: 1. Surfaced or dressed lumber - This is a planed lumber having at least one smooth side. 2 . S2S:S4S - These are planed or dressed lumber of which the number connotes the number of smooth sides such that S2S means smooth on two sides and S4S is smooth on four sides. 3. Timber - This is a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest dimension. 4. Plank - This is a wide piece of lumber from two to five inches thick. 5. Board - This board is a piece of lumber less than 1½ inches thick and at least 4 inches wide. 6. K.D . - Kiln dried 7. RL- Rough lumber with specific measurement 8. T&G - Tongue and groove on the edge of the wood 9. B.M. - Board measure 10. AW and AL- All widths and all lengths 11. SLAB - is a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the annual rings of wood running the full of lenght of the log and containing at least one flat surface. 12. Lumber - is the term applied to wood after it was sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks, etc. for commercial puposes.

109. PARTS of the CROSS SECTION of a TREE TRUNK 1. PITH - this is the center or a heart of a tree trunk and often decays in the over mature tree. 2. Heartwood - This is a matured and fully developed wood. It is darker, harder, and more durable than sapwood. It is a part of the tree suitable for structures. 3. Bark - This is the corky outer covering of the tree having two parts: (a) cortex is the thicker, outer part; (b) bast or the thin inner part. 4. Medullary rays - These are rows of cells running radially from the cambium layer. 5. Sapwood, also called alburnum, outer, living layers of the secondary wood of trees, which engage in transport of water and minerals to the crown of the tree. The cells therefore contain more water and lack the deposits of darkly staining chemical substances commonly found in heartwood. 6. Cambium , plural Cambiums, orCambia, in plants, layer of actively dividing cells between xylem (wood) and phloem (bast) tissues that is responsible for the secondary growth of stems and roots (secondary growth occurs after the first season and results in increase in thickness).

110. Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where needed. This transport process is called translocation. The vascular system is comprised of two main types of tissue: the xylem and the phloem. The xylem distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots. Growth ring, in a cross section of the stem of a woody plant, the increment of wood added during a single growth period. In temperate regions the growth period is usually one year, in which case the growth ring may be called an “annual ring.” In tropical regions, growth rings may not be discernible or are not annual. Xylem and phloem facilitate the transportation of water, minerals and food throughout the plant. Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Whereas, phloem carries the food prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plant.

111. LUMBER Lumbers are sold in a common unit of measure which is the "board foot." In buying the lumber, the computation is done by the number of board foot not by the number of pieces you will buy. The measurement is specified according to its length, thickness, and width. The formulas on how to compute for the board feet are as follows: 1. If the length is given in feet: board feet = number of pieces x thickness (inches) x width (inches) X length (feet) 12 Example: Compute for the board feet of 4 pieces 1 inch thick, 12 inches wide, and 12 feet long S4S lumber. 2. If the lenght is given in linear or running inches: board feet = number of pieces x thickness(“) x width(“) x lenght(“) 144

112. Board Feet of a Log How to Determining Board Foot in a Round Log The total net board foot in a round log is computed using the following formula: Board Foot = (D-4)² x L 16 Where: D= The smaller diameter of the log in inches L = Length of the log in feet 4 and 16 are constant value in the formula for slab reduction. Example: D = 24” L = 18’ Board Foot = (24 - 4)2 x 18 16 = (20)2 x 18 16 = 450 bd.ft.

113. COMMON WOOD JOINTS Joinery is the process of putting together the parts of a piece of work. There are many types of wood joints for furniture and cabinet work. However, the joints that are describe in this lesson are the basic ones for beginners. Kinds of Wood Joints: 1. Butt Joint - This is the simplest and easiest to make of all the wood joints. It is used in simple box construction. The end of one member is joined or butted to the face or edge of another member and held together by nails, screws, or with corrugated metal fastener. 2. Miter joint - This is a joint where the ends to be joined together at 45 degrees. Miter joints are butted together at the end and held by a nail or by a corrugated metal at the back. 3. Dado joint - This is a joint in which the end of one member is fitted into a recess cut across the face of another member. It is one of the strongest joints. It is used in drawer construction, shelves, and bookcases.

114. Wood....... 4. Rabbet joint - This is similar to the dado joint. The end of one member is fitted into a recess cut across the surface of the other member at its end. The difference between a dado joint and a rabbet joint is that in the abbet joint, the pieces are joined together at the end. It is commonly sed in making drawers and bookcases. 5. La p joint - This is another simple and commonly used joint. It is called lap joint because ½/ of the thickness of each member is removed from the par t where they are to be joined. They are the end lap joint, the middle lap joint, and the cross lap joint. 6. Mortise and tenon joint - This is a joint in which one member is prepared with a rectangular hollow called mortise to the other end of the other member shaped to fit into the mortise. This part is called the tenon. It is commonly used in cabinet construction.

115. Parts of the Project Plan Name of the Project:___ Year and Section:______ Date Started:_________ Date Finished:_________ I. Purpose of the Project : The project to be made has its definite pupose. Sate briefly the reasons why you desire to make the project. 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ II. Tools and Equipmen t: ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

116. Parts of......... III. Working Drawing: Sketch of the project with exact dimension. III. Working Drawing: Sketch of the project with exact dimension.

117. Parts of.......... IV. Bills of Materials: Names of the materials needed should be listed together with the needed quantity, their descriptions, unit cost, and the total cost. These include the number of pieces of wood bought, hardware, abrasive, adhesives, and finishing material including their description and total cost. Material Quantity Description Unit Cost Toatal Cost

118. Parts of............... V. Procdure : This shall be a guide in doing the step-by-step procedure to finish the project systemically. VI. Evalauation of the Project: This is where you will rate the finoshed project. Every student and teacher must know how a finished project will be assessed. You can used rubrics, scorecards, and checklists in evaluating your project.