Carrot Breeding

Breeding aspects of carrot

1. WELCOME 1

2. UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES BAGALKOT COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE , BENGALURU Course tittle : BREEDING OF VEGETABLE CROPS-II (VSC512-2+1) Presented By : Sanmathi Naik A T S Jr.M.Sc ( Hort ) Department of vegetable science College Of Horticulture, Bengaluru TOPIC: CARROT BREEDING 2

3. CARROT Botanical Name: Daucus carota Family: Apiaceae ( Umbelliferae ) Centre of Origin : Afghanistan Pollination system: Cross pollination Chromosome number:2n=18 3

4. It is enlarged fleshy tap root It is a cool season crop grown best at a mean temperature of 16-18 o C Top growth is reduced at mean temperature 28 o C and roots become very strong flavored Cool night temperature is required for carrot production in the tropics. Taste of carrot is mainly due to presence of glutamic acid. Isocoumarin is responsible for bitter flavour in carrot 4

5. Salad and cooked as vegetable . Soupes , Stew, curries, pies, Juice, Pickles, Gajar ka halwa , Kanji Rich source of carotene ( provitamin A ) In france cultivated for its essential oil extraction from seeds. Used as folk medicine for thread worms Carrot leaves used as vegetable and are good source of leaf protein. Seeds are carminative, aromatic . They are useful for kidney and dropsy disease. Uses 5

6. AREA AND PRODUCTION It is among the top-ten most economically important vegetable crops in the world both in terms of acreage and market value . Mainly grown in Punjab, Assam, Haryana, UP, Karnataka , AP etc. Carrot occupies an area of 86 Hectares with production of 1379MT (NHB-2017) In 2005, the world production of carrot stood at 24 million tones on 1.1 million hectares. The total traded carrot seed crop at global level is estimated as 100 million USD. 6

7. Origin and Distribution Primary centre of origin: Afghanistan in western Asia Secondary centre of origin : Ethiopia , North America European carrot are derived from asiatic form of carrot. Afghanistan is the centre of diversity for purple type of carrot. Asiatic + European = present day yellow carrot(mutants of anthocyanin carrot) These are originated and spread to meditaranian region and European region in 11 th century, Orange carrots(mutant of yellow carrot) were 1 st cultivated i n Netherland. Introduced to India from persia . 7

8. TAXONOMY Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Sub phylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Daucus Species: carota 8

9. D.carota and D.sativus are only cultivated genera of the spp 9

10. CYTOLOGY Cultivated carrot: Daucus carota L. With n=9.2n=18 Carrot crosses readily with wild (Queen Anne’s lace ) Daucus carota ssp.carota which is distributed world wide. Almost 80 Daucus spp have been identified and their ploidy level ranges from n=7 to n=11 The only reported interspecific cross with carrot is with Daucus capillifolius , where n=9 10

11. Plant Characters Habit : Annual or biennial herb with an erect much branched stem of 30-120cm. Stem : Usually the stem elongates and produces rough , hispid branches during the second year. Leaves : Pinnatly compond Root : It is the edible portion of plant enlarged fleshy taproot of about 15 to 30cm 11

12. Botany Andromonoecious , Consist of hermaphrodite flowers in the peripheral region and central zone, male flowers in the intermediate zone Male sterility controlled by a cytoplasmic factor and one or more recessive genes has been reported Protandry is also responsible for cross pollination The stigma becomes receptive on the 5 th day after flower opening and active for 8 days ,but the better fruit sets are from pollination on 6 to 11 days after flower opening .Over 95% of cross pollination has been observed in carrot 12

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14. Flowers : Perfect with small petals, usually white or yellowish in colour , calyx is entire Stamens: 5 in number Ovary: Inferior with 2 locules each with a single ovule. On the upper surface of the ovary, there is swollen nectar which supports the style and stigma. Seed: Seed is indehicent mericarp , containing a single seed . In fact 2 mericarps pair to form the schizocarps, the true carrot fruit which develops from a two loculed ovary the mericarp or the seed is some what flattened on one side and the opposite side has longitudinal ribs with bristly hairs. 14

15. Inflorescence There are five small sepals, five petals, five stamens and two carpels . The inflorescence of carrot is a compound umbel . A primary umbel can have over 1000 flowers at maturity, whereas secondary, tertiary and quaternary umbels bear fewer flowers. Floral development is centripetal i.e. the flowers to dehisce first are on the outer edges of the outer umbellets . Carrot is protandrous . Flowers are epigynous . 15

16. As soon as the first bud in an umbel opens, the whole umbel of the female parent is bagged in a muslin/cloth bag. The flowers are removed daily until peak flowering has reached. Anthers are removed from the early opening outer flowers in the outer whorl of umbellets until sufficient flowers are emasculated Unopened central florets in the emasculated umbellets and all late flowering umbellets are removed. Thus, only the emasculated flowers are left on the female inflorescence inside the bag. EMASCULATION METHOD 16

17. A pollen bearing umbel from previously protected male plant is inserted into the bag of the female parent along with some house-flies to ensure pollination. Daily for a few days in the morning, the male umbel is gently rubbed against the emasculated umbel to enhance artificial cross-pollination. Sometimes, 1-2 flowering umbels of both the parents are enclosed in the same cloth cage along with some house-flies. Seed from each parent is sown in adjacent rows. The hybrids and the parents could be identified (not always) and necessary roguing done to remove the selfed plants. 17

18. Simon has described another alternative commonly used method in Europe for intercrossing male fertile plants. A single isolated umbel will not develop seeds even though pollen is present in the flowers as this is protandrous . This umbel can serve as the seed parent in a cross if, one week after anthesis , the flowers of such an isolated umbel are sprinkled with water to flush out pollen. After it dries, pollen from the intended pollen parent can be introduced with a brush and the seed parent umbel again placed in isolation. 18

19. Seeds thus produced are nearly always hybrids. Sometimes two parents to be crossed are covered by a plastic or cloth screen pollination cage. Flies are released in the pollination cage to move pollen or pollen is moved by hand or brush. In this system, selfed and crossed seeds are harvested together. The selfed and crossed progenies need to be identified by phenotypic or molecular markers or by hybrid vigour when inbreds are crossed. 19

20. Classifications Sl. NO Asiatic carrot/ Anthocyanin carrot European carrot/carotene carrot 1 Heat tolerant Cold tolerant 2 Deep red or purple coloured Orange coloured 3 High yielding and low in carotene Rich in carotene 4 Produce seed under tropical condition Produce seed only in temperate condition 5 More anthocyanin pigment Less anthocyanin 6 Annual for root and seed producton Biennial for seed production 7 Core is distinct Core is indistinct 20

21. Breeding Goals of Carrot High root yield Good eating quality Scarlet / orange colour roots High carotene content in roots Uniformity in root shape and size Thick flesh roots Thin and self coloured core in roots Broad shouldered, cylindrical, uniformly tapering or stump rooted carrot with non- branching habit 21

22. Early rooting Cracking free roots (major gene Ck known for root cracking) Smooth, shiny root High sugar and dry matter in roots Slow bolting habit Heat tolerance Crown or upper surface (shoulder) free from green colour , flat or slightly up-lifted rather than concave or shrunken Resistance to: Alternaria blight ( Alternaria dauci ), Cercospora leaf blight ( Cercospora carotae ) 22

23. Genetics Root shape : Governed by 3 genes D, N,P Long or Desi type: Long and Taphy :D-N-P. Eg : Pusa Desi Cylindrical type: Cylindrical: dd,nn,p . Eg : Nanthes Chanteny type: Obvate root: dd,N -Pp. Eg : Red variety Root colour: Digenic P-Y-and 2 modifier E and I Red : iiPPyyee Light red : iippyyee Yellow : IippYYee Diffused purple : iiPPyyee Purple : iiPPYYee Deep purple : iiPPYYEE Root tip : Monogenic(S), Blunt type is completely dominant over pointed root tip Root cracking : Monogenic, susceptible dominant to resistance. Isocoumarin responsible for bitter taste is quantitative genetic character 23

24. Genetics 24

25. Genetic Resources of Carrot As for most vegetables, carrot genetic resources are in the form of open-pollinated cultivars. The U.S. and European databases are on internet. Centres on carrot germplasm accessions are as follow: 1. USDA – ARS (http://www(dot)ars – grin(dot) gov / npgs = 723 accessions of Daucus carota . 2. European cooperative programme for Crop Genetic Resources – ECP/GR (http:// www(dot) warwick (dot)ac(dot) uk / fac / sci /hri2/about staff/ dastley / gbrhrigru / ecpumbel / = 5037 accessions of D. carota . 3. National Centre for Vegetable Crops research- Carrot Breeding Collection (CNPH), Eurpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecularia -Brazil = 200 accessions. 4. BAZ – Inst, of Horticultural Crops, Germany = 5 species, 25 subspecies, 30 wild relatives. 5. National Gene Bank – Rural Development Administration, Korea (http:// genebank (dot) rda (dot)go(dot) kr = 695 accessions. 25

26. Selection criteria 1.Colour and quality : Visual examination of roots ,cross section of roots and longitudinal section of roots is effective . Same colour should extend from crown to down tap root. The colour of xylem, phloem and vascular cambium should match as far as possible. 26

27. 2.Sugar and flavour : A thin cross sectional slice could be cut and tested . The roots with harsh flovour are eliminated . Total sugars which contribute to sweetness and are an important component of general preference can be estimated by a refractrometer . Selection for high soluble solids and dry matter is also possible by specific gravity. High dry matter is useful for processors. Percentage dry weight is easily determined by weighing a fresh sample, drying and reweighing 3.Non bolting : Bolting cause serious loss in yield and quality ,hence it is important to apply selection pressure for non bolting. 27

28. 4.Disease resistance: Susceptible cultivars are generally planted between rows of breeding lines and the spreader row plants are inoculated to ensure the spread of disease . This practice is applicable for both alternaria leaf blight and cercospora leaf spot Alternaria leaf blight 28

29. Breeding methods Introduction : Easiest method of crop improvement some of successfully introduced varieties are Imperetor , Danvers, Nanthes and perfection. Mass selection : Spontaneous mutation coupled with selection is mainly responsible for the development of cultivated carrots . Mass selection for root length resulted in selection of high yielding lines. Bulk population method : Successfully used to evolve Pusa Kesar as a selection from the cross between Nanthes and Local Asiatics . 29

30. Mutation breeding: Chemical mutagens(0.025-0.6%)NEU(N- nitroso -N-methyl urea) and 0.012% NMU(N- nitroso + N-M-methyl urea) were successfully used to develop male sterile line in carrot Polyploidy breeding : Tetraploid (2n=36) and octaploids (2n=72)have been developed in carrot ; carrot have limited utility in the crop. Heterosis breeding : Poole 1 st reported heterosis in carrot. Heterosis has been reported for earliness, root length, root yield, carotene content, top weight, core diameter and root diameter. 30

31. Hybrid breeding: Based on cytoplasmic male sterility with different genetic back grounds and origin: 1.Brown anther type ( ba ) According to O.Banga and his colleagues this type of sterility is due to interaction of a Sa cytoplasm with two independent nuclear genes (homozygous aa or dominant B ) Present in all cultivated orange coloured open pollinated varieties The phenotype is characterised by deformed brown coloured anthers with nonfunctional pollen caused by a genetic block in meiosis It is 1 st found in Tender Sweet variety 31

32. 2.Petaloid type(pt) Derived from a wild form of Daucus carota L, and it has been introduced in many OPV’S It is 1 st discovered in North American wild carrot by Munger in 1953 Petaloidy : Homeostatic mutation , It is characterised by transformation of anthers to petal or petal like structures which is unable to produce functional pollen. There will be interaction between Sp cytoplasm and 2 independent dominant allele(M1,M2) postulated by T.S Morelock in 1953 1 st found in Cornell wild carrot 32

33. 3. Gum type It has been detected in alloplamic form of orange coloured carrot originating from cross between wild carrot D.carota gummifer Hook and cultivated carrot D.C.Sativus bt T.Nothangel in 1992. Characterised by total reduction of anthers and petals. Recent results on genetic mechanism suggests that an interaction of ‘ gummifer ’ cytoplasm with a recessive ( gugu )in the nucleus is responsible for expression of this type of male sterility. 33

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35. Biotechnological application Embryoid formation from callus cell was 1 st observed by Steward. In wild carrot adventative embryos were observed from the culture of callus tissue derived from roots or umbellet peduncles. The embryo germinated and produced normal plant in the presence of coconut milk. Cell suspension culture has been used for regeneration . Small spherical single cells produced somatic cells at high frequency in a suspension culture. 35

36. Pusa Rudhira 36 Varieties

37. Pusa Meghali 37

38. Pusa Asita 38

39. Pusa Vrishti 39

40. Pusa Vasuda 40

41. Arka Suraj 41

42. 42 Variety Special Features Pusa Vasuda 1 st tropical carrot hybrid using CMS( Petaloid type) Pusa Asita 1 St Black colour carrot variety in India Pusa Vrishti Tolerant to heat and humidity and suitable for kharif sowing Pusa Rudhira Red self colour core variety Pusa Meghali Highest vitamin A Arka Suraj Deep orange coloured Pusa Kesar Tolerant to high temperature and useful for seed production in plains. Pusa Kulfi Cremish yellow coloured roots Hissar Gairic Self coloured core Tropical carrots

43. 43 Variety Special features Pusa Nayanjyothi 1 st Temperate carrot hybrid developed using CMS Pusa Yamadagni Self- coloured core variety Imperator Mid season to late maturing variety Chanteny Excellent cultivar for canning and storage Zeno Introduction from germany suitable for Nilgiri hills Royal chanteny Suitable variety for home gardens Danvers Suitable for both fresh and processing Oxheart Heart shaped roots Temperate carrots

44. Breeding Achievements Resistant to motley virus: Sweet Crop, Top Weight Resistant to Pythium sp: Nanthes ,Imperator Resistant to Nematode( Heterodera carotae ): Vilmorium 66 Free from tip burn( Physilogical disorder): Scarlet , Nanthes Pusa Yamadagni : From IARI Catrin 12-15 t/ha , Long roots(15-16cm), Orange coloured , Rich in carotene. Pusa Meghali :Suitable for halwa preparation. 44 Heat tolerant : Kuroda and New Kuroda,Deep orange, Stump root. Exotic cultivars commercially grown in India: Chanteny , Danvers, Nanthes , Early Horn, Early Gem Pusa Payasa:Mustard coloued core variety

45. 45 Future thrust in carrot breeding Collection of germplasm to increase variability. Wild and related novel species maintained for utilization in the future breeding programme . Development of parental lines/varieties superior in quality traits- carotene flavour , texture, higher sugar, dry matter and smoothness. Development of stable brown anther CMS lines. Exploring new seed production area with no or mild precipitation at seed setting and maturity. Standardize the techniques to increase seed productivity (In hybrid and open pollinated varieties)

46. 46 1.Vegetable breeding principles and practices- Harihar ram 2.Genetics And Breeding Of Vegetable Crops - K.V Peter 3.Advances in Horticulture- K.L Chadda , G. Kalloo 4.Genetic Improvement of vegetable crops- G. Kalloo and B.O Bergh 5.Glaustus of Horticulture- Muthukumar,Selvakumar , 6.Vegetable Science and Technology In India- Vishnu Swaroop 7.A Text Book Of Glaustus Olericulture : R. Selvakumar 8.Google References

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