Cassava, tapioca production technology pest and disease, varieties, cultivation aspects, storage...

presentation

1. Production technology of Tapioca 1

2. Introduction Tapioca, cassava, manioc, mandica and yuga . Botanical name - Monihot esculenta chromosome number - 2n=36 Family - Euphorbiaceae Origin - Brazil (smith) Edible part - Tuber Pollination - Cross pollination Photosynthesis - C 3 and C 4 Bitter principle - HCN (cyanogenic glucoside) vegetable crops volume 1 – T.K.Bose 2 Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

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4. Morphology Perennial crop but cultivated as annual. Based on growth habit it classified under Erect Branched Unbranched Spreading – (high yield) Flowering Profuse flowering only in spreading and branched plants Male sterility prevalent in cassava. Monoecious, cp Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha 4

5. Tuber character Tuber is a storage root Tuber consist of 3 parts, Periderm(skin) , Cortex(rind)-1-2mm thickness, flesh – Parenchymatous cells containing stored starch and central vascular strand (middle of the flesh) The tuber may be attached to the stem directly or with a neck of varying length(1-9cm). Presence of neck in tuber it leads to longer shelf life Conical shape tuber devoid of neck Based on shape – cylindrical (elongated),conical(fusiform and compact) 5 Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

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7. 7 Energy (kcal) 157 Niacin (mg) 0.3 Moisture (g) 59.4 Ascorbic acid (mg) 25 Protein (g) 0.7 Ca (mg) 50 Fat (g) 0.2 P (mg) 40 CHO (g) 38.1 Fe (mg) 0.9 Vit A – IU Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S Thamburaj , Thiamin (mg) 0.05 Riboflavin (mg) 0.10 Nutrient / 100g of tuber

8. H-97 (1971) – Hybrid. Manjavella × Acc.no.300 27- 29% starch. Yield of 25-35t/ha. Duration 10 months. Field tol . to drought & (CMD) . Resistant to scale and spider mite. H-165 (1971) – Chadayamangalam vella × kalikalan Starch 23-25%. Good tuber shape. 8-9months. Yield 33-38 t / ha. Field tolerant to CMD H-226 (1971) - M4× Ethakkakaruppan . 27 -29% starch; 25-35 t/ha. 10 months. Field Tol . to drought (CMD) Sree Harsha (1996)- Triploid Variety. ( OP-4 × H2304) High yield and dry matter. Industrial use, 35-40t/ha. Starch 38-41%. Drought tolerant. Sree Padmanabha - (2007) – Exotic germplasm Sln . ( TMS/30001) from IITA, Nigeria. Resistance to African CMD. 38t/ha. 10 months duration

9. Sree Sahya - (H-2304) - (1977) Multiple cross hybrid . Tubers have neck. Hardy resistant to drought. Starch 29-31 %. Yield 35-40 t/ ha. 10-11 months. Sree Athulya - Triploid Variety.( OP-4 × H 1687 ) Starch 30%. 38t/ha. 10 months duration Sree Rekha (2000) – TMS 63198 × Sree Visakham 28-30% starch , upland and lowland cultivations. 8-10 months, 45-48t/ha. Sree Prabha (2000) – TMS 63173 × H 1687 28-30% starch, upland and lowland cultivations. 8-10 months , 40-45t/ha. Sree Apoorva - Triploid Variety. ( Amakkadan (2x) × H2307) Starch 30%. 38t/ha. 10 months duration

10. Nidhi (1993) – Clonal selection( koomu vella ), RRS Kayamkulam , Kerala Starch 27%. 30t/ha. 6 months duration. Tolerant CMD and moisture stress. Sree Athulya Triploid Variety.( OP-4 × H 1687 ) Starch 30%. 38t/ha. 10 months duration Sree Prakash- (1987) Selection from indigenous germplasm . lowland cultivation. Duration 7 months. Yield 35-40t/ha. Starch 29-31 %. MVD-1 (1983)- Selection, Department of Horticulture, Tapioca Experiment Station. Mulluvadi , 35% starch, Tol . to CMV. 34t/ha, 9 months duration, Kalpaka (1996) – Clonal selection ( Ramanthala ), Kuarakom , KAU Starch 32%. 42t/ha. 6 months duration. Tol . CMD and Brown leaf spot

11. CTCRI 11 Sree visakam Sree Jaya Sree Harsha Sree Sahya Sree Prakash

12. 12 CO.1 (1977) – Sln . (ME.7) Tiruchi Whitish brown tuber skin and white flesh. 30 t/ha, 8.5 to 9 months duration, Susceptible mosaic virus. CO.2 (1984) seedling progeny - Thiruvarur , Highly branching plant type, Creamy white flesh, 8.5months duration, 35t/ha, low HCN content, low incidence of tuber rot. Suitable for consumption and starch industry. CO.3 (1993) local Sln . (ME 120-1) IITA, Nigeria. Branching type, White flesh, 8-9months duration, 36t/ha, starch content 35.6%, tolerant to CMD, low incidence of tuber rot.

13. 13 CO ( Tp )-4 ( 2002) - Clonal Sln . SM-1679 Tubers are long cylindrical with brown skin and white flesh. Starch content 40%. Suitable for both rained and irrigated conditions. 42 t/ha. 10 months duration. TNAU CTCRI Co ( Tp )5 – introduced CIAT, Cali, Colombia (MNga-1). Erect and top branching habit. Regular flowering and seed setting. Tubers long, cylindrical, white flesh and low in cyanoglucoside Resist - CMD, starch content (28%).yield (38 t/ha). Duration 270 – 300 days. Tapioca yethapur 1 - Selection from Thondamuthur local Tall growing and non branching - Shorter inter nodal length, Long and cylindrical tubers Brown outer skin, light cream rind and white flesh Starch - 25 to 27 % 50 t/ha

14. TNAU agri tech portal 14

15. Soil and Climate Grown on wide range of soils. Grow Low fertility and acidic soils (pH 4.5 to 7.0 ) also. Can’t tolerate waterlogging, high salt concentration and alkalinity For good crop well drained medium to fertile soils pH @5.5 to 7.0 Ideal temperature of the crop 25-30˚C Grown from humid regions more than 2000mm annual rainfall to semi arid 500-700mm regions. Drought tolerant species among the cultivated plants. Withstand very high temp. 35˚C but it can’t withstand frost. Growth arrest at 10-12 ˚C vegetable crops volume 2 – T.K.Bose 15 A Guide on Vegetable culture - Dr.Veeraragavathatham

16. Preparation of planting material Setts from middle portion - matured plants free from CMD 8-10 months maturity and 2 to 3 cm thickness select as planning material. 8 - 10 nodes and 15 cm long. Avoid mechanical damage - cut end uniform . Setts dipping Carbendazim 1g/lit. 5 minutes before planting. 20,000 setts/ha Basal ends dipped - Azospirillum culture and Phosphobacteria culture each @ 30 g / lit 20 minutes. For rain fed conditions, the setts are treated with a mixture of Kcl @ 5 g per lit and micronutrients viz., ZnSo4 and FeSo4 each @ 0.5 % for 20 minutes. Precision farming technology - TNAU 16

17. Field preparation Chisel & disc plough each one time and cultivator twice. FYM @ 25 t/ha - 75 % recommended dose of super phosphate @ 422 kg/ha. Pseudomonas flourescens @ 2.5 kg/ha. Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each @ 2.5 kg/ha and 100 kg of neem cake is broadcasted before last ploughing . Irrigate 8 - 12 hours depending upon the soil and climatic condition. Paired row system at spacing of 60 cm x 90 cm in the alternate method. Shallow planting(5cm depth) (45 angle) facilitates production of a great number of roots. Deep planting resulted swelling of mother stem, reduction in root size. Precision farming technology - TNAU 17

18. Conti…. Irrigated: 75 x 75 cm (17,777 setts) and 90 x 90 cm (12,345 setts). Rainfed : 60 x 60 cm (27,777 setts). Under Kanyakumari conditions: 90 x 90 cm (12,345 setts ). Sett is select by remove 1/3 of stem discard from top. Middle & base portion suitable. 18

19. Planting systems – Flat, Ridge &Mound. 19 Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

20. 20 90:90:240/ha

21. Water management Root volume - 20cm of soil and 45cm lateral spread. In cassava life duration(10 month) 18 irrigation is require @5cm depth, totally 90cm water require. Up to tuber initiation 10 days interval, thereafter 20 days interval of irrigation. Withholding the irrigation 45 days before harvest. For effective harvesting. In rain fed crop tuber initiation coincide with rainfall because for good crop. 21 Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

22. Intercultural operation Top buds emerging more vigorous compare than other nodes. Retain only two healthy shoots on opposite sides and remove rest of the sprout 60 days after planting . Micronutrient spray of 1 % FeSO4 + 0.5 % ZnSO4 at 60 and 90 DAP is applied. Precision farming technology – TNAU 22 Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S Thamburaj ,

23. Weed management Pre emergent weedicide of Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha is applied just before planting. Carry out 1st weeding 20 DAP. Once in a month up to 5 months. 45-60 DAP earthing up done. Canopy cover the land – weed incidence reduce. 23 Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S Thamburaj ,

24. Intercropping In Kerala cassava intercropped in coconut upto 20% (Krishnan and Marar , 1964) Shaded condition delay tuberization in cassava, a tuber yield as high as 11t ha-1 The economic analysis of the cropping system indicates maximum returns when groundnut (bushy type) is intercropped with cassava. Other combinations are cassava with vegetable cowpea (bushy type) and French bean. 24 Crop combination Cassava yield t//ha Intercrop yield kg/ha Cassava + French bean 24.04 1503 Cassava + ground nut 21.29 1253 Cassava + cowpea 23.32 803 Cassava + pigeon pea 19.06 704 Cassava + maize 22.12 1242 Cassava + periwinkle 22.63 415 Cassava (sole crop) 26.58 ( Prabhakar and Pillai 1984 ) Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

25. Pest of cassava stem Scale insect Mealy bug Stem borer Root Termites White grubs Root knot nematode Root lesion nematode Foliage Thrips White fly Mites Rat Storage pest Coffee bean weevil Red flour weevil Black borers Cigarette beetle 25 Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

26. 26 Scale insect- Aonidomytellus albus Saissetia migra Twig breaks, and side shoots appear on bunch Mortality of seedlings Stem dry..unpalatable Dip setts in dimethoate 0.05%. Scale free setts Mealy bug – Pseudococcus spp Infested stem dry up soon, Honey dew secretion cause sooty mould Dimethoate 0.05% spray on stem Stem borer Pterolophia melanura Sybra praeusta Occasionally infest stem & storage, mar- april . Making tunnel in stem. Termites – odontotermes spp Attack the sett & young seedlings, bark ate away & pith is tunneled drying and mortality. In TN 20-40% mortality. Aldrin or chlordane dust 25kg/Ha

27. 27 White grub – leucopholis coneophora Light sandy soil infest, high rainfall areas, at young seedling. Deep ploughing expose the grub from soil, Chlordane dust @30kg/ha, RKN – Meloidogyne incognita , Pratylenchyurus spp Summer ploughing is effective control, Apply Neemcake @ 250 g per plant + Carbofuran 3G 1 g a.i / plant White fly – Bemisia tabaci Thrips – Retithrips syriacus High in summer season, feed on leaves, in severe leaves roll and dried up soon Fenthion or dimethoate or phosalone 0.05% Vector of CMD , yield losses up to 76 %, due to honey dew excretion sooty mould also occur. Control by spraying of imidachlorprid 1.5ml/lit

28. 28 Mites – Tetranychus cinnabarinus T. Neocaledonichus Infest lower surface of leaves, Eutetranychus orientalis Oligonychus biharensis Upper surface feedrs . 28 In summer damage high, blotching of leaves, yellowish specks initially, curling, drying shedding Spray dimethoate 0.05 % at monthly intervals infestation occurs. Spraying water at run off level on the foliage at 10 days interval is also effective00 Rodents Average yield loss 9.5%,( lal & pillai 1981) Filed sanitation, using traps, live burrows fumigate with Al Phosphide, poison baiting, Coffee bean weevil – Araecerus fasiculatus Red flour weevil – Triboleum castaneum Black borers – Denoderus minutus Cigarette beetle – Lasioderma serricorne Stored cassava chips and flour are damaged by 16 species of insects and two species of rodents. Control by organic repellent like eucalyptus oil, lemon oil, clove oil against storage pest on dried chips, ( pillai and Rajamma 1989). Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

29. IPM – white fly ( Bemisia tabaci , Aleudodicus disperses ) Grow resistant genotype, Set up yellow sticky trap Remove alternate host, Install sticky cum light trap and operate between 4to6 am to attract adults, spray Dichloravas 1ml/lit or Triazophos 2ml/ha Conserve parasitoids Encarsia sp . Dimethoate 30EC 2ml/lit four rounds at monthly intervals commencing from 75DAp 29

30. Disease Cassava brown leaf spot Cassava mosaic disease Cassava bacterial blight Anthracnose Cercospora leaf spot Brown Streak Disease Effect on stem Sett rot Tuber Dry rot Spoilage of stored chips 30 Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

31. 31 Cassava brown leaf spot - Cercospora henningsii Severe spotting premature defoliation, kill the plants. Bordeaux mixture 1%, or benlate 0.1 % Cassava mosaic disease Vector white fly , caused by Indian cassava mosaic gemini virus, reduced size, twisted, disorted . Chlorotic pattern, Spray 0.1% Dimethoate Cassava bacterial blight- Xanthosoma manihots Heavy attack causes defoliation and stems and roots show brownish discoloration Spray Streptocycline 400 ppm Anthracnose – colletotrichum sp. Brown, circular, elongated irregular lesion, severe infection crinkle & finally dry. Die back is typical symptom Coc or Bordeaux mixture 0.5%

32. 32 Snow White & Diffuse leaf spot - Cercospera manihot , C. vicosae Humid & cooler areas, spots are circular to angular. Greyish and velvety appearance. Spots larger, brown in clr , turn yellow, dry and fall off No specific control. mostly tolerant to this disease Sett rot – Diplodia natalensis Black discoloration, necrosis of vascular strand, blisters are produced on stems, Apply bavistin 0.1% very effective. Dry rot – Fusarium solani Soil drench COC 2.5g/lit or apply Trichoderma viride 2.5 kg/ha Hard & pulp brown to reddish, dark brown streaks. Cassava chips spoilage – rhizopus sp , penicillium sp , aspergillus sp , fusarium sp , yeast Maintain dry condition, reduce moisture,

33. IDM - CMD Selection of disease-free planting material. Use of field tolerant varieties like H-97, H-165 and Sree Visakham . Disease-free planting material can be multiplied on a large scale at higher altitude where the whitefly population is low or nil. Adherence to strict sanitary practices such as timely harvest and prompt disposal of crop residues, and eradication of self-sown plants and weeds which may harbor both the disease and vectors . Install yellow sticky tap 12nos/ha Spray neem oil 3% or fish oil rosin soap @25g/lit of water or methyl demeton 25EC @2ml /lit of water. 33

34. Harvest The crop is ready from 10 to 11 month after planting. Short duration varieties can be harvested from 6-7months Maturity indices cracks formed in the soil, yellowing and following of the leaves Cut leaving 1 to 2 feet of the basal end of the stem up. Then the tubers are separated using bill hook giving least damage to the surface of the tuber. Irrigated : 40 - 50 t/ha Rainfed : 20 - 25 t/ha CO 1 – 30 t/Ha, CO 3 – 43 t/Ha CO 5 – 38 t/Ha CO 2 - 36 t/Ha , CO (TP) 4 – 50 t/Ha, 34 Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha Crop production guide – horticulture – TNAU - 2013

35. Storage More perishable than other root and tuber crops. ( Onwueme 1978, Cooke et al. 1988a, Wickam 1988 ) Deteriorate 2 phases Physiological, or primary deterioration Microbial or secondary deterioration 1 st one is begin 24 hrs – blue and brown color discoloration, - “vascular streaking” – due to wounds 2 nd one occurs 5-7 days after harvest due to fungi and bacteria. - cause a variety of wet and dry rot http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5415e/x5415e04.htm 35 Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S Thamburaj ,

36. Preparing fresh cassava roots for storage Rotting start at first on neck Harvest the roots 2-5cm along the stem Prevent the rapid spread of decay Minimizing the injury when harvest by irrigate the soil prior to harvest Curing at 30-40˚C at 90-95RH on 2 to 5 days. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5415e/x5415e04.htm 36

37. Storage Temperature of 1 to 5˚C and RH 80-90% optimum for cold storage of cassava tubers, approximate storage life is 6.5 months ( singh and mathur , 1953) . 37 Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha

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39. Sett standards based on IMSCS Age of the crop: 7 to 12 months. Diameter of the stem: 1.5 to 2.5 cm (planting stake) Approximate length of the stem: 20 cm (planting stake ) Approximate number of nodes : 5 in the planting stake. Presence of latex at the cut end of the planting stake is the indication of good quality planting material IMSCS 39

40. Reference:- Advances in horticulture vol-8 tuber crops – K.L. Chadha Crop production guide – horticulture – TNAU – 2013 Vegetable, tuber crops and spices – S Thamburaj , A Guide on Vegetable culture - Dr.Veeraragavathatham Precision farming technology – TNAU INDIAN MINIMUM SEED CERTIFICATION STANDARDS - The Central Seed Certification Board Department of Agriculture & Co-operation 40

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