Cataract by Grp 5.ppt ..

cataract ppt

1. Cataract

2. Objectives: -Definition of Cataract - Epidemiology -Etiology -Pathophysiology -Sign & Symptoms -Diagnosis -Prevention -Complication -Treatment

3. Introduction Cataract" is derived from the Latin cataracta, meaning " waterfall“ Early in the development of age-related cataract the power of the lens may be increased, causing near-sightedness (myopia), and the gradual yellowing and opacification of the lens may reduce the perception of blue colors

4. Defination A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to a decrease in vision. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes.

5. Types of Cataract 1-Nuclear Sclerotic Cataract: A nuclear sclerotic cataract refers to the hardening of the nucleus, the center, of the lens of the eye. In the early stages of this condition, the lens becomes cloudy and yellow before eventually hardening (sclerosis is the medical term for hardening).

6. Types of Cataract 1-Nuclear Sclerotic Cataract: A nuclear sclerotic cataract refers to the hardening of the nucleus, the center, of the lens of the eye. In the early stages of this condition, the lens becomes cloudy and yellow before eventually hardening (sclerosis is the medical term for hardening).

7. 2-Cortical Cataract: A cortical cataract is a condition in which areas of white cloudiness will develop in the outer edges of the lens called the cortex spreading inward and having the appearance of a spoke wheel or a star pattern. 3-Posterior Subcapsular Cataract: Posterior subcapsular cataracts begin as a small, cloudy or opaque area on the back (posterior) of the lens. It is called subcapsular because it develops on the underside or beneath the lens capsule.

8. Age-related cataracts are responsible for 51% of world blindness, about 20 million people Globally, cataracts cause moderate to severe disability in 53.8 million (2004), 52.2 million of whom are in low and middle income countries. Epidemiology

9. There are several underlying causes of cataracts. These include: an overproduction of oxidants, which are oxygen molecules that have been chemically altered due to normal daily life smoking ultraviolet radiation the long-term use of steroids and other medications certain diseases, such as diabetes trauma radiation therapy Etiology

10. It is not fully understood. There are three metabolic pathways which convert glucose in energy (ATP) and other relevant metabolic molecules. These are: 1. Glycolysis 2. The Pentose Phosphate Shunt 3. The Polyol Route pathophysiology

11. . 1. GLYCOLYSIS :Aging Decrease in Hexokinase concentration Drop in ATP level Poor control of electrolyte balance Massive influx of water into the lens Disorganization of structured proteins in the lens Aggregation and precipitation of protein CATARACT 2. HMP PATHWAY: Metabolization of 14% glucose NADPH + H+ synthesis by glucose-6-phosphate 3. POLYOL PATHWAY: High glucose level in blood Polyol Pathway GlucoseSorbitol Accumulation of sorbitol in lens Hyper osmotic effect - Influx of excess water through aquaporin channels CATARACT Aldose Reductase Polyol dehydrogenase has low Km for sorbitol

12. Cataracts are a common part of the eye’s aging process. Eventually, they can cause: Vision that’s cloudy, blurry, foggy or filmy. Sensitivity to bright sunlight, lamps or headlights. Glare (seeing a halo around lights), especially when you drive at night with oncoming headlights. Sign & Symptoms

13. Prescription changes in glasses, including sudden nearsightedness. Double vision. Need for brighter light to read. Difficulty seeing at night (poor night vision). Changes in the way you see color. Cont......

14. Visual acuity test. This is a fancy way of saying "eye chart exam." Your doctor will ask you to read letters from a distance to find out how sharp your vision is. First you'll try it with one eye and then the other. Slit-lamp exam. This uses a special microscope with a bright light that lets your doctor check different parts of your eye. Diagnosis

15. Retinal exam. Your doctor puts drops in your eyes to widen your pupils, the dark spots in the middle that control how much light gets in. This lets them get a good look at the retina -- the tissue around the back of your eyes -- and a better view of the cataract. Cont....

16. Have regular eye examinations. Eye examinations can help detect cataracts and other eye problems at their earliest stages. ... Quit smoking. ... Manage other health problems. ... Choose a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. ... Wear sunglasses. ... Reduce alcohol use. Prevention

17. Inflammation. Infection. Bleeding. Swelling. Drooping eyelid. Dislocation of artificial lens. Retinal detachment. Glaucoma. Complication of cataract

18. The three most common types of medicated eye drops for cataracts are antibiotics, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatories. Surgery is currently the only method of cataract treatment that can successfully restore vision for someone who suffers from cataracts. Treatment of cataract

19. Aspirin: The drug decreases the substances that cause pain and inflammation. Diclofenac Sodium Ophthalmic Solution : Diclofenac Sodium Ophthalmic Solution is a topical, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, prescribed for the treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. Medical Managment

20. Nepafenac Ophthalmic: Nepafenac Ophthalmic is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), prescribed for eye pain, redness, and swelling in patients who are recovering from cataract surgery

21. Lens replacement. There are three lens replacement options: Phacoemulsification. A portion of the anterior capsule is removed, allowing extraction of the lens nucleus and cortex while the posterior capsule and zonular support are left intact. Surgical Managment

22. Aphakic glasses. In aphakic glasses, objects are magnified by 25%, making them appear closer than they actually are. Contact lenses. Contact lenses provide patients with almost normal vision, but because contact lenses need to be removed occasionally, the patient also needs a pair pf aphakic glasses. IOL implants. The most common IOL is the single focus lens or monofocal IOL that cannot alter the visual shape; multifocal IOLs reduce the need for eyeglasses; accommodative IOLS mimic the accommodative response of the eye . cont....

23. Recent medication intake. It is a common practice to withhold any anticoagulant therapy to reduce the risk of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Preoperative tests. The standard battery of preoperative tests such as complete blood count, electrocardiogram, and urinalysis are prescribed only if they are indicated by the patient’s medical history. Nursing Managment

24. Vital signs. Stable vital signs are needed before the patient is subjected to surgery. Visual acuity test results. Test results from Snellen’s and other visual acuity tests are assessed. Patient’s medical history. The nurse assesses the patient’s medical history to determine the preoperative tests to be required. cont....

25. The major goals for the patient include: Regaining of usual level of cognition. Recognizing awareness of sensory needs. Be free of injury. Identifying potential risk factors in the environment. Appearing relaxed and reporting anxiety is reduced at manageable level. Nursing Goals

26. Verbalizing feelings of anxiety. Identifying healthy ways to deal with and express anxiety.

27. Care for a patient with cataract includes: Providing preoperative care. Use of anticoagulants is withheld to reduce the risk of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Providing postoperative care. Before discharge, the patient receives verbal and written instructions about how to protect the eye, administer medications, recognize signs of complications, and obtain emergency care. Nursing Interventions

28. Regained usual level of cognition. Recognized awareness of sensory needs. Free of injury. Identified potential risk factors in the environment. Appeared relaxed and reporting anxiety is reduced ti a manageable level. Verbalized feelings of anxiety. Identified healthy ways to deal with and express anxiety. Evaluation

29. 1.Bobrow JC Breadsley TL Jick SL et al. Lens and cataract. American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco2015–16 References https://nurseslabs.com › cataract
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Cataract Nursing Care Management: Study Guide for Nurses - Nurseslabs