Catch-Up-Friday-Health-Integration-G11-12.pptx

Catch-Up-Friday-Health-Integration-for Grade 11 and 12.

1. CATCH – UP FRIDAY August 2, 2024

2. Understanding Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

3. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases Fifty years ago many people believed the age-old battle of humans against infectious disease was virtually over, with humankind the winners. The events of the past two decades have shown the foolhardiness of that position.

4. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases At least a dozen "new" diseases have been identified (such as aids, legionnaire disease, and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome), and traditional diseases that appeared to be "on their way out" (such as malaria and tuberculosis) are resurging.

5. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases Globally, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death, and they are the third leading cause of death in the united states. clearly, the battle has not been won

6. DEFINITIONS Emerging disease = new location Chikungunya and Zika in the west hemisphere Ebola in West Africa; dengue (USA) Chagas and Leishmaniasis in USA Re-emerging Diseases = new time (>35 yrs. hiatus) e.g. measles epidemic in USA 2015 (started in Disneyland from a Filipino tourist) polio outbreak in NYC suburbs 2022

7. What is an Emerging Disease EPIDEMICIS -usually high occurrence of a disease in a certain place during a certain period time period. when an epidemic affects many areas of the world , it is sometimes called a PANDEMIC .

8. What is an Emerging Disease? An emerging disease is an infectious disease that has become increasingly common in humans within the last 20 years or threatens to become more common in the near future .

9. Why Do Diseases Emerge ? Diseases can emerge when humans come into contact with infected animals; pathogens become resistant to existing drugs; or people lack appropriate immunizations. Increased frequency of international travel and a global food supply can enable ‘ emerging diseases to spread very quickly .

10. THREE TRUTHS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1. Epidemics are normal and natural. 2. Infectious diseases have had a major influence on human history.

11. THREE TRUTHS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 3. Our collective memory of disease is short despite mankind’s long association with infectious diseases. Most recent pandemics with a large human “die off”. Spanish flu (global 40 million deaths/ USA 675,000 over 5 months in 1918- covid-19 (global 6.7 million deaths /USA 1 million over 3 years (2020 – 2022)

12. Emerging infectious diseases 1.Have not occurred in humans before (this type of emergence is difficult to establish and is probably rare. 2. Have occurred previously but affected only small numbers of people in isolated places (AIDS and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever are examples

13. Emerging infectious diseases are: 3. Have occurred throughout human history but have only recently been recognized as distinct diseases due to an infectious agent (Lyme disease and gastric ulcers

14. Re-emerging infectious diseases are diseases that once were major health problems globally or in a particular country, and then declined dramatically, but are again becoming health problems for a significant proportion of the population ( malaria and tuberculosis are examples). Many specialists in infectious diseases include re-emerging diseases as a subcategory of emerging diseases .

15. TUBERCULOSIS has re-emerged due to evolution of the causative bacteria. The pathogen has acquired resistance to the antibiotics used to treat tuberculosis (either through mutation or genetic exchange) and the long-term use of antibiotics (both within one individual and across the population) has selected for the pathogen's proliferation . MALARIA has also become drug resistant, and the vector mosquito has acquired resistance to pesticides as well.

16. The re-emergence of diseases such as diphtheria and whooping cough ( pertussis) is related to inadequate vaccination of the population. When the proportion of immune individuals in a population drops below a particular threshold, introduction of the pathogen into the population leads to an outbreak of the disease .

17. Despite the challenges of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, the results of basic research, such as that sponsored by NIH, show that there is reason for hope. AIDS was first described in 1981, and it took two years to identify the retrovirus that causes aids, which was named the Human Immunodeficiency Virus .

18. In contrast, less than four months elapsed between the description of HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS) in 1993 and the identification of the previously unknown viral agent, now called SIN NOMBRE VIRUS .

19. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES Agent ( microbial hazard ) Host ( human vulnerability ) Environment ( human exposure )

20. TOP TEN THREATS TO GLOBAL HEALTH WHO 2019 • Air pollution and climate change • Non-communicable diseases ( cancer) • Global influenza pandemic • Fragile and vulnerable settings (disaster, refugee) • Antimicrobial resistance

21. TOP TEN THREATS TO GLOBAL HEALTH • Weak primary health care • Vaccine hesitancy • Dengue • HIV • Ebola and other high—threat pathogens (HF, ZIKA, NIPAH, MER, SAR, and disease ) Zoonotic infection

22. Answer the following question What are emerging infectious diseases, and why is it important to study them? How do global travel and urbanization contribute to the spread of emerging diseases? Can you think of any recent examples of emerging diseases? How did they impact global health? Why is it important for public health systems to be prepared for emerging diseases?